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Naval War College Review Volume 73 Number 3 Summer 2020 Article 1 2020 Summer 2020 Full Issue The U.S. Naval War College Follow this and additional works at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review Recommended Citation Naval War College, The U.S. (2020) "Summer 2020 Full Issue," Naval War College Review: Vol. 73 : No. 3 , Article 1. Available at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol73/iss3/1 This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Naval War College Review by an authorized editor of U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Naval War College: Summer 2020 Full Issue Summer 2020 Volume 73, Number 3 Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 2020 1 Naval War College Review, Vol. 73 [2020], No. 3, Art. 1 Cover The cover reproduces The First Wave on Japan, a 1945 watercolor painting by Standish Backus Jr. It depicts Higgins boats carrying Marines of the 2nd Battalion, 4th Regiment ashore at Fort No. 2 on the Futtsu Peninsula, Tokyo Bay, Japan. The landing represented the first test of whether the Japanese actually would abide by the terms that had been negotiated or would resist. In “Condition- al Surrender: Conflict Termination in the Pacific, 1945,” Richard J. Shuster and Takuya Shimodaira describe the series of developments and the behind-the-scenes efforts that—despite the Allies’ public stance demanding “unconditional surren- der” and the stubborn determination of most of the Japanese leadership to fight to the bitter end—led to peaceful surrender and the official termination of World War II in August–September 1945. Source: Naval History and Heritage Command https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol73/iss3/1 2 Naval War College: Summer 2020 Full Issue NAVAL WAR COLLEGE REVIEW Summer 2020 Volume 73, Number 3 NAVAL WAR COLLEGE PRESS 686 Cushing Road Newport, RI 02841-1207 Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 2020 3 Naval War College Review, Vol. 73 [2020], No. 3, Art. 1 NAVAL WAR COLLEGE PRESS ADVISORY BOARD PRESIDENT, NAVAL WAR COLLEGE Seth Cropsey Rear Adm. Shoshana S. Chatfield, USN Amb. Paula J. Dobriansky PROVOST Jeffrey Kline Dr. Lewis M. Duncan Capt. Robert C. Rubel, USN (Ret.) Geoffrey Till DEAN OF NAVAL WARFARE STUDIES Francis J. West Thomas J. Culora Dov S. Zakheim NAVAL WAR COLLEGE PRESS Carnes Lord, Editor NAVAL WAR COLLEGE REVIEW EDITORIAL BOARD Robert Ayer, Managing Editor Donald Chisholm Kate Acosta, Associate Editor for Books Stephen Downes-Martin Kaila Aguiar, Associate Editor for Review Andrew S. Erickson Timothy J. Demy and Brad Carter, Book Review Col. Theodore L. Gatchel, USMC (Ret.) Editors Cdr. Sean Henseler, USN (Ret.) Lori A. Almeida, Administrative Assistant and Cdr. James Kraska, USN (Ret.) Circulation Manager Capt. Thomas Mangold, USN (Ret.) Frank Uhlig Jr., Editor Emeritus John Maurer Col. Mackubin Owens, USMC (Ret.) Naval War College Review Capt. Derek S. Reveron, USNR Code 32, Naval War College Capt. Peter M. Swartz, USN (Ret.) 686 Cushing Rd., Newport, RI 02841-1207 Capt. Sam Tangredi, USN (Ret.) Fax: 401-841-1071 Scott C. Truver DSN exchange, all lines: 841 James J. Wirtz Website: www.usnwc.edu/Publications/ Naval-War-College-Press http://twitter.com/NavalWarCollege Editor, Circulation, or Business 401-841-2236 [email protected] Managing Editor 401-841-4552 [email protected] Book Reviews [email protected] Other Naval War College Offices 401-841-3089 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol73/iss3/1 4 Naval War College: Summer 2020 Full Issue The Naval War College Review was established in 1948 as a forum for discussion of public policy matters of interest to the maritime services. The thoughts and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and are not necessarily those of the U.S. government, the U.S. Navy Department, or the Naval War College. The journal is published quarterly. Distribution is limited generally to commands and activities of the U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard; regular and reserve officers of U.S. services; foreign officers and civilians having a present or previous affiliation with the Naval War College; selected U.S. government officials and agencies; and selected U.S. and international libraries, research centers, publica- tions, and educational institutions. Contributors Please request the standard contributors’ guidance from the managing editor or access it online before submitting manuscripts. The Naval War College Review nei- ther offers nor makes compensation for articles or book reviews, and it assumes no responsibility for the return of manuscripts, although every effort is made to return those not accepted. In submitting work, the sender warrants that it is original, that it is the sender’s property, and that neither it nor a similar work by the sender has been accepted or is under consideration elsewhere. Permissions Reproduction and reprinting are subject to the Copyright Act of 1976 and appli- cable treaties of the United States. To obtain permission to reproduce material bearing a copyright notice, or to reproduce any material for commercial pur- poses, contact the editor for each use. Material not bearing a copyright notice may be freely reproduced for academic or other noncommercial use; however, it is requested that the author and Naval War College Review be credited and that the editor be informed. Periodicals postage paid at Newport, RI. POSTMASTERS, send address changes to: Naval War College Review, Code 32S, Naval War College, 686 Cushing Rd., Newport, RI 02841-1207. ISSN 0028-1484 Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 2020 5 Naval War College Review, Vol. 73 [2020], No. 3, Art. 1 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol73/iss3/1 6 Naval War College: Summer 2020 Full Issue CONTENTS From the Editors � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 3 Education for Seapower Strategy 2020 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 5 Letter from the Navy’s Chief Learning Officer� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 23 President’s Forum � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 29 Maritime Strategy The Return of Great-Power Competition Cold War Lessons about Strategic Antisubmarine Warfare and Defense of Sea Lines of Communication � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 33 Bradford Dismukes American Cold War planning experienced important failures in strategic intelligence and in the way planners used that intelligence� These shortcomings were overcome through massive material investment, technological advantage, and good fortune, but in the twenty-first-century era of great- power competition the Navy cannot count on these advantages� More-careful and better-integrated intelligence-planning processes would improve our chances of success greatly� Organization and Management Twenty-First-Century Innovation Pathways for the U.S. Navy in the Age of Competition � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 59 James A. Russell Recent programs such as the littoral combat ship, the Zumwalt-class guided-missile destroyer, and the Ford-class aircraft carrier all have highlighted the Navy’s failure to produce innovative, afford- able ships in the quantity and of the quality needed to configure a larger, redesigned fleet� Unless the Navy can address mistakes made in these programs it will have difficulty innovating success- fully—with potentially disastrous consequences� The Northwest Pacific The Law of Military Operations and Self-Defense in the U.S.-Japan Alliance � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 85 James Kraska and Yusuke Saito While the United States and Japan share many values, their legal systems take distinct approaches to authorizing military operations� But the two approaches converge within the alliance structure— especially important with regard to implementing the international law of self-defense� Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 2020 7 2 NAVAL WARNaval COLLEGE War REVIEW College Review, Vol. 73 [2020], No. 3, Art. 1 Naval History Conditional Surrender Conflict Termination in the Pacific, 1945 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 113 Richard J. Shuster and Takuya Shimodaira As early as mid-1943, the strategic political and military leadership on both sides began to see the inevitability of a U�S� victory over Japan� The combatants each sought an end on terms favorable to their respective national interests: the United States pushed relentlessly for unconditional sur- render, while Japan sought to force a negotiated settlement� What were the factors and actions that led from military victory to a conditional surrender that set the conditions for a smooth transition to postwar stability in Japan? Research & Debate It’s a Gray, Gray World� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 139 Nadia Schadlow Review Essay Key Publications
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  • US Navy Flight Deck Hearing Protection Use Trends

    US Navy Flight Deck Hearing Protection Use Trends

    U.S. Navy Flight Deck Hearing Protection Use Trends: Survey Results Valerie S. Bjorn Naval Air Systems Command AEDC/DOF 740 Fourth Street Arnold AFB, TN 38389-6000, USA [email protected] Christopher B. Albery Advanced Information Engineering Services - A General Dynamics Company 5200 Springfield Pike, WP-441 Dayton, OH 45431, USA [email protected] CDR Russell Shilling, Ph.D., MSC, USN Office of Naval Research - Medical and Biological S&T Division 800 N Quincy Street Arlington, VA 22217-5860, USA [email protected] Richard L. McKinley Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL/HECB) 2610 Seventh Street, Bldg 441 Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433-7901 [email protected] ABSTRACT Hearing loss claims have risen steadily in the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs across all military services for decades. The U.S. Navy, with U.S. Air Force and industry partners, is working to improve hearing protection and speech intelligibility for aircraft carrier flight deck crews who work up to 16 hours per day in 130-150 dB tactical jet aircraft noise. Currently, flight deck crews are required to wear double hearing protection: earplugs and earmuffs (in cranial helmet). Previous studies indicated this double hearing protection provides approximately 30 dB of noise attenuation when earplugs are inserted correctly and the cranial/earmuffs are well-fit and in good condition. To assess hearing protection practices and estimate noise attenuation levels for active duty flight deck crews, Naval Air Systems Command surveyed 301 U.S. Navy Atlantic and Pacific Fleet flight deck personnel from four aircraft carriers and two amphibious assault ships.