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«Men Um Det Er 3 Kongar På Same Tid I Landet, Er Det Likevel Ei Styringstid» «Men um det er 3 kongar på same tid i landet, er det likevel ei styringstid» - Ein gjennomgang av samkongedøme som styreform gjennom eit nærare innsyn i arvefølgjeordninga og det administrative systemet Annette Langedal Holme Masteravhandling i historie AHKR, UiB. Haust 2012 Forord Arbeidet med denne masteroppgåva har vore ein lang prosess. Den er eit resultat av sjølvstendig arbeid, men det hadde blitt vanskeleg å gjennomføre utan hjelp frå ein rekke personar. I fyrste rekke vil eg takke min rettleiar, professor Geir Atle Ersland. Du har vore med heile vegen med konstruktive tilbakemeldingar og overtydd meg om at ei masteroppgåve er forsking, ikkje ei semesteroppgåve. Vidare vil eg også takke for den støtta og fellesskapet eg har fått gjennom mellomalderseminar og miljøet på lesesalen. Dykk har vore ein stor støtte opp mot innlevering. Til slutt vil eg takke jentene eg bur saman med og familien min, som er for stor til at eg kan nemne alle saman. Dykk har vore ein stor motivasjon gjennom heile masterstudiet. Annette Langedal Holme. Bergen, November 2012 1 2 Innholdsfortegnelse 1. Innleiing .......................................................................................................................... 5 Avgrensing og historisk bakgrunn ................................................................................... 10 Omgrepsavklaring av styreform ....................................................................................... 13 Det norske kongedømet på 1000- og 1100-talet .............................................................. 13 2. Kjelder og Kjeldekritikk ................................................................................................ 15 Moderne sogekritikk ........................................................................................................ 15 Skaldekvad ....................................................................................................................... 19 Landskapslover ................................................................................................................. 20 Utanlandske kjelder .......................................................................................................... 21 Kjeldekritiske perspektiv for dette arbeidet ..................................................................... 21 Kongesogene .................................................................................................................... 23 Dei synoptiske kongesogene ............................................................................................ 23 Dei yngre kongesogene .................................................................................................... 27 Del 1: Bakgrunn for samkongedømet som arvefølgjeordning ................................................. 32 3. Germansk arvefølgjelov ................................................................................................ 32 Merovingarar og Karolingarar.......................................................................................... 32 England ............................................................................................................................. 34 Samandrag ........................................................................................................................ 35 4. Norden .............................................................................................................................. 36 Sverige .............................................................................................................................. 36 Danmark ........................................................................................................................... 40 Samandrag ........................................................................................................................ 47 5. Kongedømet som odel i Hårfagreætta .............................................................................. 48 Samstyre i det norske kongedømet ................................................................................... 51 Samandrag ........................................................................................................................ 57 6. Inngåinga av det fyrste samkongedømet .......................................................................... 58 Kven tok initiativet til det fyrste samkongedømet?.......................................................... 58 Harald i keisarens teneste ................................................................................................. 61 Magnus vel å dele riket med Harald ................................................................................. 65 Samandrag ........................................................................................................................ 68 Del 2: Utforminga av samkongedømet .................................................................................... 69 7. Magnus Gode og Harald Hardråde ................................................................................... 70 Eit samla styre i riket ........................................................................................................ 70 3 Samandrag ........................................................................................................................ 72 8. Magnus Haraldsson og Olav Kyrre .................................................................................. 73 Magnus og Olav vert kongar ............................................................................................ 73 Eit kortvarig samstyre ...................................................................................................... 74 Samandrag ........................................................................................................................ 77 9. Magnus Berrføtt og Håkon Toresfostre ........................................................................... 79 Generasjonsregelen i Gulatingslova ................................................................................. 79 Håkon Toresfostres kongskrav ......................................................................................... 81 Ein prinsipiell politisk strid? ............................................................................................ 85 Samandrag ........................................................................................................................ 87 10. Sigurd Jorsalfare, Øystein Magnusson og Olav Magnusson .......................................... 88 Alle tre sønene får kongehylling ...................................................................................... 88 Samstyre mellom Berrføttsønene ..................................................................................... 89 Prinsipiell avvising av samkongedømet? ......................................................................... 93 Samandrag ........................................................................................................................ 95 11. Magnus Blinde og Harald Gille ..................................................................................... 97 Splid mellom kongane og jakta på alliansar ..................................................................... 97 Sterke stormenn .............................................................................................................. 100 Samandrag ...................................................................................................................... 101 12. Inge Krokrygg, Sigurd Munn og Øystein Haraldsson .................................................. 102 Motstand mot Sigurd Slembe ......................................................................................... 102 Øystein Haraldsson kjem til landet ................................................................................ 104 Erkesetet i Nidaros 1152/1153 ....................................................................................... 105 Strid mellom brødrene .................................................................................................... 107 Samandrag ...................................................................................................................... 108 13. Konklusjon ................................................................................................................... 109 Vidare studie av samkongedømet................................................................................... 113 Abstract .............................................................................................................................. 114 Kjelder og litteratur ............................................................................................................ 115 4 1. Innleiing Sitatet i tittelen er henta frå Gulatingslova og handlar om innløysing av jord som har kome inn under kongen. Jorda skulle vere løyst før styringstida til tre kongar var over. I denne samanhengen klargjer lovteksten at om det var fleire kongar i eit samstyre, vart det rekna for å vere ei styringstid.1 Av denne lovteksten kan vi sjå at menneska i mellomalderen skilde mellom ei styringstid med ein konge og ei styringstid med fleire kongar som styrde saman. Lovteksten viser også at det var behov for å klargjere skilje mellom dei to styreformene. Historikarane har kalla styreforma med for samkongedøme. I norsk mellomalder finst seks dømer på samstyre mellom fleire kongar. Det er desse
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