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Summer 2020 Full Issue Naval War College Review Volume 73 Number 3 Summer 2020 Article 1 2020 Summer 2020 Full Issue The U.S. Naval War College Follow this and additional works at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review Recommended Citation Naval War College, The U.S. (2020) "Summer 2020 Full Issue," Naval War College Review: Vol. 73 : No. 3 , Article 1. Available at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol73/iss3/1 This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Naval War College Review by an authorized editor of U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Naval War College: Summer 2020 Full Issue Summer 2020 Volume 73, Number 3 Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 2020 1 Naval War College Review, Vol. 73 [2020], No. 3, Art. 1 Cover The cover reproduces The First Wave on Japan, a 1945 watercolor painting by Standish Backus Jr. It depicts Higgins boats carrying Marines of the 2nd Battalion, 4th Regiment ashore at Fort No. 2 on the Futtsu Peninsula, Tokyo Bay, Japan. The landing represented the first test of whether the Japanese actually would abide by the terms that had been negotiated or would resist. In “Condition- al Surrender: Conflict Termination in the Pacific, 1945,” Richard J. Shuster and Takuya Shimodaira describe the series of developments and the behind-the-scenes efforts that—despite the Allies’ public stance demanding “unconditional surren- der” and the stubborn determination of most of the Japanese leadership to fight to the bitter end—led to peaceful surrender and the official termination of World War II in August–September 1945. Source: Naval History and Heritage Command https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol73/iss3/1 2 Naval War College: Summer 2020 Full Issue NAVAL WAR COLLEGE REVIEW Summer 2020 Volume 73, Number 3 NAVAL WAR COLLEGE PRESS 686 Cushing Road Newport, RI 02841-1207 Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 2020 3 Naval War College Review, Vol. 73 [2020], No. 3, Art. 1 NAVAL WAR COLLEGE PRESS ADVISORY BOARD PRESIDENT, NAVAL WAR COLLEGE Seth Cropsey Rear Adm. Shoshana S. Chatfield, USN Amb. Paula J. Dobriansky PROVOST Jeffrey Kline Dr. Lewis M. Duncan Capt. Robert C. Rubel, USN (Ret.) Geoffrey Till DEAN OF NAVAL WARFARE STUDIES Francis J. West Thomas J. Culora Dov S. Zakheim NAVAL WAR COLLEGE PRESS Carnes Lord, Editor NAVAL WAR COLLEGE REVIEW EDITORIAL BOARD Robert Ayer, Managing Editor Donald Chisholm Kate Acosta, Associate Editor for Books Stephen Downes-Martin Kaila Aguiar, Associate Editor for Review Andrew S. Erickson Timothy J. Demy and Brad Carter, Book Review Col. Theodore L. Gatchel, USMC (Ret.) Editors Cdr. Sean Henseler, USN (Ret.) Lori A. Almeida, Administrative Assistant and Cdr. James Kraska, USN (Ret.) Circulation Manager Capt. Thomas Mangold, USN (Ret.) Frank Uhlig Jr., Editor Emeritus John Maurer Col. Mackubin Owens, USMC (Ret.) Naval War College Review Capt. Derek S. Reveron, USNR Code 32, Naval War College Capt. Peter M. Swartz, USN (Ret.) 686 Cushing Rd., Newport, RI 02841-1207 Capt. Sam Tangredi, USN (Ret.) Fax: 401-841-1071 Scott C. Truver DSN exchange, all lines: 841 James J. Wirtz Website: www.usnwc.edu/Publications/ Naval-War-College-Press http://twitter.com/NavalWarCollege Editor, Circulation, or Business 401-841-2236 [email protected] Managing Editor 401-841-4552 [email protected] Book Reviews [email protected] Other Naval War College Offices 401-841-3089 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol73/iss3/1 4 Naval War College: Summer 2020 Full Issue The Naval War College Review was established in 1948 as a forum for discussion of public policy matters of interest to the maritime services. The thoughts and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and are not necessarily those of the U.S. government, the U.S. Navy Department, or the Naval War College. The journal is published quarterly. 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ISSN 0028-1484 Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 2020 5 Naval War College Review, Vol. 73 [2020], No. 3, Art. 1 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol73/iss3/1 6 Naval War College: Summer 2020 Full Issue CONTENTS From the Editors � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 3 Education for Seapower Strategy 2020 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 5 Letter from the Navy’s Chief Learning Officer� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 23 President’s Forum � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 29 Maritime Strategy The Return of Great-Power Competition Cold War Lessons about Strategic Antisubmarine Warfare and Defense of Sea Lines of Communication � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 33 Bradford Dismukes American Cold War planning experienced important failures in strategic intelligence and in the way planners used that intelligence� These shortcomings were overcome through massive material investment, technological advantage, and good fortune, but in the twenty-first-century era of great- power competition the Navy cannot count on these advantages� More-careful and better-integrated intelligence-planning processes would improve our chances of success greatly� Organization and Management Twenty-First-Century Innovation Pathways for the U.S. Navy in the Age of Competition � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 59 James A. Russell Recent programs such as the littoral combat ship, the Zumwalt-class guided-missile destroyer, and the Ford-class aircraft carrier all have highlighted the Navy’s failure to produce innovative, afford- able ships in the quantity and of the quality needed to configure a larger, redesigned fleet� Unless the Navy can address mistakes made in these programs it will have difficulty innovating success- fully—with potentially disastrous consequences� The Northwest Pacific The Law of Military Operations and Self-Defense in the U.S.-Japan Alliance � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 85 James Kraska and Yusuke Saito While the United States and Japan share many values, their legal systems take distinct approaches to authorizing military operations� But the two approaches converge within the alliance structure— especially important with regard to implementing the international law of self-defense� Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 2020 7 2 NAVAL WARNaval COLLEGE War REVIEW College Review, Vol. 73 [2020], No. 3, Art. 1 Naval History Conditional Surrender Conflict Termination in the Pacific, 1945 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 113 Richard J. Shuster and Takuya Shimodaira As early as mid-1943, the strategic political and military leadership on both sides began to see the inevitability of a U�S� victory over Japan� The combatants each sought an end on terms favorable to their respective national interests: the United States pushed relentlessly for unconditional sur- render, while Japan sought to force a negotiated settlement� What were the factors and actions that led from military victory to a conditional surrender that set the conditions for a smooth transition to postwar stability in Japan? Research & Debate It’s a Gray, Gray World� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 139 Nadia Schadlow Review Essay Key Publications
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