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K2-18B Home from Home? SpaceFlight A British Interplanetary Society publication Volume 62 No.1 January 2020 £5.25 K2-18B Home from home? IAC 2019 report 01> Life-bearing comets 634089 UK military space plans 770038 Voyager 2 goes interstellar 9 CONTENTS Features 12 Rock Follies NASA is opening lunar samples sealed for more than 40 years in preparation for a new tranche of material from the Moon in the 2020s. 12 14 Twin Sisters The RAF is getting serious about small satellites Letter from the Editor launched from Cosmic Girl, out of Newquay. I am pleased this month to bring a mix of features which span the 16 Congressional Hearing spectrum, from Professor Chandra David Todd roamed the halls of the 70th IAC in Wickramasinghe discussing the Washington DC and lived to tell us the tales. origin of life on planets (including our own!), to messages from the edge of the solar system and from 22 Bringers of Life news about NASA opening lunar Professor Chandra Wickramasinghe muses over rock boxes for the first time to a the way life may have been brought to Earth. 14 report on the International Astronautical Congress in 28 Heading for the Outer Limits Washington DC. Calla Cofield of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory There is news too about interest in keeping the ISS going until 2030 brings news from the heliopause about distant and the desire for 10 more Voyager 2. yearlong expeditions and on the RAF selectee to train as part of the airborne launch crew for delivering small satellites to low Earth orbit; surely this is just the start for a range of services from 16 UK Spaceports. Regulars For those expecting to see the first of the new Space Chronicle this month, patience please as we 2 Behind the news take a little more time to get the Playing for Time – New man on Moon duty – A new editorial team on board and Partner for Pluto take up suggestions from you – readers and contributors – about 4 Opinion how it should look and what it should comprise. You won’t be 6 ISS Report disappointed. Meanwhile, Happy 9 October – 8 November 2019 Christmas and a peaceful New 22 Year to all. 34 Obituary Alexei Leonov (1934-2019) . 38 Multi-media The latest space-related books, games, videos David Baker 42 Satellite Digest [email protected] 564 – October 2019 44 Society news / Diary 28 COVER: THE MOONRISE SAMPLE RETRIEVER LIFTS OFF FROM THE LUNAR SURFACE / JPL THE LUNAR SURFACE LIFTS OFF FROM RETRIEVER SAMPLE THE MOONRISE COVER: What’s happened/ What’s coming up OUR MISSION STATEMENT Editor David Baker, PhD, BSc, FBIS, FRHS Sub Editor Ann Page Creative Consultant Andrée Wilson Design & Production MP3 Media Promotion Gillian Norman Advertising Tel: +44 (0)20 7735 3160 Email: [email protected] The British Interplanetary Society Distribution Warners Group Distribution, The Maltings, Manor Lane, Bourne, Lincolnshire PE10 9PH, England Tel: +44 (0)1778 promotes the exploration and 391 000 Fax: +44 (0)1778 393 668 SpaceFlight, Arthur C. Clarke House, 27-29 South Lambeth Road, London SW8 1SZ, use of space for the benefit England Tel: +44 (0)20 7735 3160 Email: [email protected] www.bis-space.com Published monthly by the British Interplanetary Society, SpaceFlight is a publication that promotes the mission of the British of humanity, connecting people Interplanetary Society. Opinions in signed articles are those of the contributors and do not necessarily reflect the views of to create, educate and inspire, the Editor or the Council of the British Interplanetary Society. Registered Company No: 402498. Registered charity No: and advance knowledge in 250556. The British Interplanetary Society is a company limited by guarantee. Printed in England by Latimer Trend & Co. © 2020 British Interplanetary Society 2017 ISSN 0038-6340. All rights reserved. No part of this magazine may be reproduced all aspects of astronautics. or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or recording by any information storage or retrieval system without written permission for the Publishers. Photocopying permitted by license only. SpaceFlight Vol 62 January 2020 1 SLUG BEHIND THE NEWS Long-haul flight: astronaut Christina Koch, who is due to spend 11 months in space. NASA needs more like her before contemplating Mars. PLAYING FOR TIME NASA wants to keep astronauts in space for longer – but can it afford to? THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION (ISS) is and add 10 more subjects to that US database”, said increasingly viewed as a crucial asset in preparing Julie Robinson, NASA’s chief scientist for the ISS. astronauts for Mars. NASA wants at least 10 more The big issue is not surviving weightlessness, but year-long missions to better understand the effects having astronauts in a sufficiently robust condition to on humans of extended weightlessness. While the leave their spacecraft after a nine or ten month Artemis programme will test hardware, procedures journey and immediately commence work. To date, and techniques relevant to Mars flights during Moon those returning to Earth suffer from temporarily missions beginning in the mid-2020s, the ISS can depleted fine-motor skills and restricted mobility – build an unprecedented base of physiological and unacceptable for a Mars mission. Another issue is psychological data upon which to plan deep-space the freedom available in the ISS compared to an missions lasting several years. average 25 m³/person in a habitation module for the Most ISS expeditions last around six months. So flight out to Mars and back. far only one year-long mission has been flown – Underpinning all this is the cost of maintaining the when Scott Kelly and Mikhail Kornienko remained in ISS on top of the Artemis programme – a crewed space for 12 months, ending March 2016. In a landing in 2024 on the Moon and the establishment mission beginning in November 2016 Peggy Whitson of a sustained presence from 2028. And that stayed in space for almost 10 months and Christina depends on how willing ISS partners will be to fund Koch will have completed 11 months in orbit when sustained operations beyond the agreed termination she returns in February 2020. But the datasets from date of 2024. Either way, NASA sees the ISS as an these crewmembers are not enough. "What we're enabling key in obtaining sufficient data on humans saying now is we want to really bump that up a notch to plan crewed Mars expeditions. SF 2 Vol 62 January 2020 SpaceFlight BEHIND THE NEWS New man on Moon duty SEVERAL MONTHS AFTER He steps into giant shoes, a William Gerstenmaier stood category of senior management down as associate administrator which has for many decades of NASA’s Human Exploration and charted a course for NASA’s Operations Mission Directorate human space flight activity, (HEOMD) in July 2019, his arguably the most memorable replacement has been being George Mueller who joined announced. The man now NASA in 1963 and articulated a responsible for all of the US very different course to that of space agency’s human flight his predecessor for getting men activity is Douglas Loverro, on the Moon by the end of the effective 16 October 2019. decade. Retiring at the end of Occupying a pivotal position in 1969, Mueller had recruited a the agency, his most challenging team of managers and task is to organise and develop a administrators who transformed detailed timeline for placing the the very core of NASA and put first woman and the next man on the first astronauts on the lunar the lunar surface by the end of surface before the end of the 2024, while ensuring sustained decade. Now Douglas Loverro New recruit: Douglas Loverro. support for the International has the same urgent mandate to Space Station, the first flights of carry NASA’s human space flight the Space Launch Systems and programme forward from within the agency, has been with first crewed flights of the Orion low-Earth orbit to interplanetary NASA since 1977 and then spacecraft. exploration, using the Moon as a moved progressively to head the Loverro retired from the US Air learning base for Mars missions. agency’s human space flight Force in February 2006 and William “Bill” Gerstenmaier, activities when he became served in the Department of affectionately known as “Gerst” responsible for the Space Defense and at the National Operations Directorate in 2005, Reconnaissance Office for three overseeing the last 21 Shuttle years developing, managing and flights, transitioning NASA to the Long-haul flight: astronaut Christina Koch, who is due to spend 11 months in space. NASA needs more like her before contemplating Mars. IMAGES: NASA IMAGES: setting out national space policy The shift in positions SLS/Orion programme and on space activities related to integrating the commercial cargo matters of national security. For reflects the concern at the and crew programmes. Greatly four years he served as the White House that NASA has admired and universally Deputy Assistant Secretary of respected, Gerstenmaier carried Defense for Space Policy and led been too conservative and the agency’s human space flight PLAYING FOR TIME activities in international space programme through some of its activities, on the impact and that it needs a fast-track most difficult times, not least integration of commercial space the cancellation of the activities and on plans to meet timeline to get humans Constellation programme by future challenges in space-based President Obama, which sought security measures. back on the Moon to put humans on the Moon, and its metamorphosis into the present SLS/Orion programme under the edict of the US Congress. Gerstenmaier has been reassigned as special assistant to NASA Deputy Administrator Jim Morhard.
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