DOCSLIB.ORG

Den Fagre Og Den Morkne

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Den Fagre Og Den Morkne Den Fagre og den Morkne Historieframstilling i Morkinskinna og Fagrskinna Stian André Fossøy Masteroppgåve i historie Institutt for arkeologi, historie, kultur- og religionsvitskap UNIVERSITETET I BERGEN Vår 2019 © Stian André Fossøy [2019] [Den Fagre og den Morkne: Historieframstilling i Fagrskinna og Morkinskinna] [Stian André Fossøy] http://bora.uib.no/ II Abstract This thesis explores the historical writing in the two Norse-Icelandic kings’ sagas Morkinskinna and Fagrskinna. In the period 1035-1157 the sagas cover the same historical events, but the history they put forth differs, both in narrative length and in thematic emphasis. This thesis poses two main questions; 1) How does the saga writers portray themselves as historians in the stories they tell and 2) How does the history they put forth in the sagas differ? This thesis has shown that the bastion of Norse-Icelandic saga writing, Snorri Sturluson, probably have gathered some of his thoughts on source criticism from the authors of Morkinskinna and Fagrskinna, and that they too deserve some of the recognition that has befallen Snorri. Furthermore, there are differences between the authors in the way they have put forth their narrative material and their usage of skaldic stanzas. Fagrskinna has one primary goal, the historical one, but Morkinskinna also include several stories and skaldic stanzas for their aesthetic, entertaining and stylistic value. Therefore, I argue that while the author of Fagrskinna was primarily concerned with writing history, the author of Morkinskinna also had an interest in telling stories. In the second part of this thesis I investigate the history that the saga writers put forth. I divide the society into three social groups, king, magnate and people, and investigate how the different groups are portrayed. I argue that Morkinskinna shows a great interest in the character of the Norwegian kings and the concept of kingship. Morkinskinna also includes a greater narrative concerning the other social categories in the sagas, the aristocracy and the people, thus showing a greater interest in the relationship between king and retainer. Fagrskinna on the other hand, places the king firmly on centre stage, mostly excluding negative incidents surrounding legitimate Norwegian kings. Fagrskinna is also less concerned with the other political groups in the saga, the aristocracy and the people. Thus, the history and role of the aristocracy and people in Fagrskinna are less prominent than in Morkinskinna. However, both sagas include more references to the people compared to contemporary European historiography. The people are given identity trough collective groups belonging to a specific geographic region with a clear function in the political landscape. III IV V Forord Personen som fortener størst takk er utan tvil min rettleiar gjennom dess to åra, Leidulf Melve, som har vore til stor hjelp gjennom heile masterperioden. Eg vil òg rette ein takk til mellomalderseminaret ved Universitetet i Bergen. Ein stor takk går òg til dei nasjonale mellomalderseminara eg har fått delteke på, først i Trondheim, og no seinast i Oslo, der kommentarane frå medstudentar og professorar har vore til stor hjelp. Til slutt vill eg òg takke mine medstudentar som har gjort dagane sosiale og innhaldsrike, samt ein stor takk til Anne og Arild for framifrå korrekturlesing. Stian André Fossøy Bergen, 2019 VI Innhald 1 Innleiing ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Tema og problemstilling .............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Avgrensing................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Teori og metode ........................................................................................................... 3 1.3.1 Komparasjon ........................................................................................................ 4 1.4 Historiografi................................................................................................................. 4 1.5 Kjelder ......................................................................................................................... 9 1.5.1 Morkinskinna ....................................................................................................... 9 1.5.2 Fagrskinna .......................................................................................................... 13 2 Forfattarbilete ................................................................................................................... 17 2.1 Kritiske tilnærmingar ................................................................................................. 18 2.2 Kjeldehandsaming i Morkinskinna og Fagrskinna .................................................... 21 2.2.1 Skriftlege kjelder ................................................................................................ 22 2.2.2 Munnlege kjelder ................................................................................................ 27 2.2.3 Skaldekvad ......................................................................................................... 29 2.3 Autoritet ..................................................................................................................... 39 2.3.1 Polemikk ............................................................................................................. 42 2.4 Oppsummering - Forfattarbilete ................................................................................ 44 3 Historieframstilling i Morkinskinna og Fagrskinna ......................................................... 47 3.1 Kongen i Morkinskinna og Fagrskinna ..................................................................... 51 3.1.1 Kongeideal i mellomalderen .............................................................................. 52 3.1.2 Karakterisering ................................................................................................... 53 3.1.3 Legitimering og eit sameint rike ........................................................................ 64 3.2 Aristokrati i Fagrskinna og Morkinskinna ................................................................ 69 3.2.1 Morkinskinna ..................................................................................................... 69 3.2.2 Fagrskinna .......................................................................................................... 74 3.3 Folket i Fagrskinna og Morkinskinna ....................................................................... 78 3.4 Den transnasjonale dimensjonen ............................................................................... 84 3.4.1 Utanlandske sentralmakter ................................................................................. 85 3.4.2 Hevding av det norske og flytande grenser ........................................................ 87 3.5 Oppsummering: Historieframstilling i Morkinskinna og Fagrskinna ....................... 88 VII 4 Avslutning ........................................................................................................................ 93 4.1 Konklusjon................................................................................................................. 93 5 Kjelder og litteratur .......................................................................................................... 96 VIII IX 1 Innleiing Når ordet kongesoge vert nemnd, vil nok dei fleste assosiere dette med Snorre Sturlasson og Heimskringla. Heimskringla er det sogeverket som har vorte vigd størst merksemd hjå forskarar, både norske og internasjonale. Kongesoger er så mykje meir enn berre Heimskringla. Omgrepet «kongesoge» er ein vid terminologi og omfattar mang ei soge. Brorparten av kongesogene vart forfatta på 1100- og 1200-talet, og kongesogeskrivinga vert ofte delt inn forskjellige periodar. Dei eldste sogeverka, forfatta av islendingar, vert tidfesta til tidleg 1100-tal. I denne perioden høyrer verk av Sæmund og Are, båe med tilnamnet «froði» som tyder «den lærde», til. Båe verka er tapte og er berre referert til i seinare soger. I den neste perioden finn ein dei kortfatta latinske sogene Historia de Antiquiate Regnum Norwagiensium og Historia Norwegiæ, samt den norrøne soga Ágrip af Nóregs Konunga Sögum, der førstnemnde er forfatta av Theodoricus Monachus, medan dei to andre har anonyme forfattarar. Desse vert tidfesta til slutten av 1100-talet. 1200-talet representerer gullalderen i den islandske kongesogeskrivinga, og her finn ein dei tre kompendia Morkinskinna, Fagrskinna og Heimskringla. I tillegg til desse sogene finn ein og fleire hagiografiske soger som tek for seg livet til Olav Tryggvason og Olav den Heilage som i følgje sogene stod bak kristninga av Noreg. Kongesogene som er nemnde ovanfor fortel alle om hendingar som fann stad før deira eiga samtid, men ein har òg overlevert samtidssoger, som Sverris saga og Hákonar saga Hákonsonar, som fortel om høvesvis Kong Sverre og Kong Håkon Håkonsson. 1.1 Tema og problemstilling Tema for denne oppgåva vil vere dei to kompendia Morkinskinna og Fagrskinna. Desse to kompendia har lenge vore i skuggen av Heimskringla og har ofte vore drege fram som dømer på mindre gode kongesoger. Gustav Indrebø tykte til dømes at Morkinskinna var i ein sørgjeleg tilstand når det kom til litterær struktur og skildringar,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Royal Ideology in Fagrskinna
    Háskóli Íslands Íslensku- og Menningardeild Medieval Icelandic Studies Royal Ideology in Fagrskinna A Case Study of Magnús inn blindi. Ritgerð til M.A.-prófs Joshua Wright Kt.: 270194-3629 Leiðbeinandi: Sverrir Jakobsson May 2018 Acknowledgements I owe thanks to too many people to list, but I would be remiss if I did not mention Julian Valle, who encouraged and advised me throughout the process, and Jaka Cuk for his company and council at numerous late night meetings. Dr. Sverrir Jakobsson’s supervision and help from Dr. Torfi H. Tulinius were both indispensable help throughout the process. I owe my wife, Simone, a special thanks for her input, and an apology for keeping her up in our small room as I worked at strange hours. I cannot fully express my debt to my father, David Wright, and my uncle Harold Lambdin, whose urging and encouragement pushed me to try academia in the first place. I dedicate this to my mother, Susanne, who would have loved to see it. ii Abstract: When looking at the political thought of the kings’ sagas, scholarship has overwhelmingly focused on Heimskringla, widely regarded as the most well-written compilation, or on the older Morkinskinna because it is more proximal to the ‘original’ sources. An intermediate source, Fagrskinna, is almost always overlooked, mentioned only in passing by scholars that are more interested in other texts. The limited work that has been done on this source, most prominently by Gustav Indrebø, attracts little attention and Indrebø has remained mostly unchallenged nearly a century after his writing. While there have been systemic analyses of the ideology of these sagas (by Bagge and Ármann Jakobsson, among others) they are only tangentially interested in Fagrskinna, with the result that this work and its unique ideology have been largely unexplored, although its subject matter predisposes it towards contributing to the discussion.
    [Show full text]
  • Magnus Barefoot from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    Magnus Barefoot From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the second Norwegian king named Magnus Olafsson. For the earlier Norwegian king, see Magnus the Good. Magnus Barefoot Drawing of a coin from the reign of Magnus Barefoot (with confused legend)[1] King of Norway Reign September 1093 – 24 August 1103 Predecessor Olaf III Successor Sigurd I, Eystein I and Olaf Magnusson Co-ruler Haakon Magnusson (until 1095) King of Dublin Reign 1102–1103 Predecessor Domnall Gerrlámhach Successor Domnall Gerrlámhach Born 1073 Norway Died 24 August 1103 (aged 29–30) near River Quoile, Downpatrick Ulster, Ireland Burial near St. Patrick's Church, Downpatrick, Ulster, Ireland Consort Margaret of Sweden Eystein I of Norway Issue Sigurd I of Norway Olaf Magnusson of Norway Ragnild Magnusdotter Tora Magnusdatter Harald IV Gille (claimed) Sigurd Slembe (claimed) Magnus Raude (claimed) Full name Magnús Óláfsson House Hardrada Father Olaf III of Norway Mother Tora?; disputed (see below) Religion Roman Catholicism Magnus Olafsson (Old Norse: Magnús Óláfsson, Norwegian: Magnus Olavsson; 1073 – 24 August 1103), better known as Magnus Barefoot (Old Norse: Magnús berfœttr, Norwegian: Magnus Berrføtt),[2] was King of Norway (as Magnus III) from 1093 until his death in 1103. His reign was marked by aggressive military campaigns and conquest, particularly in the Norse-dominated parts of the British Isles, where he extended his rule to the Kingdom of the Isles and Dublin. His daughter, Ragnhild, was born in 1090. As the only son of King Olaf Kyrre, Magnus was proclaimed king in southeastern Norway shortly after his father's death in 1093. In the north, his claim was contested by his cousin, Haakon Magnusson (son of King Magnus Haraldsson), and the two co-ruled uneasily until Haakon's death in 1095.
    [Show full text]
  • The Heimskringla Or Chronicle of the Kings of Norway, 3. B
    » ' ; >P'“: , iy»n^yf»»»»r»g- . ••ryfrr-Vr-f.-T' *••«*> * * <, . ‘ l» -’.)• .*< . ,; . > i> . • ...n , > ^ ^ ^ ' .. 'r^7'j-vV * * ' ''; " :*;-•. •: . -. 1 . 7n .1 s. y., ' ' < '‘I'l...' ' ^l'iu:''‘'M.n:-'i'-y,yy ' /» .;4'\ ^.\ W > M ’' y -‘^1*, ^^-'' • r 'V. -PV:^ ^T. V-T^r^;-, ,j;' . .. ...-«• '*.. • *< ' " nl' •' ' *• '^ ' '•• • • : "V.-‘V. **tt h • , / I ^ -sC*. ' /*SitH'' ^ - s' • a -«J |.» • • •** i 7««i. .-.r^ ..V^ • > *•<•• ?r .>«««iiri«»» ’-w^' I • I* S' •-•fr • fr -* - , \vf =»<f?5Vr=f prT»- . rl^- '* : “T* • I f 1 i‘ < 1 / " 'i; .!' 1, - j: • « *. .- '• ... ' ‘-ii ^ . th;‘-!rpili::r:^:H;,;:.: f .-Uiulrc:-..; ,=:ju . ' I . i e*‘*^ !• *''*.*•1 • • i:*?* JiP ‘i:* . ; • 'v*;fi-’' '" : •iL' l.t:! 1 i: . ^. .^f^. » • * i \’ '• ='iiV’' % '-J^' I t . tr • • .'.r : • ]<. - • *. • * • * , - * • • V.- jT* ' v.-'c’r*. %• r * .S5f>’ I • . • s t,- • h r ' ^ r V l^-. i., */- Pr • • 1 THE HEIMSKRINGLA; CHRO^^ICLE THE KINGS OF NORWAY. TRANSLATED FROM THE ICELANDIC OF SNORRO STURLESON, asaitfi a ^reltminarg Blusertatlon, SAMUEL LAING, ESQ. AUTHOR OF “ A HKSIDKNCE IN NORWAY^* “ A TOUR IN SWEDEN,’* “ NOTES OF A TRAVELLER,” ETC. IN THREE VOLUMES. VOL. III. LONDON: FRINTBD FOR LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS, PATERNOSTKR-ROW. 1844. ff 9 London t Printed by A. Spottiswoodk, New- Street- Square, CONTENTS OP THE THIRD VOLUME, HEIMSKRINGLA {contimied), PAGE SAGA IX. Saga of Harald Hardrada - - - - 1 SAGA X. Saga of Olaf Kyrre - - - - - 105 SAGA XI. Magnus Barefoot’s Saga - - - - -115 SAGA XH. Saga of Sigurd the Crusader, and his Brothers Eystein and Olaf - - - - - - - 148 SAGA xni. Saga of Magnus the Blind and of Harald Gille - - 205 SAGA XIV. Saga of Sigurd, Inge, and Eystein, the sons of Harald - 233 SAGA XV.
    [Show full text]
  • Scandinavian Kingship Transformed Succession, Acquisition and Consolidation in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries
    Scandinavian Kingship Transformed Succession, Acquisition and Consolidation in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries Thomas Glærum Malo Tollefsen Submission for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Cardiff University – School of History, Archaeology, and Religion March 2020 0 Abstract This is a comparative study of Scandinavian kingship in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, based on the themes of succession, acquisition, and consolidation of power. These themes con- stitute the study’s overarching questions: How did a king become a king? How did he keep his kingdom? And finally, how did he pass it on? In order to provide answers to these question this study will consider first the Scandina- vian rules of succession, what they were, to whom they gave succession rights, as well as the order of succession. Second, the study will look at different ways in which kings acquired the kingship, such as through trial by combat and designation succession. Third, the study will look at what happens when succession rules were completely disregarded and children were being made kings, by looking at the processes involved in achieving this as well as asking who the real kingmakers of twelfth century Denmark were. Finally, the study will determine how kings consolidated their power. This study shows, that despite some Scandinavian peculiarities, kingship in Scandinavia was not fundamentally different from European kingship in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. It also shows that the practice of kingship was dependent on political circumstances making it impossible to draw general conclusions spanning centuries and vast geographical regions. We can look at principles that gave us a general framework, but individual cases were determined by circumstance.
    [Show full text]
  • Tegan N. Currie Mphil Thesis
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by St Andrews Research Repository REPRESENTATIONS OF DEATH AND BURIAL IN THE FIRST SIX SAGAS OF SNORRI STURLUSON'S HEIMSKRINGLA Tegan N. Currie A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of MPhil at the University of St Andrews 2015 Full metadata for this item is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/9482 This item is protected by original copyright Representations of Death and Burial in the First Six Sagas of Snorri Sturluson’s Heimskringla Tegan N. Currie This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of MPhil at the University of St Andrews 26 April 2014 SUBMISSION OF PHD AND MPHIL THESES REQUIRED DECLARATIONS 1. Candidate’s declarations: I, Tegan N. Currie, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 40,000 words in length, has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student in September, 2011 and as a candidate for the degree of Master of Philosophy in October, 2013; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 2013 and 2014. Date: Signature of candidate: 2. Supervisor’s declaration: I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of Master of Philosophy in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree.
    [Show full text]
  • The Succession and Coronation of Magnus Erlingsson
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives UNIVERSITY OF OSLO INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY, CONSERVATION AND HISTORY Dissertation for the degree of Master of Arts: Norwegian Kingship Transformed: the Succession and Coronation of Magnus Erlingsson (Depiction of Magnus Erlingsson, by Gerhard Munthe, 1899) Thomas Malo Tollefsen Spring 2015 1 2 Abstract This dissertation is an exploration of the succession and coronation of Magnus Erlingsson based upon three themes: Norwegian kingship in theory, Norwegian kingship in practise, and Norwegian kingship in context, and a search for points of similarity and contrast with European trends. In the first theme the focus of the analysis will be the coronation of Magnus Erlingsson, exploring this in two parts: the rules of kingmaking and the narration of Snorre in the Saga of Magnus Erlingsson, and motivations behind the coronation. In the second theme the focus will again be on the coronation of Magnus Erlingsson. First, this dissertation attempts to put together a workable timeline from when Magnus is acclaimed king in 1161 to his coronation in either 1163 or 1164. Then the analysis shifts to the coronation itself, before it falls on the coronation oath and the Letter of Privileges to see what they can tell us about Magnus’s kingship, and the Law of Succession and what it meant for the future. In the third theme this dissertation attempts to contextualise Magnus’s kingship and this chapter will focus on two things: acquisition, and by extension how to legitimise your rule once it has been acquired, and succession to kingship.
    [Show full text]
  • An Early Orkney Castle. 281 an Early Orkney Castle. by J
    AN EARLY ORKNEY CASTLE. 281 VI. AN EARLY ORKNEY CASTLE. BY J. STORER CLOUSTON, P.S.A.ScoT. I. Of the structure which forms the subject of this paper nothing but the bare foundations remain. As a rule only one or two courses of stones mann i lefte d yar an ;case s even these have vanished interess It . t lien si singulae th r characte whole th f eo r building. Even in Norway, surviving defensive struc- tures of an early date are practically non- existent. How rare they are may be judged fro face mth t that Professo W. A r. Br^gger of Oslo Museum s o recomwhot , wa mI - mended to apply for information, as the like- liest authorit giveo t havo yt y , repliean e d that therNorwegiao n s ei n material throw- smale e subject th lighth y ln n an I o t g . in Norse colon f Orkneyo woule yon d scarcely expect what one fails to find in the old mother country; but here foreign influences were evidently at work, and, as will be seen later, there are actually the remains of several such fortalices in our islands. This, however, is the first to be excavated and described. The two buildings within the courtyard e castle—oth f a drinking-hal a bath d -an l Pig Sitee . Pla1 .th f .no discovern ca room—are I s a ,uniqua r fa o s ,e find outside Iceland and Greenland. Certainly, if anything quite like these has been found in Norway, no reference to it is made in such recent "works as Norges Historic and Norges Binder, in the sections dealing with old dwelling-houses.
    [Show full text]
  • Durham E-Theses
    Durham E-Theses The King is dead': The thanatology of kings in the Old Norse synoptic histories of Norway, 1035-1161 Salvucci, Giovanna How to cite: Salvucci, Giovanna (2005) The King is dead': The thanatology of kings in the Old Norse synoptic histories of Norway, 1035-1161, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2204/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 'THE KING IS DEAD': THE THANATOLOGY OF KINGS IN THE OLD NORSE SYNOPTIC HISTORIES OF NORWAY, 1035-1161. Giovanna Salvucci The copyright ot this thesis rests with the author or the university to which it was submitted. No quotation from It, or Information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author or university, and any information derived from it should be acknowledged.
    [Show full text]
  • «Men Um Det Er 3 Kongar På Same Tid I Landet, Er Det Likevel Ei Styringstid»
    «Men um det er 3 kongar på same tid i landet, er det likevel ei styringstid» - Ein gjennomgang av samkongedøme som styreform gjennom eit nærare innsyn i arvefølgjeordninga og det administrative systemet Annette Langedal Holme Masteravhandling i historie AHKR, UiB. Haust 2012 Forord Arbeidet med denne masteroppgåva har vore ein lang prosess. Den er eit resultat av sjølvstendig arbeid, men det hadde blitt vanskeleg å gjennomføre utan hjelp frå ein rekke personar. I fyrste rekke vil eg takke min rettleiar, professor Geir Atle Ersland. Du har vore med heile vegen med konstruktive tilbakemeldingar og overtydd meg om at ei masteroppgåve er forsking, ikkje ei semesteroppgåve. Vidare vil eg også takke for den støtta og fellesskapet eg har fått gjennom mellomalderseminar og miljøet på lesesalen. Dykk har vore ein stor støtte opp mot innlevering. Til slutt vil eg takke jentene eg bur saman med og familien min, som er for stor til at eg kan nemne alle saman. Dykk har vore ein stor motivasjon gjennom heile masterstudiet. Annette Langedal Holme. Bergen, November 2012 1 2 Innholdsfortegnelse 1. Innleiing .......................................................................................................................... 5 Avgrensing og historisk bakgrunn ................................................................................... 10 Omgrepsavklaring av styreform ....................................................................................... 13 Det norske kongedømet på 1000- og 1100-talet .............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Bjornstjerne Bjornson
    Bjornstjerne Bjornson William Morton Payne Bjornstjerne Bjornson Table of Contents Bjornstjerne Bjornson..............................................................................................................................................1 William Morton Payne...................................................................................................................................2 INTRODUCTORY NOTE............................................................................................................................3 BJORNSTJERNE BJORNSON.....................................................................................................................4 i Bjornstjerne Bjornson Bjornstjerne Bjornson 1 Bjornstjerne Bjornson William Morton Payne This page copyright © 2002 Blackmask Online. http://www.blackmask.com • INTRODUCTORY NOTE • BJORNSTJERNE BJORNSON This etext was produced by Nicole Apostola. To Mary William Morton Payne 2 Bjornstjerne Bjornson INTRODUCTORY NOTE When the date of Bjornson's seventieth birthday drew near at the close of 1902, the present writer, who had been from boyhood a devoted admirer of the great Norwegian, wished to make an American contribution to the world−wide tribute of gratitude and affection which the then approaching anniversary was sure to evoke. The outcome of that wish was an essay, summarizing Bjornson's life and work, published in "The International Quarterly," March, 1903. The essay then written forms the substance of the present publication, although several additions have been
    [Show full text]
  • The Heimskringla: a History of the Norse Kings, Vol
    The Online Library of Liberty A Project Of Liberty Fund, Inc. Snorre Sturlason, The Heimskringla: A History of the Norse Kings, vol. 3 [1220] The Online Library Of Liberty This E-Book (PDF format) is published by Liberty Fund, Inc., a private, non-profit, educational foundation established in 1960 to encourage study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. 2010 was the 50th anniversary year of the founding of Liberty Fund. It is part of the Online Library of Liberty web site http://oll.libertyfund.org, which was established in 2004 in order to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. To find out more about the author or title, to use the site's powerful search engine, to see other titles in other formats (HTML, facsimile PDF), or to make use of the hundreds of essays, educational aids, and study guides, please visit the OLL web site. This title is also part of the Portable Library of Liberty DVD which contains over 1,000 books and quotes about liberty and power, and is available free of charge upon request. The cuneiform inscription that appears in the logo and serves as a design element in all Liberty Fund books and web sites is the earliest-known written appearance of the word “freedom” (amagi), or “liberty.” It is taken from a clay document written about 2300 B.C. in the Sumerian city-state of Lagash, in present day Iraq. To find out more about Liberty Fund, Inc., or the Online Library of Liberty Project, please contact the Director at [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Church and State in Norway from the Tenth to the Sixteenth Century
    mtjc *^^ ^: President White Library CoRNELE University ""'"™"' '"'™^ BR1004 .W74" "'^*A&mm«m^&,S!}'' *'3te in Norwa 3 1924 029 olin 273 244 The original of tiiis bool< is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924029273244 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH AND STATE IN NORWAY. HISTORY OF THE CHURCH AND STATE IN NORWAY FROM THE TENTH TO THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY BY THOMAS B. WILLSON, M.A. WESTMINSTER ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE & CO Ltd Z WHITEHALL GARDENS 1903 h.s-iom--^ BBADBQEy, AGNEW, & CO. LD., PRINTER LONDON AND TONBHIDOE- PEEFACE. English readers are more or less familiar with the most striking events in the history of Norway in the heroic days, but so far as I have been able to discover, no English writer has endeavoured to trace the history of the Church in Norway, from its foundation in the time of Olaf Tryg- vess0n, down to the period of the Keformation. If I am correct in this, the omission seems a strange one, as the Church in Norway was the only daughter of that of England to be found in Europe. Her missionaries, it is true, laboured in many parts of the Continent, but I think that in no country, except Norway, could it be said, that they helped to found and nurture a national Church, where none before existed. Under these circumstances, I have for a long time wished to supply English readers with a history of this Church; and a close acquaintance with Norway, extending over thirty years, makes it, I hope, not altogether presumptuous to attempt the task.
    [Show full text]