Index

administrative structures Alaric 34, 44, 48 in Byzantine 240 Albertini Tablets 20 in the Vandal kingdom 77–81, economic life and 59, 159–61, 82, 212–13 162, 169, 175 Aetius 52–3, 55, 111, 115, 116, 119 as evidence of literacy 216–17 Africa Proconsularis religious life and 194, 212 Byzantine conquest of 251 Alföld (Great Hungarian Plain) Vandal invasion of 51–5 31–2, 33 Vandal kingdom in Alianae, bathing complex 223–4 ad 435 treaty 60–1, 62 Amalafrida 59, 132, 133 ad 442 treaty 63, 64, 65, 66, annona 79, 80, 145–7, 148, 151, 159 67–8, 94 Anthemius 121, 122, 123 administration of 80–1 Antonine Baths 209 Arian churches in 200 Apollinarius 139, 230, 238 land use within 149, 156–7, 159 /Arians 177–9 persecutions 188, 193 African Arian church 198–200 religious life in 188, 193, 200 barbarian clothing erroneously see also associated with 102–6 African red slip ware (ARS) 147, Byzantine conquest and 240–1, 150, 151, 159 248–53 see also ceramics fines levied on 166 Agnellus of Ravenna 7 Nicene converts to 187, 195, 198, agriculture 144, 145–7, 148–9, 200–1 156–62, 253 persecution by 185–7, 189 Ain Tounga, Byzantine fort 254 persecution of 188 COPYRIGHTEDproselytizing MATERIAL mission of 180–4, in early Vandal history 35–7, 189–92, 196–203 38–40, 41–4, 45, 47–9, 84 religious ambivalence and 193–6 identity of 84, 96–7 religious buildings of 189, 195–6 involvement in the sack of use of Vandalic language 95 117 Vandal engagement with 6, 71, Vandal settlement and 66 178–9, 181, 189, 192 342 Index

Arifridos 83, 86–7, 95 persecutions and 102–5, 188, army 189, 193–5 Byzantine 252–3 taxation of 166 Vandal 69, 70, 163, 167–8 Thrasamund and 196–8 Aspar 55, 122 Vandal conquest and 53, 54–5, Asterius 45–6 61, 65, 177, 179–80 114–15 Vandal foreign policy and 116, Augustine of Hippo 89, 177, 179, 138–40 182, 191 Boniface 46, 52–3, 54, 55 education of 214, 215 Bord Djedid mosaics 90–1, 99 Aurès Mountains 65–6, 126, 127 Brady, Nicholas 8 see also Bir Trouch ostraka buildings Avitus 115, 118, 119 cultural life and 205, 206–12, 222, 226 139, 140 economic life and 153–5, 157, Baro, Balthasar 7–8 158 Basiliscus 121, 122 Justinian’s programme and bath complexes 154, 209, 210, 211, 234–6, 241–8, 255 223–4, 236 private architecture 211–12 religious, see religious buildings conquest of Africa 141, 150, 165, Vandal court and 78, 236 231–3, 238–9 control of the Balearics 139 cultural life of 210–11 post-534 military crises and 253 economic life of 149, 154, view of Vandal identity 107–8 157–61, 162 Bigelow, Poultney 20 literacy within 217 Bigua, monastery of 247–8 post-480 frontier of 129 Bir Ftouha, Basilica at 243, 244, 248 post-534 military crises within Bir Messaouda, Basilica at 243–5, 252, 254, 255 247, 248 religious life within 189, 193, Bir Trouch ostraka 59, 127, 161–2, 195–6, 201–2, 251 216–17 Vandal rule within 55, 63, 64, 65, bishops 66, 67, 68 Arian 198 Byzantine Africa Nicene Belisarius’ conquest and the apostasy of 187, 198 creation of 141, 150, 231–3, Arianism and 182–3, 190, 238–9 197–8, 199–203 Justinian and 234–8, 241–8, 255 exile of 138–40, 182–3, military crises within 252–5 185–6, 196–7, 201 religious policies within 239–53, Geiseric and 180–1 255 and 201–3 Vandal legacy within 165, 167, and 75 176, 238–41, 255 Notitia Provinciarum and 65, 187 economy of 151 Index 343

end of the Vandal kingdom and ceramics 143–4, 147, 149, 150–1, 228–55 154, 158–9 Vandal foreign policy towards 59, see also ostraka 109–12, 116, 118–24, 132–9 chariot racing 210 see also Byzantine Africa children 49, 106 see also education Cabaon 129 chiliarchs 69 Capreolus 179–80 Christianity (Nicene) 6, 38–41, 123 Carthage 3 in Byzantine hunting mosaics of 90–1, 99 imperial conquest and 237–8, religious buildings within 188–9, 240–1 190, 206–8, 243–5, 247, 248 Justinian’s building programme secular buildings in 188–9, 190, and 241–8 206–8 limits of compromise 248–52, circular monument 207–43 255 circus 210 military crises and 252–3 Damous El Karita 242 Three Chapters controversy and harbour 145 252 theatre 206, 207 in Roman North Africa under the Byzantines 232–3 Christianity as marker of identity military crises post-534 within 89 253 ‘Donatism’ and 191 political divisions within 239 in Vandal North Africa 58, 59, rebuilding programme within 75, 177, 180–203 234–5, 236, 241–6, 247–8 apostasy under 187, 195, 198, under the 4–6, 7–8, 16, 200–1 21, 23, 55, 60, 61, 121–3 Arianism and 182–4, 190–1, bishops within 75, 102–5, 116, 197–203 179–80, 181, 186, 201–2 dress and 102–5 General Council of ad 525 in exile under 128, 138–40, 180, 201–2 182–4, 185–6, 196–7, 201 cultural life of 205, 206–12, government and 61, 65, 66, 71, 215, 222–5 81 economic life of 141, 145, 147–8, language and 95 149, 150, 151, 153–5, 175 links to Mediterranean islands education within 215, 219 137–40 religious exiles and 104–5, persecutions under 71, 103–5, 128, 138–40, 180, 196, 201 166, 184–92, 237–8 religious persecution within poetry and 221, 225–7 102–5, 181, 188–9 Vandal invasion and 54–5, royal rule and 56, 73, 77–8, 177, 179–80 103–5 Victor of Vita on 184–92 Cassiodorus 111–12, 132, 134, 238 churches 157, 188–9, 201 Cassius Felix 218 Byzantine building programme Castinus 46–7, 50 235, 236, 241–8 344 Index

Circular Monument 207, 243 economy 141–76 civic institutions 212–13 in Byzantine Africa 236 clothing 83, 89, 90–1, 102–5, fiscal structures in 162–8 106–7 Mediterranean trade and 145–8, coins 72, 73, 137, 168–75 150–1 Commentary on the Book of Job modern scholarship and 142–4 198–9 Roman 142–8 Conradi, Johann Georg 8 rural economic life 152, 156–62 Constans 38, 41 see also agriculture Constantine 35, 37–8, 39, 40, 41, taxation and 42, 144, 145–7, 42, 48 148, 163–7 Constantius 40, 42–3, 44, 45, 48 urban economic life 152, 153–5, Corippus 129, 228, 253–4 158 Corsica 139–40 Vandal identity and 94 court culture 77–8, 103–5 education 213–19 Cowper, William 10 Epigramma Paulini 40–1, 165–6, cultural life 204–27 174, 195–6 buildings as markers of 205, epigraphy 94–5, 174 206–12, 222 barbarian language and 94–5 civic institutions and 212–13 Byzantine conquest and 234, education and 213–19 247–8 identity and 89, 100–2 civic institutions and 212–13 panegyrics as manifestations of frontiers and 127–8 219–25 as means of expressing identity royal court and 77–8, 103–5 83–4, 97 secular poetry and 225–7 Ermengon 97, 107 ethnicity and identity 83–108 Dacia 27, 30, 31, 32 gender and 93, 106–8 frontier 24–6, 27–34 religious activity and 194–6 Defoe, Daniel 109 Roman 88–91, 97–8, 99–102 Deogratias 181 as social constructs 85–8 Desaguliers, John Theophilus 10 Vandal 21–2, 23, 47–50, destructive Vandals 4, 9–11, 117 91–108 Dexippus 28, 30 Eudocia dialectic, education in 214–15 betrothal to Huneric 57, 58, 63, Dio, Cassius 27–8 112–13, 120 Don Quixote 7 as mother of Hilderic 59, 63 Donatism/Donatists 191, 194, 199, Vandal foreign policy and 226 112–13, 116, 117, 120 Dracontius Eudoxe (play) 8 education and 215, 217–18, 220 Eudoxia 116, 117, 118–19, 120 poetry of 205, 219–21, 222, 225 Eugenius 102–3, 196 on Vandal rule 71 European history, Vandal history as dress, see clothing 14–18, 19–20 D’Urfé, Honoré 7 Exuperius of Toulouse 39 Index 345

Felix 222, 224 African invasion under 51, 52, Ferrandus 57, 59, 202 53–4, 55, 61, 84 field surveys 156–9 coins of 172 fiscal structures 162–8 court of 78, 79 fish salting 147 foreign policy of 57–8, 70, flamines perpetui 212–13 110–24, 125, 128, 130–2 Florentinus 72, 73, 223 form of rule 70–3 foreign policy (Vandal; ad 439–534) religious policies of 71, 177, 179, 109–40 180–1 emergence of Vandals on world succession policy of 49–50, stage 111–16 57–8, 74–5 military pay and 167–8 60, 96, 129, 139 sack of Rome and 116–24 economic policies of 141 subsequent to Geiseric’s death end of the Vandal kingdom and 124–40 76, 228–9, 231–3, 238–9 forts, Byzantine 254–5 imperial pretensions of 72 France 7, 9–10, 11–12, 14, 18–19, Sardinian crisis and 136–7 20–1 succession of 75, 76 see also Gaul taxation under 165, 166 35, 47, 193 Geminius Catullinus, Flavius 212, French Revolution 9–10 213 Fridamal 98–9, 100 gender, Vandal identity and 93, Fulgentius the Mythographer 204, 106–8 215–16 genealogy 8–9, 15, 57–60, 74 59, 71, 129, Genseric, see Geiseric 150 Genton 68, 76 early life of 164, 168, 212, 216 German identity, Vandals and 4, exile of 138–9, 193–4, 196–7, 11–18, 19–20 201 Gerontius 37, 38, 40, 41–2, 44, 48, responses to Arianism 193–5, 49 197–8, 199–203 Gibbon, Edward 11, 36 fundus Tuletianos 160–1, 175 Godas 136, 137, 166, 231 Godigisel 49 Gafsa, martyrs of 186, 247–8 Goths 5, 6, 10–11, 28, 33–4, 35, Galla 44, 52–3, 55 37, 44–5, 48, 52 Gaudentius 115, 116, 117, 118–19 see also Ostrogoths; Gaul government infrastructure Vandal activity within 34, 35–43, in Byzantine Africa 240 44, 47, 48–9 in Vandal Africa 77–81, 82, the Vandals in history of 7, 11, 212–13 14 grain production 144, 145, 147, Geiseric 5, 8, 12, 19–20, 57–8 148, 151, 161–2 ad 435 treaty and 60–1 grammar, education and 214–15, ad 442 treaty and 61–70, 94, 217 112–13, 118, 167 grammatici 214, 215–16 346 Index

Great Hungarian Plain (Alföld) houses 211–12 31–2, 33 Huneric 58 Greek, education in 214, 216 attempts to rework the Hasding Grégoire de Blois 9–10, 11–12 succession 58, 59, 74, 75–6 Gregory I, Pope 114, 140 coins of 173 Gregory of Tours 7, 35 death of 58 Grotius, Hugo 14 dynastic alliances and 57, 63, 49–50, 74 112–13, 116, 120 58–9, 129 foreign policy of 124, 125–8 coins of 72, 173, 174 as hostage to imperial court 63, panegyrics and 205, 220–1 112–13 religious policies of 196 imperial pretensions of 72 under 132 panegyrics dedicated to 220, 221–2 succession of 74 persecutions under 58, 71, 103–4, Victor of Vita and 186 105, 166, 184, 185–92, 193 provincial government under 81 Hasdings 70–3 religious policies of 71, 75, court culture of 77–8 185–6, 188–9, 191, 193 dynastic alliances of 57, 59, 63, settlement treaty of ad 442 and 112–13, 116, 120–1, 132–3 63, 65, 68, 112–13 early history of 44, 45–7 taxes imposed by 165 literature dedicated to 73 the Vandal court under 78, 79 royal women of 107 Vandal identity and 95, 96, see also Amalafrida; Eudocia 103–4, 105 succession law of 49, 57–60, 114–15 74–7, 222 hunting 90–1, 98–9, 100 Vandal identity and 96–7 Hydatius, on Vandals in 42, see also Geiseric; Gelimer; 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51 Gunthamund; Hilderic; on post-439 Vandal foreign policy Huneric; Thrasamund 113–14 Heracleius 122 Heraclian 147 Iazyges 31 Hilderic 58, 59–60, 129 identity, see ethnicity and identity end of the Vandal kingdom and industry 153–5, 210 228–9, 230 Ingomar 97 foreign policy of 133–4 6 imperial pretensions of 72, 76 Italy 5, 6–7 panegyrics dedicated to 222 Byzantine conquest of 247 religious policies of 201, 229 coins circulating within 174–5 succession of 74–6, 222 early Vandal history and 34, 37, Hoageis 76 38 Hoamer 76, 99, 129, 229 Vandal foreign policy towards Honoratus 179, 182 111–13, 114–15, 116–18, Honorius 37, 38, 40, 209 121, 124, 131–4 Hotman, François 14 see also Roman empire; Rome Index 347

Jerome, Saint 34, 38–9 ad 442 treaty 61–70, 94, 156, 167 John II, Pope 250 Byzantine conquest and 253 John the Lydian 122, 236–7 Vandal identity and 94, 108 Jordanes 4–5 women’s rights regarding 108, early Vandal history and 28 253 North Africa and 3 land taxes 145, 164–5 Vandal foreign policy in 113, 133 see also annona Vandal religion in 181 land use 156–60 Vandal rulership in 58, 70, 71 language Justinian education and 214, 216 Byzantine North Africa and 228–55 religious significance of 183–4 administrative structures under use of , see Latin 77 Vandal identity and 94–5 Belisarius’ reconquest and 141, Latin 150, 231–3 education in 214, 216, 225 coinage in 175 in epitaphs 83, 128 education in 219 poetry in 204–5, 222–5 Gelimer’s usurpation and 60, Vandal identity and 95 76, 228–9 Latin Anthology 205 ideology and justifications of bathing complex at Alianae in invasion 228–31, 234–8 223–4 military crises after ad 534 Christian themes in 225 252–5 the circus in 210 preparations for invasion 230–1 education and 216, 217–19 rebuilding programme of exiles of Corsica in 139–40 234–6, 241–8, 255 gender identities and 108 religious policies of 239–53, 255 Hasding rule and 59, 73, 76, 78, taxation and 163 221–2, 224 Vandal legacy and 3, 5, taxation in 165–6, 168 238–41, 255 Vandalic in 94–5 funeral of 228 lawyers 218–19, 220 and 136, 231, 232 Leo, Emperor 120, 121 literacy 160, 213–17 Kabylie 128 literature in Vandal era 204–5, Kasserine field survey 157–8, 159 215–16, 217–27 kingship, Vandal 49–50, 56, see also Dracontius; Latin 57–60, 74–7, 222 Anthology; Luxorius kleroi Bandilon, see sortes Luxorius, poetry of Vandalorum Carthage and 224 Kossinna, Gustav 18 the circus in 210 Krantz, Albert 15, 16 education and 215, 216 panegyric to Hilderic 222 Lacringi 27 religion and 226–7 land settlements taxation and 165 ad 435 treaty 60–1 Vandal identity and 98–9, 100 348 Index magistri 215, 217 nakedness, public 104–5 119–20 names, as markers of identity 95, 107 Malchus 124 naval operations 109–10, 111–12, Mancian law (lex Manciana)160–1 113–14, 118, 119–20, 121–2, Mannert, Konrad 16 134 manufacturing industry 153–5, 210 end of the Vandal kingdom and Marcellinus 119, 120, 121, 122 231, 232 Marcian 55, 79, 118–19, 121, 122 see also shipping 27–8, 29, 30, 32 Nestorius 114 Martianus Capella 1, 213–14, 226 Nicene Church, see Christianity martyrs and martyr cults (Nicene) in Byzantine Africa 241–3, 245, Notitia Provinciarum 65, 187 246, 247–8 Nugent, Thomas 15–16 in Corsica 140 Numidia Donatists and 191 Byzantine conquest of 251, 252, martyr texts 190–1 253, 254 Passion of the Seven Monks Vandal occupation of 186, 247–8 ad 435 treaty 60–1, 62 Victor of Vita’s accounts 187–8 ad 442 treaty 63, 64, 65, 66, masculinity, as part of Vandal identity 67, 68 88, 93, 97–8, 102, 107 frontier of post-ad 480 127–8 Masties 127–8 land use under 156, 161–2 Masuna 128 persecution under 55, 189 Mauperty, Drouet de 14 Maximinus 53, 184 124, 131, 132, 166, 220 Maximus (of Tarraconensis) 44, 45, olive-oil production 144, 145, 147, 46 148, 154, 155, 158–9 Maximus, Petronius 115–16, 117 Olybrius, Anicius 117, 120, 121, 123 Mecklenburg-Strelitz 9, 15 opera 8 medical writers 218 Orientus 40 military, the, see army Orosius 35, 38, 41, 44, 48 monetary policy of Vandal kings ostraka 168–75 Bir Trouch 59, 127, 161–2, 216–17 Moors economic life and 145, 161–2 end of the Vandal kingdom and as evidence of literacy 216–17 230, 233, 252 Ostrogoths 59, 132–4 mosaics 90–1, 99, 247–8 Ovid 218 post-480 Vandal frontiers and 124–9 Pacideius 81, 220 post-534 military crises and 252, panegyrics 59, 219–25, 228, 234–5 253 Parthemius 99, 100 settlement treaty of ad 442 and Paul the Deacon 6–7 66 Paulinus of Pella 49 Sardinian garrison and 137, 168 ‘Perpetual Peace’ treaty (ad 476) Vandal form of rule and 71–2 123, 131–2 Index 349 persecutions 71, 103–5, 184–92, Prosper 35 237–8 ad 442 settlement treaty described see also martyrs and martyr cults by 63 pilgrimage 242–3, 246, 248 religion in the work of 179, 180 Placidia 115, 116, 117, 118–19, on the sack of Rome 117 120 provincial government 79–81, 82 Pliny the Elder 13, 16, 18, 24, 25 ‘Przeworsk’ culture 24–5, 31 poetry, in Vandal era 204–5, 214, Ptolemy 13, 16, 18 215–16, 217–27 Pudentius 231 Pope, Alexander 10 Pyrenees 41 Possidius of Calama 61, 177, 179, 182 Quadi 27, 29 potters’ tax 165–6 Quodvultdeus 104, 179, 180, processions, liturgical 246 182–3, 189–90 secular life in the sermons of 206, Byzantine Africa in work of 214–15 Gelimer’s surrender 233 Justinian’s building programme Radagaisus 34, 35 234–5, 246 The Rape Or the Innocent Impostors military crises post-ad 534 252, (play) 8 253, 254 Raphael 10 political division 238–9 Raptus and Raus 27 preparations for invasion 229, relics, veneration of 241–3, 246, 230 248 religious divisions in 248–9, religious buildings 188–9, 190, 252 195–6, 201 historical approaches of 96, 232 cultural life and 206–8 Vandal Africa in work of economic life and 157 ad 442 settlement treaty 63, 67 Justinian’s policy 234, 235–6, court politics 79 241–8 decadence 5–6, 101, 102 Renatus Frigeridus 35, 48 economic life 141, 148–9, 163, rhetoric 214–15, 216, 217 165, 176 Rhine frontier 30, 34–7, 38, 47 identity 48, 84, 91, 99, 101, Ricimer 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 102, 107, 108 124 invasion of Africa 52–3, 55 Roman identity 88–91, 97–8, kingship 58–9, 71–2, 129, 99–102 132, 133 Romano-African aristocracy military reorganization 69 economic life and 156 North African frontier 125, end of the Vandal kingdom and 127, 129 230, 239, 240–1, 255 sack of Rome 117–18 identity of 89–91, 93, 99–101, Sardinia 137, 168 103 taxation 163, 165 panegyrics and 219–20 ‘Vandal’ women 108 political role of 80–1, 82 350 Index

Romano-African aristocracy (Cont’d) Stotzas 136, 166, 253 religious life of 103, 226–7 Sueves 66, 113–14 sortes Vandalorum and 66–7, 69 in early Vandal history 35–7, Vandal authority and 71–2 38–40, 41–6, 49, 52, 54, 84 Vandal identity and 100–1, 103, identity within Vandal kingdom 105–6 84, 96, 97, 107 Vandal invasion of Africa and Symmachus 134, 138 54–5 Rome Tacitus 12–13, 16, 18, 24, 25 economic life of 146, 147–8, 150 taxation 42, 144, 145–7, 148, Vandal sack of 1, 8, 12, 110–11, 163–7 116–24 temples 206, 207, 208 111, 123–4 Theoderic (Ostrogothic King of Italy) rough tolerance 192–6 132, 134, 220 rural life 152, 156–62, 253 Theoderic (Vandal prince) 68, 74, see also agriculture 75 Theodosian Code 208–9, 216, 219 Sardinia 134–9, 166, 168, 196, Theodosius II 112 231, 232 Theophanes 70–1, 122 Sarmatians 31, 33 Thrasamund 59 Sarus 37 African frontier under 129 Scudéry, Georges de 8 panegyrics to 72, 73, 219, 222–5 Segermes field survey 156–7 religious policies of 195–8 Settlement Treaty of ad 442 61–70, Sicily 132–3 94, 108, 112–13, 118, 156, 167 succession of 74 shipping 145–7, 148, 150 Vandal court of 78 see also naval operations Three Chapters Controversy 252 Sicily and 129–34, 253 Thuburbo Maius 83, 86–7, 155, Sidi Marzouk Tounsi 158–9 211 sigillata, see African red slip ware Tipasa 66, 168 Sigisteus 99, 100 Tisza Valley 31–2, 33 Sigisvultus 53, 111 town life, see urban life Silings 43, 45, 47 trade Solomon 250, 252, 253 in Africa 153, 158–9 sortes Vandalorum 66–8, 94, 108, in Mediterranean 145–8, 150–1 156, 167 Sozomen 41 urban life Spain cultural activity in 205, 206–13 in early Vandal history 38, 39, economic activity in 152, 153–5, 40, 41–54 158 Vandal foreign policy towards Justinian’s building programme in 113–14, 119, 120 Africa 234–6 the Vandals in history 6, 7 religion and 194 Stilicho 23, 34, 37, 48 USA, Vandal heritage within 9 Index 351

Valentinian III 52, 55 function of 186–8 economic problems under 148 Huneric’s religious motivation in Hilderic as grandson of 59 71, 75, 128, 185–6, 188, 191 post-439 Vandal foreign policy and Huneric’s succession purges in 110, 111–12, 115–16 75–6 treaty of ad 442 and 63, 64–5, Moors and 125, 128 112–13, 117–18 Nicene apostasy within 187 Vandalic language 94–5 persecutions within 154, ‘vandalism’, origin of 9–11 185–92 Vandals 1–4 urban life in 206–7 administrative structures under Vandal administration in 78–9, 77–81, 82, 212–13 80, 81 aristocracy of 70, 83–4, 91–3, Vandal capture of Carthage in 94, 97–102, 164, 167–8 61 cultural life under, see cultural life Vandal foreign policy in 118, early history of 24, 27–55 131, 140 economic life under 32, 94, Vandal identity revealed within 141–76 48, 92, 95, 98, 99–100, end of their kingdom 228–55 102–7, 108 foreign policy under (ad 439–534) Vandal royal power in 57, 58 109–40 Vandal taxation in 165, 166 in history 4–26, 28–30, 110, 192 Victorinianus of Hadrumetum 81 identity 21–2, 23, 47–50, 83–108 Visigoths 113, 115, 133 religious life under 71, 75, viticulture 147, 158–9 177–203 von Schlözer, August Ludwig 12 rulership in Africa 56–82 Vandili 13, 18, 24–5 Wallia 45 Vergil 214, 215–16, 218 Wends 15 Victor of Tunnuna 128, 165 women on the Vandals 13, 184–5 dowries and 161 Victor of Vita in early Vandal history 49 background of 184–5 ethnic identity and 103, 104, 106–8 Historia Persecutionis of 13, 184–5 Zacharias the Rhetor 230 ad 442 settlement treaty in 63, Zeno 123, 131–2 66, 67–8 Zeugitana, see Africa Proconsularis education in 215 Zosimus 30, 38, 48