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UNIVERSIDAD MAYOR DE SAN ANDRÉS FACULTAD DE DERECHO Y CIENCIA POLÍTICA CARRERA CIENCIA POLÍTICA Y GESTIÓN PÚBLICA MENCIÓN RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES PROYECTO DE GRADO “LAS CONTROVERSIALES ALIANZAS POLÍTICAS Y ECONÓMICAS DE BOLIVIA CON IRÁN” POSTULANTE : Fabian Andrés Barrios Mercado DOCENTE : Julio Velásquez Mallea TUTOR : Lic. Víctor Hugo Chavez LLAAPPAAZZ––BBOOLLIIIVVIIIAA 22001144 1 INDICE 1. INTRODUCCIÓN CAPÍTULO I 2. Elementos Teóricos Previos 3. Planteamiento del Problema 4. Objetivos 5. Objetivo General 6. Objetivos Específicos 7. Justificación del Tema 8. Estado del Arte 9. Paradigmas de las Relaciones Internacionales 10.Resumen y Análisis de declaraciones de autoridades 11.La Cooperación y los Acuerdos Económicos 12.La visita de Evo Morales a Teherán 13.Marco Teórico 14.Conceptos Aplicables 15.Relaciones Internacionales 16.Etimología y evolución histórica del término diplomacia 17.Tipología de las misiones diplomáticas 18.Diplomacia bilateral 19.Ante estados 20. Paradigmas de las Relaciones Internacionales 21.Sociedad y Comunidad Internacional Capítulo II 1. La República Islámica de Irán 2. Toponimi 2 Capítulo IV 1. Análisis Bolivia – Irán 2. Análisis de las Relaciones Diplomáticas 3. Repercusiones en Estados Unidos 4. Repercusiones en América Latina 5. Investigaciones acerca de la explotación del Uranio 6. Sobre la existencia de minerales de Uranio 7. Recursos Naturales 8. El Uranio en Bolivia 9. Confidencialidad Conclusiones 3 INTRODUCCIÓN En los últimos años, se ha mostrado un crecimiento constante en el interés por los temas referentes a lo que se conoce como el mundo islámico y la geopolítica del Medio Oriente. Pero, pese a este interés actual sobre estos temas, en la actualidad existe una gran desinformación y porque no, prejuicios. La mayoría de las personas que se atreven a abordar estos temas, lo hacen con un discurso condicionado y parcializado más que sobre un verdadero estudio y conocimiento sobre estos temas. El siguiente trabajo, trata de conocer, describir y desarrollar las relaciones internacionales de Bolivia con la República Islámica de Irán, relación que surgió hace poco tiempo con el presidente Ahmadineyad y que llama la atención debido a las grandes diferencias que existen entre ambas naciones, tanto en lo político, económico, social, religioso, cultural, etc. Es interesante notar que con tantas diferencias, ambos países lograron entablar relaciones políticas; y que estas a su vez hayan llamado tanto la atención a nivel mundial, ya que la relación política entablada por ambas naciones contestatarias de la ideología que predomina a nivel mundial establecida por las potencias económicas especialmente por Estados Unidos, han puesto en una situación incómoda a la comunidad internacional. Cabe resaltar, que la República Islámica de Irán no es bien vista dentro de la comunidad internacional, debido al programa nuclear que desarrolla; estas acciones han sido los argumentos utilizados por parte de las potencias, para afirmar que la República Islámica de Irán está desarrollando armas nucleares para realizar un posible ataque a las superpotencias en un futuro no muy lejano. Por su parte, el Gobierno iraní ha declarado en incontables oportunidades que esas afirmaciones son falsas; sin embargo y pese a no tener pruebas contundentes, gran parte de las naciones a través de la ONU y del Consejo de Seguridad, condenaron y sancionaron el programa nuclear iraní. De esta manera, se podría decir que el factor principal para entablar una relación política entre dos naciones tan distintas es la ideología contestataria que tanto Bolivia como Irán mantienen en contra de Estados Unidos y el imperialismo, que la han expresado en varias oportunidades, teniendo en cuenta también la necesidad del Estado Iraní de buscar aliados políticos e ideológicos en el Hemisferio Occidental para expandir sus políticas económicas y hacer conocer su ideología a nivel mundial; y que mejor que comenzar en un continente, donde existen varios 4 países como Ecuador, Venezuela y Bolivia, que expresan su malestar ante las acciones de las potencias mundiales, en especial de Estados Unidos. Por otra parte, Bolivia, en el marco del “proceso de cambio” que continúa viviendo, políticamente tiene una posición antiimperialista asimismo, es un país económicamente subdesarrollado con una alta necesidad de industrialización que requiere cooperación y la contraparte iraní según el mismo gobierno boliviano está dispuesta a proveerla. La siguiente investigación consta de cuatro capítulos, en los cuales se desarrollarán todos los hechos históricos, actuales y concernientes a este tema que tiene importancia mundial. Esta investigación, concierne varios hechos que se suscitaron en el pasado, los cuales llevaron a la posición coyuntural mundial actual no solo a la República Islámica de Irán, sino también al presidente Mahmoud Ahmadineyad. A continuación se explicará brevemente los contenidos de cada uno de los capítulos de este trabajo. En el primer capítulo, se darán a conocer todos los elementos teóricos previos, es decir se dará a conocer el planteamiento del problema de esta investigación, así como los objetivos que tiene ésta. También se desarrollarán todos los conceptos aplicables a esta investigación, vale decir los términos que conciernen más que todo a las relaciones internacionales, sus teorías, paradigmas, etapas, etc. El segundo capítulo de esta investigación, concierne en su totalidad a la República Islámica de Irán. Se conocerá su historia, su sistema político y las fases que lo componen, su estructura económica tomando en cuenta datos de importaciones, exportaciones, inversión extranjera, recursos naturales, etc. También se desarrollará la política exterior de la República Islámica de Irán, desde sus inicios con el Ayatolá Jomeini, hasta la actualidad con el Ayatolá Jamenei, así como el gobierno del presidente Ahmadineyad (2005-2013) y las relaciones de Irán con las potencias mundiales y los países Latinoamericanos durante ese periodo. En el tercer capítulo, se abarcará el programa nuclear iraní con todas las crisis y negociaciones por las que pasó este programa del gobierno iraní, también se darán a conocer todas las resoluciones emitidas por el Consejo de Seguridad de la Organización de Naciones Unidas (ONU), las cuales conllevan sanciones 5 económicas contra Irán; la posición del Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica (OIEA), de la Unión Europea (UE) y de las potencias mundiales. Del mismo modo se tocará el tema del debate sobre la energía nuclear, recordando catástrofes históricas como Chernóbil y Fukushima y las consecuencias que dejaron estos. Y por último se dará a conocer cuál es la situación actual sobre el manejo de la energía nuclear en el mundo. El cuarto y último capítulo trata sobre un análisis detallado de las relaciones entre Bolivia y la República Islámica de Irán, partiendo del inicio del relacionamiento de ambas naciones en el año 2007 y dando a conocer las declaraciones de ambos presidentes y los acuerdos firmados entre Bolivia e Irán. Otro punto importante de este capítulo concierne a las repercusiones tanto en Latinoamérica como de Estados Unidos de esta relación bilateral. Por último se realizará un análisis de las relaciones diplomáticas de ambos estados, tomando en cuenta todos los puntos desarrollados anteriormente, para llegar a tener una conclusión específica sobre este tema en base a un estudio detallado y sólido. Finalmente se quiere recalcar que, teniendo en cuenta que el acercamiento entre estos dos Estados (Bolivia – Irán) recién se dio hace unos años, específicamente en el año 2007, no existen muchos trabajos bibliográficos, documentados o tesis realizadas sobre el tema; por lo cual la búsqueda de información fue dificultosa; sin embargo, se cuenta con mucho apoyo informativo actual y también con la opinión de personas expertas en el tema, haciendo de este trabajo no solo único por la controversia que existe en la actualidad (2013), sino también uno de los primeros dentro del área de las relaciones internaciones de Bolivia que se refiere específicamente al relacionamiento de Bolivia con una nación del medio oriente como lo es la República Islámica de Irán. 6 CAPÍTULO I Elementos Teóricos Previos Planteamiento del Problema La Venezuela de Hugo Chávez ha sido durante mucho tiempo el mayor aliado de Irán en el Hemisferio Occidental, pero ante la enfermedad y muerte del líder venezolano y el futuro incierto de Venezuela, puede que Irán necesite encontrar un nuevo mejor amigo en Latinoamérica y rápido. Es así que entra en escena Bolivia. Desde que líder iraní Mahmoud Ahmadineyad visitara Bolivia por primera vez en 2007, la relación entre Ahmadineyad y el presidente boliviano Evo Morales ha madurado; está claro que la relación entre Bolivia e Irán se está haciendo más profunda. El problema de investigación de este trabajo es conocer, describir las actuales relaciones políticas y económicas de Bolivia con Irán; este trabajo se lo debe describir y analizar de manera cuidadosa, debido a que este tema es delicado, ya que existen muchas susceptibilidades al tocar temas como las relaciones internacionales con la República Islámica de Irán puesto que esta nación tiene problemas con algunos países de la comunidad internacional debido a su programa nuclear. Cabe señalar que este tema de investigación debido a la coyuntura nacional, internacional, por las oposiciones hacia la nación iraní y por la delicadeza de este, no se estudió con claridad, puesto que no existen muchos trabajos que desarrollen el tema de relaciones
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