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Stormenn Og Elite I Perioden 1030-1157 En Undersøkelse Av Stormenns Bakgrunn, Maktgrunnlag Og Strategier Gjennom Tre Konflikter

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Stormenn Og Elite I Perioden 1030-1157 En Undersøkelse Av Stormenns Bakgrunn, Maktgrunnlag Og Strategier Gjennom Tre Konflikter Stormenn og elite i perioden 1030-1157 En undersøkelse av stormenns bakgrunn, maktgrunnlag og strategier gjennom tre konflikter Vidar Alne Paulsen Hovedoppgave i historie Høsten 2006 Universitetet i Bergen Forord Takk til Sverre Bagge for god og tålmodig veiledning. Og takk til min far for nyttig og nødvendig korrekturlesing. Bildet på forsiden er tegnet av Wilhelm Wetlesen for 1899-utgaven av Heimskringla. Det har tittelen ”Kong Harald stod ute på loftsvala og såg Einars mannskap gå i land.” Denne kopien er hentet fra Wikimedia Commons på internett. II 1. Innledning............................................................................................................................... 1 1.1: Metode og utgangspunkt................................................................................................. 2 1.2: Påstander ......................................................................................................................... 4 1.3: Avgrensning .................................................................................................................... 5 1.4: Disposisjon for oppgaven................................................................................................ 6 2. Kilder og Historiografi........................................................................................................... 7 2.1: Kildene ............................................................................................................................ 8 2.1.1: De latinske kildene................................................................................................... 8 2.1.2: De norrøne sagaene.................................................................................................. 9 2.1.3: Landskapslovene.................................................................................................... 11 2.1.4: Skaldekvad ............................................................................................................. 12 2.2: Historiografi .................................................................................................................. 12 2.2.1: 1800-tallets historikere........................................................................................... 13 2.2.2: Historikere i første halvdel av 1900-tallet: Materialisme og sagakritikk............... 18 2.2.3: Historikere etter 1950:Sosialantropologi, kilder og nye perspektiver ................... 21 2.2.4: Stormenn, elite og sagaer ....................................................................................... 23 2.3. Danmark på tidlig 1100-tall ...................................................................................... 25 2.3.1: Konservativt aristokrati versus ekspansivt kongedømme sett gjennom et feideperspektiv ................................................................................................................. 26 2.3.2: Hermansons studie og nytten av den anvendt på norske forhold........................... 29 3. Konflikt, makt og elite på Harald Sigurdssons tid ............................................................... 31 3.1: Målsetning for kapittelet ............................................................................................... 31 3.2: Disposisjon for kapittelet .............................................................................................. 32 3.3: Historiografi aktuell for perioden.................................................................................. 32 3.4: Hoveddel: Harald ”Hardråde” Sigurdsson – den siste viking....................................... 33 3.4.1: Bakgrunn og utenlandsopphold.............................................................................. 33 3.4.2: Oppholdet i Bysants - erfaring og påvirkning........................................................ 35 3.4.3: Giftemål i Gardarike .............................................................................................. 36 3.4.4: Forholdene i Skandinavia ved Haralds ankomst.................................................... 37 3.4.5: Forbund (félag) med Svein Estridsson................................................................... 38 3.4.6: Haralds møte med norske magnater og norsk maktstruktur................................... 41 3.4.7: Kompromiss og brudd............................................................................................ 43 3.4.8: Arnmødlingene – bakgrunn og rolle ...................................................................... 44 3.4.9: Vikingtoktets vei inn i eliten og vikingenes utfordring for eliten.......................... 46 3.4.10: De nye stormennene............................................................................................. 48 3.5: Samlet vurdering ........................................................................................................... 50 3.5.1: Eliten ...................................................................................................................... 50 3.5.2: Hva var forutsetningene for å etablere seg og konsolidere sin posisjon i eliten? .. 52 3.5.3: Konfliktenes årsak og gang sett i lys av elitens aktører......................................... 56 4. Stormenn og elite under Magnus Sigurdssons og Harald Gilles tid .................................... 58 4.1: Målsetting for kapittelet og tidligere forskning ............................................................ 58 4.2: Disposisjon for kapittelet .............................................................................................. 59 4.3: Utviklingen opp til 1130 ............................................................................................... 59 4.4: Et arvekongerike ........................................................................................................... 60 4.5: Hoveddel – Kong Haralds støtter.................................................................................. 62 4.5.1: Kale Kolsson/Ragnvald jarl ................................................................................... 62 4.5.2: Tønsberg triumviratets andre mann: Tjostolv Ålesson .......................................... 65 4.5.3: Den tredje støttespilleren........................................................................................ 66 4.5.4: Harald Gilles fremtidige måg................................................................................. 66 III 4.5.5: Solmund Sigurdsson............................................................................................... 67 4.6: Forsvarerne av kong Sigurds ordning ........................................................................... 68 4.6.1: Sigurd Sigurdsson – rådgiver til tre konger. .......................................................... 68 4.6.2: Tore Ingeridsson..................................................................................................... 69 4.6.3: Andre støttespillere av kong Magnus..................................................................... 70 4.7: Harald Gille og Magnus Sigurdsson – den skandinaviske forbindelse......................... 72 4.7.1: Magnus’ engasjement i den danske eliten.............................................................. 72 4.7.2: Haralds vennskapspakt, hans giftemål og frillehold .............................................. 73 4.8: Konflikten sett i lys av stormennenes stilling og handlingsmåter................................. 74 4.9: En samlet vurdering av eliten, kongene og magnatenes strategier på 1130-tallet, og en sammenligning med Harald Sigurdssons tid........................................................................ 76 4.9.1: Magnatenes bakgrunn og maktgrunnlag ................................................................ 76 4.9.2: Magnatenes fremgangsmåter og viktigheten av allianser og slekt......................... 76 4.9.3: Endringen i eliten og den politiske kulturen som følge av dynastiets innføring.... 77 4.9.4: Den skandinaviske situasjonen og følger for den norske eliten............................. 77 5. Strid mellom brødre ............................................................................................................. 79 5.1: Målsetting for kapittelet og avgrensning....................................................................... 79 5.2: Disposisjon for kapittelet .............................................................................................. 80 5.3: Utviklingen opp til 1155 ............................................................................................... 80 5.4: Brødrestriden................................................................................................................. 82 5.5: Hoveddel: Magnatene bak kong Inge ........................................................................... 83 5.5.1: Gregorius Dagsson, hans frender, venner og måger .............................................. 83 5.5.2: Ingerid Ragnvaldsdatter, Ottar Birting og Arne på Stårheim ................................ 87 5.5.3: Erling Skakke Ormsson og Ogmund Dengje......................................................... 89 5.6: Kong Sigurd, kong Øystein og deres magnater ............................................................ 91 5.6.1: Kongene ................................................................................................................. 91 5.6.2: Den trofaste magnat: Filippus Gyrdsson................................................................ 92 5.6.3: De splittede magnatene .........................................................................................
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