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Index

Aachen, 8 Alan fitz Walter, 246—8 Aalborg, 174 Alba, see Scotland Aarhus, 177, 181 Albert, bishop of Livonia or Riga, 385, 386, bishop in, 177, 178, 357—8, 359 387, 388, 389—90 Aberdeen, 216 Albert, count of Holstein and Orlamnde, Absalon, bishop of Roskilde, archbishop 388 of Lund, 376, 377, 378, 382, 383, 386, Albert the Bear, count of Brandenburg, 375 391, 392 Alcuin, 8, 14, 44 Acleah, Battle of, 67 writings of, 8—9, 45 Adalbert, archbishop of Hamburg- Aldhun, bishop of Durham, 201, 204 Bremen, 354—5, 356, 359, 360, 361 Alexander I, king of Scots, 96, 289 Adam, bishop of Caithness, 296 Alexander II, king of Scots, 248—54, 256, Adam of Bremen, 6, 14, 42, 172—3, 174, 296, 398—9 214, 359, 360, 361, 400 Alexander II, Pope, 360 Adela, 214, 367, 369 Alexander III, king of Scots, 254, 255—64, Adomnþn, 130 297, 399 fi vold, 31 Alexander III, Pope, 6, 382, 383, 384, Åed, king of Ulaid, 108 385 fiðelbald, king of Mercia, 10 Alfonso VII, king of Castile-Lon, 375 fiðelfld, Lady of the Mercians, 80, 102, Alfonso Henriques, king of Portugal, 375 103 Alfred, son of fiðelred II, 194, 199 fiðelheard, archbishop of Canterbury, 9 Alfred the Great, king of Wessex, 45, 54, fiðelred I, king of Wessex, 71, 72, 78 72, 73, 75, 76—7, 78—80, 165, 167, 168, fiðelred II (the Unready), king of England, 185, 187, 190 183, 185—8, 193, 199, 200, 207, 208, Algeciras, 54 209, 222 Allerdale, 203 fiðelred, king of Northumbria, 9 Alney, treaty of, 192 fiðelred, Mercian nobleman, 80 Amiens, 62 fiðelstan, king of Kent, 67 Amounderness, 92—3 fiðelstan, king of Wessex, 93, 98—9, 100, Anders Sunes¿n, archbishop of Lund, 104, 109, 111, 164 386—7, 388, 389, 391, 392 fiðelweard, 125 Angers, 62 fiðelwold, West Saxon prince, 78 count of, see Robert fiðelwulf, king of Wessex, 67 Anglesey, 206, 218, 237, 279 filei, 32 Anglo-Danish kingdom, see Denmark, filfgifu, see Emma of Normandy England filfgifu, daughter of fiðelred II, 200 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 8, 14, 40, 109, 125, filfgifu of Northampton, wife of Canute, 218, 237 193, 198 ship descriptions in, 164, 165 filfheah, archbishop of Canterbury, 190 Anglo-Saxons, 7, 8, 394 filfhelm, ealdorman of Northampton, 193 Christianity of, 44 filfric, 4 church, 44 filfwold, Anglo-Saxon bishop, ship owned colonise England, 173 by, 166 sea-faring, 7 fille, king of Northumbria, 69, 70 Ankara, 15 filnoth, Danish chronicler, 362—3, Annagassan, 106 365, 366 Annals of Ulster, 55, 95, 220, 239 Aggersborg, 180—1 Annan, River, 89, 204 Aidan, saint, 8 Aongus mac Somhairlidh, 247 Ailech, 111, 239 Aquitaine, 61, 353 Airgialla, king of, 108 Viking pressure on, 60—1 Alan, lord of Galloway, see Galloway, see also Pippin II lords of Ardennes, 62

426

Index 427

Argyll, 54, 81, 241, 243, 246, 256 Bothnia, Gulf of, 13 rulers of, see Somhairlidh Bourges, 62 sculptural tradition of, 133—4 Brattahlð, 321—2, 323 see also Dþl Riada Brega, kingdom of, 108 Ari Thorgilsson, 309, 311 Northern, 115, 116 Arkona, 377, 384, 388, 389 Bremen, town of, 49 Armagh, 88, 105, 107, 115, 225 Brendstrup, 27—8 Book of, 225 Brian Bruma, king of Munster, 224, 225, Arnkell, joint earl of Orkney, 117, 269 227, 229, 271 Arnulf, king of East Franks, 63 Bridgnorth, 80 Arran, island of, 242, 246, 247, 258, 260 Bristol Channel, 208 Ashdown, 72 British Isles, 2, 7, 43, 54, 58, 86, 118—19, Ashingdon, Battle of, 192 177, 299, 394 ffskekrr, see ships Brittany, 60, 92, 394 Asser, archbishop of Lund, 372, 374, 379, dukes of, 380, 391 Alan Barbetorte, 66 Athelney, 76 Alan the Great, 65 Aud the Deep-minded, 86, 91, 92 Saloman, 61 Augustus, Roman emperor, 15—16, 23 Scandinavian rule in, 65 Avoco, bishop in Jylland (Jutland), 359 Viking raids from, 102 Axholme, island of, 212, 213 Viking raids on, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64—6, 101 Ayr, castle at, 247, 250, 258, 259—60 Brunanburh, Battle of, 100, 109, 111, 164 Bruno of Toul, see Leo IX, Pope bndr, see Iceland, social system in Brusi, earl of Orkney, 271, 272, 278 Baltic Sea, 3, 11, 13, 39, 43, 46, 135, 175, Bryggen stick, 123, 148 378 Bugislav, Duke of Pomerania, 378 Bamburgh, 113, 117, 184 Burgundians, 63 Barra, island, 87 Burhred, king of Mercia, 71—2 Barrow, River, 87 Bute, island of, 242, 243, 246, 247, 250, Basing, 72 257, 258 Bayeux, 64 Rothesay Castle in, 251—2, 257 Tapestry, 123, 139, 147, 148, 152, 158, Stewart lordship in, 247 161, 163, 346 Byrhtnoth, ealdorman of Essex, 186—7 Beaduheard, West Saxon reeve, 8, 40, 125, Byzantium, 13, 352, 355 128, 173—4 see also Constantinople Bede, writings of, 130 Benedict IX, Pope, 354, 355 Cadzow, 89 Benfleet, 79 Caithness, 100, 109, 267, 268, 270, Beorhtric, king of Wessex, 7, 125 271—2, 273—4, 284, 285, 288—93, 295, Beowulf, 49 397 Bergen, 147, 153, 174, 291 bishops of, 296 Bernard of Clairvaux, 375, 380, 382 see also Adam, John Bernicia, 75, 111 Gaelic-Norse interactions in, 267, 270 rulers of, see Ealdred, son of Eadwulf, Norse settlement in, 91, 267 Oswulf Scottish lordship of, 269—70, 271, 277, Birka, 47—8, 49, 118—19, 126, 149, 164 280, 283—4, 285—6, 288, 295—6 churches in, 49 Cambridge, 75 Birsay, 282, 302, 303 Canada, 299—300, 323 Bjarni Herjolfsson, 323, 328, 333, 347, Canossa, castle, 356 348 Canterbury, 67, 190 Blacaire Guthfrithsson, king of Dublin, archbishops of, 9, 114, 372 115, 115—16 see also filfheah, fithelheard, Black Foreigners, see Norway St Dunstan Black Sea, 2, 30, 299—300, 393 Canute II, king of Denmark/Norway and Blackfriars ship, see ships England, 5, 147, 191, 192, 200, 201, Blathmacc Mac Flaind, prior of Iona, 55—7 203, 206, 207, 208, 209, 212, 214, 215, Blekinge, 13, 14, 19 227, 238, 272, 276, 352, 358, 360, agriculture in, 14 372, 396 see also Scandia government of England, 193—5, 198 Bordeaux, 60, 61 overlordship of British Isles, 196, 198, Bornholm, 34 227, 228

428 Index

Canute II, king of Denmark/Norway and cities, 174—5 England, (cont.) migration to, 175 relationship of with Orkney, 196—7, see also Denmark, emporia, 201—2, 272 Norway, Scandinavia, Sweden relationship of with Scots, 201—2 Clement II, Pope, 354, 355 sons of, 198 Clement III, Pope, 365 wives of, see ﬁlfgifu of Northampton, Clermont, council of, 370 Emma of Normandy Cleveland, 210 Canute IV, king of Denmark, 4, 6, 170—1, Clonkeen, Battle of, 115 211, 212—13, 214—15, 238, 360, 362—3, Clonmacnoise, 108 364—8, 369, 372, 379, 396—7 Clontarf, Battle of, 196, 226, 227, 230, 271 Canute V, king of Denmark, 374, 375—6, Clovesho, synod of, 9 376—7, 381 Cluniac reform, 352—7 Canute VI, king of Denmark, 378, 383, Clunie, 86 386, 392 Cluny, abbey of, 353 Canute Lavard, Duke, son of Eirik I king of Clyde, River, 89, 113, 245, 247 Denmark, 374, 376, 380, 383, 392 Norse colonisation around estuary of, 97 Cape Wrath, 55 Norse-Gaelic culture around, 96 Capua, 24, 25 portage point, 109 Carham, Battle of, 201 strategic significance of Firth of, 89, Carlingford, 105, 106 100, 242, 243, 244, 249, 251, Carlisle, 75, 99, 204, 238—9 255—6, 261 see of, 206 Chochilaicus, Scandinavian chieftain, 40, 45 Carolingians, 19, 58 Cogadh Gaedhel re Gallaibh, 225, 226 links with Denmark, 43—4, 46 Cologne, archbishop of, 356, 359 missionary activities by, 43—4 combs, 38 written sources, 42 Concordat of Worms, 379, 382 Carrick, 97, 98, 233, 241 Cond, 62 lords and earls of, 247 Congalach mac Mþelmithig, king of Norse-Gaelic settlement in, 97 Northern Brega, 115, 116 Cath Finntra´gha, 163 Connacht, 82, 84 Causantin mac Aeda, king of the Scots, 99, kings of, see Toirrdelbach Ua 100, 104, 108, 109, 164 Conchobair Cenred, king of Mercia, 10 Conrad II, Emperor, 358, 396 Ceolwulf, king of Mercia, 74, 76, 80 Conrad III, Emperor, 381, 382 Cerball mac Dnlainge, king of Osraige, Constantinople, 151, 288, 299—300 87—8, 92 see also Byzantium see also Kjarval conversion, 41—4, 113, 177—9, 182, 187—8 Cerball mac Muirecþin, king of Leinster, 92 Copenhagen, 41, 376 Charlemagne, Emperor, 7, 8, 58 Cork, Charles the Bald, Emperor, 61 longphort, 81, 83 policies of, 62 monastery, 82 Charles the Fat, Emperor, 63 Cormac Ua Liathþin, Irish monk, 130 Charles the Simple, king of the Franks, 64 Cornwall, 66—7, 186 Chartres, 64 Cospatric, Cumbrian nobleman, 203—4 Charudes, 19 Cospatric, earl of Northumbria, 211, Chester, 80, 92, 99, 218, 222 212—13 earl of, see Hugh of Avranches crusades, 235, 237, 370—2, 374, Chester-le-Street, 77 375, 397 Christianity, 1, 77, 104, 170 Baltic, 3, 171, 375, 378, 381, 384 impact of, 2—3, 4—5, 43—4, 48—9, 77—8, northern, 375 177—9, 180, 182, 317—18, 396 cubbie Roos Castle, Wyre, 297 saints cults, 96, 219, 233 Cuerdale hoard, 92—3 see also Magnus Erlendsson, Cumberland, 202, 203, 204 Rognvald Kolsson Cumbraes, islands, 242, 243, 258—9 Chronicle of Melrose, 263 Cumbria, 97, 202, 203, 222 Cimbrian peninsula, 19 Church in, 205—6 Cimbrians, 15, 16 control of by Earl Siward, 203—5 Cinþed mac Alpn, king of Picts and Scots, Danish place-names in, 204 82, 86 kingship of, see Donnchad mac Crinain Cistercian order, 380, 381—2, 386 Norse-Gaelic culture in, 96

Index 429

Norse or Norse-Gaelic settlement in, conversion of, 41—4, 170, 177—80, 182, 93, 94, 101, 102 357 see also Gall-Gaedhil crusading involvement of, 370, 374, political structures of, 203—4 384—5, 388—9, 397 Cunninghame, 97, 241, 247 danegeld payments to, 187, 189, 190, 194 Norse settlement names in, 97 emporia in, 47—8, 52 curachs, see ships see also Haithabu, Ribe, Sliasthorp Cynsige, archbishop of York, 205 external contacts of, 43—5, 118—19 fleet, see fleets Dþl Riada, 81, 220 fortifications and defences in, 31, 39, 46, Dalar, 13 52, 180—1 Dalby, see also ﬁ vold, ﬁlei, Aggersborg, bishop of, see Egino Danevirke, Fyrkat, Guds¿ Vig, bishopric of, 359, 365 Haderslev Fjord, Haithabu, Dales, 270 Jungshoved Nor, Kolding Fjord, Dalkey Island, 115 Margretes Bro, Nakkeb¿lle Fjord, Damasius II, Pope, 355 Nonnebakken, Olserdiget danegeld payments, 183, 187, 189, 190, 194 Trldiget, Trelleborg Danelaw, 77—80, 102, 104, 191, kings of, 40, 41, 45—6, 47, 49 192, 195 see also Canute I, Canute IV Danes, 8, 47, 48, 59, 66, 209 (St Canute), Canute V, Canute VI, generic for pirates, 220—1 Eirik I Ejegod, Eirik II Emune, Eirik in Ireland, 84—6 III Lamb, Godefridus (Godfred), capture Dublin, 85 Gorm the Old, Haarik, Haarik the White Foreigners, 84 Young, Harald II, Harald III Hen, kings of, 40, 41, 48 Harald Bluetooth, Harald Klak, see also Denmark, kings of Hardacanute, Hemming, Nicholas, massacre of in England (St Brices Day), Niels, Oluf Hunger, Ongendus, 188—9 Sigefridus (Sigfrid), Svein missionaries to, 43 Estrids¿n, Svein Forkbeard, settle in England, 75, 76, 77—8, 79, 80, Svein III, Valdemar I, Valdemar II, 195, 204 Valdemar IV settlement in Orkney, 268 landscape and geography of, 13—14, Danevirke, 46—53, 181—2 118—19 Dania, 45 merchants from, 125, 128—9, 173—4 Danube, River, 28, 51 migration from, 13 David I, king of Scots, 96, 201, 241, 242, military developments in 37—8, 185—6, 242—3, 283—4, 285—6, 288, 295—6, 212 397 missionaries to, 43—5, 48—9 David, earl of Orkney, 294—5 pirates and raiders from, 59, 62, 66, Deeds of the Danes, see Gesta Danorum 69—77, 82, 84—6, 125, 128—9, 170, Deerness, 274 173—4, 183, 190—1, 220 Denmark, 1, 2, 11, 20, 44—5, 47, 288 royal power in, 44, 170, 185—6, 208, 212, alliance of with Normans, 188, 198 213, 215, 372—3 Anglo-Danish kingdom, 193—9, 207, settlement morphology in, 21—3 214, 215 ship remains from, see ships character of, 195 social stratification in, 52—3 bishoprics in, 177, 178, 182, 213, 357—8, trade, 173—7 359—60, 368, 372 tribes in, see Cimbrians bridges in, see Ravninge meadows unification of, 46—7 burials in, 24—6, 27—9, 52 Viking Age in, 170—1 Carolingian Empire, contacts with, weapons sacrifice in, 33—8, 51 43—5, 46 Derby, 76 chieftains, 39, see also Wagnijo Devon, Viking raids on, 67, 75, 76, 79 Cistercian monasteries in, 380, 381—2 Diarmait mac Mal na mB, king of cities in, 174, 181 Leinster, 228, 230, 231, 232 conquest of England by, 183, 185, 190—1, Dicuil, writings of, 130, 131, 305 200 Diocletian, Roman emperor, 33 attempted, 212—13, 366, 367 Dobin, 375 control of Norway by, 181, 183, 188, 191, Domnall Cloen, king of Leinster, 227 199, 396 Domnall mac Aeda, king of Ailech, 99

430 Index

Domnall mac Custantn, king of Scots, 267 Dunkeld, 86, 101 Domnall mac Lochlainn, king of Ailech, Dunnottar, 100, 109 235, 239 Durham, 8, 200, 202, 204, 206, 369 Domnall mac Ragnaill, lord of Kintyre, 249 bishop of, see Aldhun, Edmund Domnall mac Taidg U Briain, king of Dyle, River, Battle of, 63 Man, 236 Donnchad Donn, 110 Eadburh, daughter of Offa of Mercia, 7 Donnchad mac Briain, king of Munster, Eadred, king of Wessex, 100, 114, 115, 116, 228, 230, 232, 234—5 117, 184 Donnchad mac Crinain, king of Scots, 202, Eadric Streona, ealdorman of Mercia, 192, 203, 204, 274 193, 195 Dorchester, 8, 173—4 Eadulf, son of Uhtred, earl of Dorestad, emporium, 59, 60, 118—19, Northumbria, 202—3, 204 125—6, 127, 128 Eadulf Cudel, earl of Northumbria, 201 Dorset, 76 Eadwig, brother of Edmund Ironside, 193 Viking raids on, 67, 75, 186 Eadwig, king of Wessex, 184 Downpatrick, 217 Ealdred, son of Eadwulf, ruler of Dubgall mac Somairlid, king of the Isles, Bernicia, 99 king of Man, 244, 246 Ealdred, son of Uhtred, earl of Dublin, 88, 91, 92, 109—10, 115—16, 162, Northumbria, 201, 202, 203 188, 196, 202, 237, 278, 290, 299, 395 Eamont Bridge, 98, 104 army of, 106, 109, 164 Earn, River, 81 axis with York, 101, 102, 103 East Anglia, 69, 73, 79, 80, 125—6, 186, 190, bishopric of, 275 213, 393—4 captured by Danes, 85 Danes settle in, 77, 80 dominated by Munster, 225, 228, 234, Earl of, see Thorkell the Tall 240 ecclesiastical reform in, 185 expulsion of Norse from, 92, 93, 101 Great Army conquers, 72, 74 fleet, 105, 106, 109, 164, 229 kings of, see Edmund influence of, 96, 100, 206, 229, 269 trade through, see Ipswich in Man, 221, 228—9, 233 Ebo, archbishop of Reims, 42 kings of, see Blacaire Guthfrithsson, Ecgfrytha, daughter of Bishop Aldhun of Glniarainn, Gofraid Crobþn, Durham, 201, 204 Gofraid mac Amlaim meic Echmarcach, king of Dublin, the Isles, the Ragnaill, Guthfrith, Œmar mac Rhinns, Waterford, 198, 202, 206, Arailt, Ivar, Murchad mac 228—31, 233, 236 Diarmata, Olaf Cuarþn, Olaf economy, 172—3 Guthfrithsson, Ragnall, Sigtrygg commercial developments, 175—7 Cþech, Sigtrygg Silkiskegg, merchant classes, 175—6 Toirrdelbach Ua Briain technological developments, 172 Leinster control of, 231 trade, 173—7, 398 longphort, 81, 83 see also Denmark, Dublin, Magnus Bareleg controls, 239 England, Francia, etc. Manx control of, 221, 234—5 routes, 175, 223, 226—7, 233, 268, Norse (Ostmen) kingdom of, 78, 87, 88, 299—300, 398 92, 221, 223—4 Edessa, 374, 375 paganism of, 104 Edgar, king of Scots, 238, 280 relations with Gaelic Irish, 116, 223—4, Edgar, king of Wessex, 184, 184—5, 218 224—5, 230—1, 395, 398 Edgar ﬁðeling, 212—13 re-occupied by Sigtrygg Cþech, 102, Edington, 76 103 Edmund, king of East Anglia, 72, 309 rivalry of with Limerick, 105—7, 108 Edmund I, king of Wessex, 100, 101, 102, rivalry of with Waterford, 227, 230—1 111, 113, 114, 201 sacked by Irish, 115 Edmund II Ironside, king of England, 192, ship-building in, 134—5, 143, 146, 158, 193 167 Edmund, bishop of Durham, 202 slave-market, 88, 105 Edward the Confessor, king of England, trade, 164, 218, 219, 268 194, 199, 205, 207, 208, 209 Welsh colony of, 206 death of, 210 Dudo of St Quentin, writings of, 50, 64 relationship with Svein Estrids¿n, 208, Dumbarton, 88—9 209, 212

Index 431

succession to, 209 Danish colonists in, 195, 204, 394—5 Edward the Elder, king of Wessex, 78, 101, Danish invasion of (1069), 212—13, 366 102, 103 ecclesiastical reform in, 184—5 Edward the Martyr, king of England, 185 fleets, 188, 198, 199, 207, 208, 222 Edwin, earl of Mercia, 210 see also Wessex Egbert, king of Wessex, 66 Great Army, or micel here, in, 69—77, 88, Egbert, king of York, 70, 72 170 Egil Skallagrimsson, 159, 169 see also Great Army Egils saga Skallagrı´mssonar, 147, 153, 169, Harald Harðrþði invades, 209—11 329, 345 influence of in Ireland, 206 ship types in, 162, 163, 164, 166, 329—30 influence of in Scotland, 201—2 see also Egil Skallagrimsson internal politics of, 185, 188—9, 190, Egilsay, 281, 341 193—5, 198—9, 208, 211 Egino, bishop of Dalby and Lund, 359—60 kings of, see ﬁðelred II, Canute I, Egypt, trade with, 41 Eadwig, Edgar, Edmund II Eigg, island of, 143, 146—7 Ironside, Edward the Confessor, Einar Wrymouth, earl of Orkney, 196, Edward the Martyr, Hardacanute, 271—2, 273 Harold I Harefoot, Harold II Eirik I Ejegod, king of Denmark, 368—70, Godwinson, Henry I, Henry III, 372—3, 374 Svein Forkbeard, William I the Eirik II Emune, king of Denmark, 374, 380 Conqueror, William II Rufus Eirik III Lamb, king of Denmark, 374, 375, kingship in, 211 381 massacre of Danes in, 188—9 Eirik Bloodaxe, king of Norway, king of merchants in, 125, 127 York, 100, 101, 102, 114—15, 116—17, military re-organisation in, 189—90, 217, 269 193—6, 208 Eirik Hþkonson, claimant to Norwegian Norwegian threat to, 207, 208—11, 222, throne, 183 238—9, 277—8 Eirik of Hlaðir, Norwegian nobleman, earl overlordship of Denmark by, 208 of York, 188, 192, 193, 195, 196, 197, raiders over-winter in, 67, 69, 170 200, 202 raids on, 62, 63, 66—8, 82, 125, 129, 183, Eirik the Red, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 328, 185, 186, 190—1 333, 338, 348 rebellions in, 212—13, 214—15, 366 Eirı´ks saga Rauða, 321, 324, 333 ship design in, see ships Eiriksdra´pa, 369 Svein Estrids¿n invades, 212—13 Ejby, 29 trade centres in, 66, 70, 125 Ejsb¿l Mose, weapons find, 33, 34 unitary kingship of, 104, 113, 184, 193—8 Elbe, River, 16, 375 Viking Age in, 170 Ely, Isle of, 213 English Channel, 59, 62, 66, 129, 175 Emma of Normandy (ﬁlfgifu), 188, 191, Eganþn, king of the Picts, 81—2 192, 193—4, 198, 207, 208, 352 Eowils, king of York, 78 sons of, 194 Erlend I Thorfinsson, earl of Orkney, 117, see also Encomium Emmae 210, 269, 274, 277—9, 281, 284 emporia, 41, 47—8, 52, 59 Erlend II Haraldsson, earl of Orkney, 284, see also Birka, Dorestad, Haithabu 285, 286, 288—9 (Hedeby), Hamwic, Helg, Kaupang, Esbern Snare, chancellor of Denmark, 378, Quentovic, Ribe 383 Encomium Emmae, 147 Eskil, archbishop of Lund, 375, 379—83, England, 3, 5, 46, 184, 242—3, 287 384, 391—2 Anglo-Danish kingdom, 193—9, 207, Essex, 79, 186, 208 214, 215 ealdorman of, see Byrhtnoth character of, 195 Estonia, government of, 195, 196, 198, 199 bishop of, 388, 389 Anglo-Saxon colonisation of 173 Crusades in, 384—7, 388—9 army service in, 186, 189—90, 208 Etaples, 59 Church in 44, 195, 358, 369 ethnology, 120 conquest of, 183, 190—1, 200, 211, 396 Eugenius III, Pope, 381 see also Alney, treaty of Europeanisation, 171, 174, 373, danegeld payments, 183, 187, 189, 190, 393—400 194 Exeter, 76 Danelaw in, see Danelaw Eynhallow Sound, 155

432 Index

Eystein, king of Norway, 216, 288—9 Francia, 5, 40, 46, 58—66, 79, 80, 118—19, Eyvind Eastman, Hebridean chief, 87 125—6, 393 fortifications in, 61, 62, 63, 68 Freyinga Saga, 132, 305 integration of Vikings into society of, Faroe Islands, 5, 119, 129—32, 135, 304—8, 61, 64 345, 346 merchants in, 127, 129 Church in, 308 nobility of, 63, 64 discovery of, 131, 133, 332, 333 see also Pippin II Celtic-Norse, 131—2, 133—4 trade with, 128 missionaries to, 43 Viking raids on, 54, 58—66, 67, 68, 82, Norwegian overlordship, 308, 399 84, 129 papar in, 129—30, 131, 133—4, 305 Frankish Empire, see Francia saga evidence, 304, 306 Frankish Royal Annals, 40, 41—2, 46, 47 see also Færeyinga Saga Franks, 7, 48 settlement of, 133—4, 304—5, 307 emperors of, see Charlemagne, Charles see also Kvvk, Toftanes the Bald, Charles the Fat, Louis the social structure in 307—8 Pious see also Bede, Dicuil kings of, 43, 61, see Arnulf, Charles the Faxi, Hebridean sea-farer, 132 Simple, Louis III, Odo, Pippin the Fiesole, 62, 394 Elder, Theoderic Fife, ship types in, 164 merchants, 127 Finghal mac Gofraid, king of Man, 232 relations with Vikings, 61 Finnoi, 19 ships, see ships Finns, Frederik I Barbarossa, Emperor, 376, 377, Crusades against, 384 381 missionaries to, 43 Frederik II, Emperor, 387 fishing communities, 120, 164 Freiburg in Breisgau, 174 Five Boroughs, 76, 77—8, 111, 112 Friesland, 48, 55, 170 See also Derby, Leicester, Lincoln, Frisians, 44, 118—19, 127, 129 Nottingham, Stamford Fulcher of Chartres, 370 Flanders, 62, 63, 209, 367 Fyn, 14, 28, 32, 36, 47, 359 Baldwin, count of, 368, 370 fortifications in, see Nakkeb¿lle Fjord, Carl (Charles), 368 Nonnebakken Robert, count of, 171, 215, 366, 367 weapons finds in, 34 Flateyarbo´k, 337 Fyrkat, 180—1 fleets, Danish, 76, 79, 82, 147, 170, 187, 212, Gaddgeðlar, 96 214, 215, 367, 386, 388 Gall-Gaedhil, 87, 93—8, 132, 220, 237, 238 Dublin, 105, 106, 109 kings of, 95—6 English, 198, 207, 208, 371 saints cults of, 96, 219 Irish, 115, 242, 245 Galloway, 93—7, 117, 204, 218, 225, 238, Manx, 234, 242, 245 242, 243 Norman, 161 Church of, 206, 275 Norse, 92, 106—7, 151, 163, 186, 187, Dublin influence in, 229—30 207, 215, 237, 250, 251—2, 257—61, Echmarcachs kingdom in, 206, 220, 288, 399 228, 229—30 Orkney, 250, 268, 290, 295 extent of, 97 Scottish, 254 lords of, 247, 250, 252, 253 Viking, 67, 81, 84, 187 Munster influence in, 225 West Saxon, 79, 100, 109, 165, 168, 188, Norse-Gaelic culture in, 96, 219 218 Scandinavian colonies in, 222, 229—30 Flki Vilgerdarson, 132, 310—11 saints cults in, 219, 233 Forth, River, 75 see also Gaddgeðlar portage point, 109 Garðar, diocese of, 323 fortifications, see under Scandinavia, Gardar Svavarsson, 132, 310, 333 fortifications in Gardarsholm, 310 Fortriu, 88, 98 Gate Fulford, Battle of, 210 Forty Years’ Rest, 92, 102 Gautaland, 183 Fotevig, Battle of, 374, 380, 391 Geats, 49, 50 Frakkok, 283, 284, 285—6 Germania, 16 France, 45 Germania, Roman province, 25

Index 433

Germanic tribes, 16—18, 19, 27, 32, 33, missionaries to, 43, 322—3 40, 51 Norwegian overlordship of, 322, 326, Germanicus, Roman military commander, 351, 399 17 resources in, 320—1, 322, 325 Germany, 46, 52, 288, 356, 374, 377 settlement in, 321—2, 338, 339, 343 Crusading activities of, 385, 388 sources, see Grænlendinga Saga kings of, see Henry the Fowler, Ludwig, trade, 268, 322, 324 Philip of Schwabia voyages to, 119, 122, 135, 136, 161, merchants from, 176 330—1, 336, 338—9, 342, 343, 345—6 settlers from, 181—2, 378 Gregorian reform, 183, 275, 352, 356—64, war with Denmark, 181—2, 367 379, 382, 391 see also Holy Roman Emperor Gregory VI, Pope, 354 Gesta Danorum, 6 Gregory VII, Pope, 352, 355, 356—7, 360, Gilla Esbuig mac Dubgaill, king of the 361—2, 363, 366 Isles, 250, 253 Gregory of Tours, 40, 45 Gilli, earl in the Hebrides, 221 Grim Kamban, settler in Faroe, 132, 305 Gironde, River, 60 Gruffudd ap Cynan, king of Gwynedd, 233, Gizur Thorvaldsson, 319 234, 237 Glasgow, see of, 96—7, 205—6 Guds¿ Vig, 32 Gloucester, 76, 209 Gulathing Law, 137—8 Glniarainn, king of Dublin, 227 Gulf Stream, 11 goðar class, see Iceland, social system in Gunnbjorn Ulf-Krakasson, 333, 338 Godefridus (Godfred), king of the Danes, Gunnhild, sister of Svein Forkbeard, king 46, 47, 48 of Denmark, 189 Godred II Olafsson, king of Man, 242, Gunnhild, wife of Eirik Bloodaxe, 117 244—5, 246 Guthfrith, king of Dublin, 103, 104, 105—8 Godred Haraldsson, king in the Hebrides, makes bid for throne of York, 104 218, 220—1 Guthfrith, king of York, 77, 92 Godred mac, king of Man, 231 Guthrum, 75—7, 79 Godwin, earl of Wessex, 196, 199, 205, 209 Guttorm, earl of Orkney, 267 Godwinson family, 209, 352 Gwynedd, 233, 238 see also Harold II Godwinson Danes invade, 80 Gofraid Crobþn, king of Man, 232—5, 236, Magnus Barelegs of Norway invades, 237 237, 278 see also Gruffudd ap Cynan Gofraid mac Amlaim meic Ragnaill, king of Dublin, 232, 233 Haarik, king of Denmark, 49 Gokstad, see ships Haarik the Young, king of Denmark, 49 Gngu-Hrlfr, see Rollo Haderslev Fjord, 31 Gorm the Old, king of Denmark, 177, 178 Hadrian IV (Nicholas Breaksper), Pope, Gormflaith ingen Murchada, 224 382 Gothfrith, king of York, 99 Hafgerðingadra´pa, 119, 339 Goths, 19, 50 Haithabu, 47—8, 52, 118—19, 125—6, 164, Gotland, 34, 41, 163, 390 174 carved stones from, 123, 124, 159 bishop in, 177, 178 Goutai, 19 fortification of, 177 Grænlendinga Saga, 119, 321, 333, 335, 338, Hþkon IV, king of Norway, 250, 251, 254, 347, 348 256, 257—61, 263, 297, 319—20, 322, Gra´ga´s, 119 326, 351, 398—9 Grathe Moore, Battle of, 377 saga of, 259, 264 Great Army, or micel here, 69—77, 78, 80, 88, Hþkon Eiriksson, earl of Worcester, king 170 of the Isles, 197, 202 settles around York, 75 Hþkon the Good, king of Norway, 114 settles in Mercia, 76 Hþkon Paulsson, earl of Orkney, 278—9, see Five Boroughs 281—2, 283, 286—7, 288, splits, 75—7 292, 294 Great Glen, 92, 267 Ha´konar Saga, see Hþkon IV, king of Greenland, 5, 350—1 Norway Church and Christianity in, 322—3, Halfdan, king of York, 78 350—1, 372 Halfdan, leader of Great Army, 69, 69—72, discovery of, 133, 320—7, 332, 333 72—5, 76, 77, 88 failure of, 326—7 attacks Bernicia, 75

434 Index

Halfdan Guthfrithsson, Dublin Norse Hebrides, 5, 86, 91, 117, 202, 219, 225, 305, leader, 105, 106 394, 395 Hallad, earl of Orkney, 267—8 Argyll influence in 241, 243, 246 Halland, 13, 14, 19, 367 Celtic clerics in, 131 agriculture in, 14 chieftains in, 236, see Eyvind Eastman see also Scandia culture of, 253 Halogaland, 40 diocese of, 275 Hamburg, town of, 49, 55, 170 English influence in, 254 Hamburg-Bremen, Gall-Gaedhil in, 94, 132, 220 archbishops of, 42, 177, 214, 354—5, integration into Scotland, 253, 254, 255, 356, 359—60, 381 255—63, 397, 398—9 biographies of, 42—3 Irish influence in, 87, 115, 217, 235, 239, see also Adalbert, Liemar, 242—3, 250, 269, 270 Rimbert, Somhairlidh St Anskar kings of, see Dubgall mac, Gilla Esbuig archdiocese of, 5, 42, 44, 48, 49, 214, mac Dubgaill, Godred Haraldsson, 358, 359, 360, 361, 363, 364, 381, Gofraid Crobþn, Hþkon Eiriksson, 382, 391, 396 Ketil Flatnef, Lagmann Hamwic, trade centre, 125—6, 128 Gofraidsson, Magnus Haraldsson, Hanef Ungi, 297 Olaf Gofraidsson, Ragnall mac Hanseatic League, 176 Somhairlidh, Suibne mac Cinaedh, Harald II, king of Denmark, 191, 192, 195 Thorstein the Red Harald III Hen, king of Denmark, 212—13, Norwegian overlordship of, 211, 236—8, 214, 215, 362—4, 367, 396—7 241, 247, 250, 251—2, 253—4, 255, Harald Bluetooth, king of Denmark, 47, 257, 258, 260—1, 263, 264, 279, 295 49, 177—9, 180—2, 182—3, 186, 357, Olaf Guthfrithsson in, 90—1 359, 396 Orkney influence in, 197, 217, 221, 232, remodelling of Jelling by, 178—9, 396 242—3, 269, 270, 273, 292 Harald Finehair, Fairhair or Hþrfagri, king place-names in, 131 of Norway, 64, 180, 186, 190, 265—6, papar names, 131 268, 300, 304, 309—10 political structures in, 218 Harald Gilli, king of Norway, 285 Scandinavian culture in, 219 Harald Hþkonsson, earl of Orkney, 282, Scandinavian settlement in, 81, 82, 87, 284 90—1, 93, 94, 97, 132, 221, 300—1 Harald Harðrþði, king of Norway, 151, 208, sea-faring, 131—2 209, 211, 273, 352, 396 settlers from, in Faroe and Iceland, 88, invades England, 209—11, 238, 277—8 92, 132, 305, 311, 317 saga, 147, 153 see Faxi succession to Edward the Confessor, 209 ship remains from, 143, 146—7 Harald Ingiridsson (Harald the Younger), Viking raiders from, 90—1, 115, 188, 217 claimant to earldom of Orkney, 290, Viking raids on, 54, 55, 57, 132, 220, 292 248, 270 Harald Kesja, co-regent of Denmark, 374, see also Western Isles 381 Hedeby, see Haithabu Harald Klak, claimant to Danish throne, 48 Heimskringla, 6, 237 Harald Maddadsson, earl of Orkney, 277, Helg, 41, 52, 118—19, 127 285, 286, 287, 288—93, 294, 296 Helmsdale, 284, 286 Harald Sigtryggsson, king of Limerick, 108 Hemming, king of Denmark, 48 Harald Sigurdsson, 165 Henry, bishop of Lund, 359—60 Hardacanute, king of Denmark and Henry I, king of England, 239, 243 England, 198, 199, 203, 207, 352 Henry III, king of England, 254, 263 Harioldus, early Scandinavian king, 42 Henry III, Emperor, 276, 354, 355, 356 Harold I Harefoot, king of England, 198, Henry IV, Emperor, 356, 357, 368 199 Henry the Fowler, king of Germany, 177 Harold II Godwinson, king of England, Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, 375 147, 209, 210, 238, 396 Henry, count of Schwerin, 390 Harold, son of, 238 Heoþobeardan, 4 Harrying of the North, 213 Hereward the Wake, 213 Hartlepool, 216 Heruli, 19—20, 40, 52 Hastein, leader of Loire Vikings, 62, 63 king of, see Rodulph attacks England, 79 Hexham, 75 Hauksbo´k, 132, 333, 345, 347 Hildebrand, see Gregory VII, Pope

Index 435

Himling¿je, Œmar mac Arailt, king of Dublin, 228 burial, 29 immrama, literary genre, 130 dynasty, 30 Immran Curaig Maı´le Du´in, 130 Historia Getica, 11 India, trade from, 41 Hoby, 24, 27, 28, 29, 127 Ingelheim, 48 Iron Age burial from, 24—6, 27 Ingi, king of Norway, 245, 295 H¿je Taastrup, Battle of, 376 Ingibjorg of Orkney, 274 Holy Roman Emperor, 1, 392, 396 Ingimund, Dublin Norse warlord, 92 see also Charlemagne, Conrad II, Inishcathy (Scattery Island), 218 Conrad III, Frederik I Barbarossa, Inishmurray, 54 Frederik II, Henry III, Henry IV Inishowen, 105 Empire, 5 Innisboffin, 54 Honorius III, Pope, 387, 388, 390, 391 Iona, 219, 233, 237, 252, 394 Hordaland, 8, 310, 345 revival of, 219 Hoy, island of, 155 role of in Atlantic exploration, 131 Hugh of Avranches, earl of Chester, 233, Viking raids on, 54, 55—7, 220, 221, 237, 279 270 Hugh the Chanter, 205 Ipswich, trade centre, 125—6 Hugh de Montgomery, earl of Shrewsbury, Ireland, 5, 7, 273, 290 237, 279 Anglo-Danish influence in, 198, 202, Humber, 69, 70, 75, 99, 100, 103, 109, 113, 206, 227 117, 200, 214 fleets, 115, 163, 217, 242 Humbert de Silva Candida, 355 Gaelic kingdoms in, 84, 91, 217, 223, Hvide family, 378 242—3 see Ailech, Airgialla, Brega, Iceland, 5, 119, 129—32, 308—20, Connacht, Leinster, Logis, 350—1 Munster, Osraige, Ulaid Althing, 315, 316, 317 Gaelic kings in, 87—8, 92, 223—4, 225, Church and Christianity in, 317—18, 322, 240 350—1, 372 see Åed, Brian Bruma, Cerball Crusaders from, 371 mac Dnlainge, Cerball mac discovery of, 130, 131, 133, 305, 308—11, Muirecþin, Congalach mac 332, 333 Mþelmithig, Diarmait mac Mþil na Celtic-Norse, 131—2, 133, 332, 333 mB, Domnall Cloen, Domnall equation with Thule, 131 mac Aeda, Donnchad Donn, feud and violence in, 319—20 Domnall mac Lochlainn, government in, 314—17 Donnchad mac Briain, Hebridean settlers in, 88, 92, 132, 311, 317 Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn, missionaries to, 43, 317 Muirchertach mac Niall, Niall natural resources in, 309, 311—14 Glndub, Toirrdelbach Ua Norwegian overlordship of, 319—20, Conchobair, U Briain dynasty, U 351, 399 Nill dynasty papar in, 129—30, 131, 133—4, 309 monks from, 129—30, 131, 305, 309 poets and scholars, see Snorri Sturluson see also Cormac ua Liathþin, sagas, 91, 119, 311—14 Dicuil, immrama, Immran Curaig settlement of, 133—4, 165, 305, 308—12, Maı´le Du´in, papar 313—14, 317 Norse in, 83, 84, 86, 91, 92, 108, 208 social system in, 119—20, 314—17, 318—19 integration of into Irish society sources, see Bede, Dicuil, Gra´ga´s, (Ostmen), 116, 132, 223—5, 232, Hauksbo´k,Œslendingabk, 269 Landnþmabk, Sturlubk Scandinavian rivalry in, 84—6 value of, 119—20 Scandinavian settlement in, 81, 93, 102, trade, 312—13, 317, 318 132, 217, 223—4 voyages to, 119, 122, 132, 135, 136, 164, sea-faring, 131 329—31 ship-building, 134—5, 143, 146—7, 167 Idulb, king of Scots, 269 trade, 41, 105, 218, 398 Iehmarc, king, 198 Viking fleets active in, 81, 82, 84, 92 Illerup Aßdal, excavations at, 32—9 Viking raids on, 54, 57—8, 67, 81, 82—4, military equipment from, 37—8, 51 87, 90, 105, 129, 132, 163, 209, 218, weapons find, 33, 45 271, 290 Œmar, king of Waterford, 224 voyages to, 330—1

436 Index

Irish Sea, 86, 92, 188, 196, 202, 206, 209, King Haralds Saga, see Harald Harðrþði, 217 king of Norway trade routes through, 218, 223, 226—7, kings and kingship, 39—41, 49—50, 179 233 see also Denmark, Northmen, Islandbridge, Battle of, 103, 105 Norway, Scandinavia, Sweden Islay, island of, 233, 243, 246, 247, 260 Kintyre, 241, 242, 246, 247, 249, 252, 257, ´Islendingabo´k, 119, 321 258, 260, 261 ´Islendinga saga, 319 lords of, see Domnall mac Ragnaill, Ivar, brother of Olaf Guthfrithsson, 86, 87 Ragnall mac Somhairlidh, Ruaidr king of Dublin, 91, 92 mac Ragnaill Ivar, king of York, 78 Kirkjub¿ur, 308 Ivar the Boneless, 69—72, 88, 309 Kirkwall, 261, 286—7 Kjalarnes thing, 315 Jarlshof, 303 Kjarval, Irish king, 87, 88 Jaroslav the Wise, prince of Novgorod, 193 see also Cerball mac Dnlainge Jarrow, 9, 55, 125 Kj¿len Mountains, 13 Jelling, Klaßstad,see ships Christianisation of, 177—9 Knowth, 108, 116 monuments, 45, 47, 177—80, 183, 396 Knytlingesaga, 364, 367 remodelling of, 178—9 Kolding Fjord, 31, 32 Jerusalem, 282, 287, 383, 384 Konungs Skuggsja´, 119, 139, 159, 332, 335, John XIX, Pope, 354 339, 346, 347, 349 John, bishop of Caithness, 296 Kragehul, weapons find, 33 John, earl of Orkney, 294—5, 296, 297 Kvalsund, see ships John, king of England, 248, 293 Kvvk, 307 John of Fordun, 204, 248—9, 263 Kyle, 97, 241, 243 Jordanes, 11, 19, 47 see also Historia Getica LAnse aux Meadows, 324 Juellinge, 28 Ladby, see ships Julius Caesar, writings of, 126—7 Lagmann Gofraidsson, king of Man, Jungshoved Nor, 32 235—6, 237 Justinian, Byzantine emperor, 40 Lagore, 108 Jylland, 4, 13, 15, 19, 21, 27, 28—9, 31, Lancashire, 75, 238—9 36, 47, 171, 359, 367, 372, 375, 376, Landna´mabo´k, 119, 132, 133, 149—50, 310, 377 311, 331, 333 attacks on, 39, 172—3 voyage details in, 330 bishopric in, 359 Largs, Battle of, 4, 171, 256, 259—60, 261, burials in, see Brendstrup 263—4 emporia in, see Ribe Laxdæla Saga, 328 fortifications in, 30, 46, 52 Lea, River, 80 see Fyrkat Leicester, 76, 102 natural resources in, 14, 39, 172 Leif Eiriksson, 323, 328, 333, 335 ships helm from, 161 Leighlin, 87 weapons finds in, 34 Leinster, kingdom of, 92, 116, 224, 270, see also Cimbrian peninsula, 271 Viborg controls Man, 231—2 influence over Norse cities in Ireland, Kari Solmundarson, 220—1 223, 224—5, 228 Karl Hundason, see Macbethad kings of, see Diarmait mac Mþil na mB, Kaupang, 47—8, 52, 118—19, 164 Domnall Cloen, Mþelmorda mac Kells, 55 Murchada, Murchad mac Diarmata Kelso Abbey, 97 links with Orkney, 224—5 Kent, 67, 79, 212 rivalry with Munster, 234 churches of, 9—10 Lejre, royal centre at, 49 king of, 67 Leo IX, Pope, 276, 352, 355, 391 people of, 9 Leofric, earl of Mercia, 198 raids on, 67, 69, 79, 186, 190, 208 Lewis, island of, 233, 236, 237, 278 Ketil Flatnef or Find, king in the Hebrides Liemar, archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen. 86, 91, 94, 96, 305 360, 362, 364, 365 Kildare, 106 Liffey, River, 81 Kimbroi, 19 Limerick,

Index 437

dominated by Munster, 225, 230 Mþel Coluim mac Cinaeda, king of Scots, fleet, 106—7, 108, 225 198, 200, 200—1, 202, 204, 228, 271 kings and leaders of, 218 Mþel Coluim mac Domnaill, king of Scots, see Harald Sigtryggsson, Olaf 100 Scabby-head, Thormod Helgason Mþel Coluim mac Donnchada, king of longphort, 81, 83 Scots, 203, 204, 205, 206, 274 rivalry of with Dublin, 105—6, 108 Mþel Sechnaill mac Domnaill, king of Limfjord, 30, 180—1, 215 northern U Nill, 213, 219, Lincoln, 76, 103 225, 227 shire, 66 Mþel Sechnaill mac Mþele Ruanaid, king Lindisfarne, 8, 9, 14, 55, 75, 77, 125 of southern U Nill, 84, 87 Lindsey, 69, 73 Mþelmorda mac Murchada, king of Danes settle in, 80 Leinster, 224 Lithuania, conversion of, 387, 390 Magnus, son of Niels, king of Denmark, Livonia, 374, 376, 381 bishops of, 385, 386 Magnus III, earl of Orkney, 297 conversion of, 387, 390 Magnus I Olafsson, king of Norway, 207, German Crusades in, 385, 388 208, 272, 359 Logis, kingdom of, 87 king of Denmark, 352, 372 Loire, River, Magnus II Haraldsson, king of Norway, Vikings on, 60, 61, 62, 64 209, 211 see also Hastein Magnus III Olafsson (Barelegs), king of Lolland, 24, 27, 377 Norway, 211, 236—40, 261, 279, 397 weapons finds in, 34 Sigurd, son of, 239, 240, 279, 281 London, 66, 70, 79, 80, 190, 191 Magnus IV Hþkonsson (the Law-Mender), captured by West Saxons, 79 king of Norway, 320 Danes occupy, 73, 79 Magnus Erlendsson (St Magnus), earl of trade through, 125—6 Orkney, 278—9, 280—2, 285, 286—7, Long Serpent, 137, 165 289, 290, 292, 341 longphort, 70, 81, 82—3, 85, 87, 94, Magnus Haraldsson, king in the Isles, 223, 224 218—19 see Cork, Dublin, Limerick, Magnus Olafsson, king of Man, 261—3 Waterford, Wexford Mainland, Orkney, 155 Louis III, king of the Franks, 62 Mlren, River, 41 Louis the Pious, Emperor, 48, 61 Malcolm IV, king of Scots, 98, 243, 245—6, Lough Corrib, 106—7 289 Lough Neagh, 106—7 Maldon, Battle of, 186—7 Lough Owel, 84 Maldred mac Crinain, 203, 204 Lough Ree, 84, 108 Man, Isle of, 101, 206, 220—1, 228, 239, Louvain, 62, 63 270, 397 Lbeck, 174, 390 annexed by Scots, 262—3 Ludwig, German king, 48 Chronicle of, 234, 235, 236—40 Lund, 174, 358, 359, 360, 364, 365, 368, civil war in, 250 369, 381, 391 Dublin influence in, 221, 228, 229 archdiocese of, 49, 350, 366, 367, 369, English raids on, 248 372, 389 fleet, 234 archbishop of, see Absalon, Anders Galloway intervention in, 250 Sunes¿n, Asser, Eskil kingdom of, 231—6, 241, 242, 246 bishop of, see Egino, Henry, Ricwald kings of, see Domnall mac Taidg, Lyns, see ships Dubhgall mac Somhairlidh, Ly¿, island of, 390, 391, 392 Echmarcach, Finghal mac Gofraid, Godred Haraldsson, Godred mac Macbethad, king of Scots, 202, 203, 205, Sitreaca, Godred II Olafsson, 273—4, 276 Gofraid Crobþn, Lagmann Maccus, king in the Isles, see Magnus Gofraidsson, Magnus Olafsson, Haraldsson Olaf II Godredsson, Olaf I MacFirbisigh, Dubhaltach, Irish Gofraidsson, Ragnall Godredsson, chronicler, 88 Rognvald Godredsson Machrins, Colonsay, burial site, 300 Leinster influence in 231—2, 270 Maddad, earl of Atholl, 283, 284, 285, Munster influence in, 225, 235, 235—6, 286 239, 270

438 Index

Man, Isle of, (cont.) influence over Norse cities in Ireland, Norse-Gaelic culture in, 96 223, 224—5, 228 Norwegian influence in, 236—40, 241, kings of, 230 242, 279, 397 see Brian Bruma, Donnchad mac Orkney influence in, 221, 232, 273, 278 Briain, Muirchertach mac raids on, 221, 222 Toirrdelbach ua Briain, Scandinavian settlement in, 86 Toirrdelbach Ua Briain Scottish influence in, 242—3, 261—2 rivalry with Leinster, 234 Somhairlidh mac Gilla Brighte active in, Murchad mac Diarmata, king of Dublin, 244—5 229, 230, 231 descendants of, 246 Manchester, 103 Naddod, 333 Marcomannic wars, 30, 51 Nstved, monastery of, 380 Margaret, daughter of Hþkon Paulsson, Nakkeb¿lle Fjord, 32 283, 284, 285, 286 Nantes, 65 Margretes Bro, 32 Navigatio Sancti Brendani Abbatis, 130 Marlborough, 72 navigation, see seamanship Marne, River, 63 Newfoundland, 323, 324 fortified bridges on, 62 Niall Glndub, U Nill king, 103, 105 Massilia (Marseilles), 15 Niall mac Eochaid, king of Ulaid, 231 Mazimma, 62 Nicholas, king of Denmark, 362 Mediterranean, 62, 172 Niðaros, trade, 105, 172 archbishop of, 248 meic Suibne family, 255—6 archdiocese of, 308, 323, 350, 382 meic Uilleim, claimants to Scottish throne, royal hall at, 49 248, 249, 250, 252, 254, 289 Niels, king of Denmark, 372, 374, 380 Mercia, 9, 67, 74, 80, 111, 184, 195, 394 Nijmegen, 59 annexed by Wessex, 103 Nith, River, 96 earls of, see Eadric Streona, Edwin, Nithsdale, 97 Leofric Njals Saga, 220—1 English, 78 Noirmoutier, Viking base on, 60, 62 Great Army in, 70—2, 73—4, 76 Nonnebakken, 180—1 kings of, see fithelbald, Burhred, Norfolk, 190, 214 Cenred, Ceolwulf, Offa ealdorman of, see Ulfcytel ruler of, see fiðelfld, fiðelred, Edgar earl of, see Ralph de Gael Merovingians, 19 Norman Conquest, 4, 170, 211 Mersea, island of, 80 Normandy, duchy of, 64, 191, 194, 199, Mervalla, 167—8 212, 395 Meuse, River, 62, 175 dukes of, see Richard I, Robert Mide, 84, 116 origins of, 64, 119 migration, place-names in, 167 Germanic, 7 Normans, 47, 64, 119, 186 military equipment, 37—8 alliance of with Danes, 188, 193—4 see also Illerup Aßdal alliance of with English, 188, 191 missionaries, 41—4 earls, see Hugh of Avranches and Robert Moddan of Duncansby, 270 de Bellme Montfaucon, Danes defeated at, 63 expansion into Wales, 237 Monumentum Ancyranum, 15, 16 Harrying of the North, 213 Moray, 283, 284 Norwegian background of, 64 Morcar, earl of Northumbria, 210 Viking origins of, 64 Morocco, 62 N¿rre R¿r, female burial, 29 Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn, king of N¿rre Snede, 21 Cenl nEgain, 242 Norse, see Norway Muirchertach mac Niall, northern U Nill North America, king, 105, 106, 108, 110—11, 115, 217 colonisation in, 323—5, 350 Muirchertach mac Toirrdelbaigh Ua discovery of, 133, 320—3, 328, Briain, king of Munster, 234, 235—6, 332, 333 239, 240 natural resources in, 323—5 Munster, 82, 86, 91, 102, 234, 270, 271 voyages to, 119, 122 control of Man, 232, 235—6, 239 North Atlantic dominance of in Ireland, 225, 227, 240 ice in, 332

Index 439

islands, 2, 3, 5, 129—30, 135, 299—300, invasion of England by, 186, 209—11, 301—4, 332, 333, 372 277—8 see also Faroe Islands, Orkney, kings of, 49 Shetland see also Eirik Bloodaxe, Eystein, sea conditions, 338—41 Hþkon IV, Hþkon the Good, Harald trade, 268, 271, 299—300 Gilli, Harald Harðrþði, Harald voyages, 120, 122, 131, 135, 161, 328—31, Hþrfagri, Ingi, Magnus I Olafsson, 333, 336, 338—9, 342, 343, 345—6 Magnus II Haraldsson, Magnus see also Navigatio Sancti Brendani Barelegs, Magnus IV Hþkonsson Abbatis (the Law-Mender), Olaf Haraldsson weather in, 119, 332—3, 335, 340, 348 (I), Olaf Haraldsson (II), Olaf North Sea, 7, 13, 46, 129 Tryggvason, Sigurd I the Crusader, navigation of, 129 Svein Alfivason, Sverrir, Vestfold trade, 127, 128, 135 dynasty voyages, 120, 129 landscape and geography of, 11—12, Northampton, 118—19 Danes of, 102 migration from, 13, 180, 265, 300—1, shire, 109 309—10, 397—8 see also filfgifu, filfhelm see Hebrides, Ireland, Scotland, Northern Isles, 4, 5, 58, 301—2 Orkney see also Orkney, Shetland military developments in, 38, 39, 185—6 Northmen, kings of, 40, 41, 186 nobles, 188 Northumbria, 7, 8, 74, 117, 201, see Eirik of Hlaðir, Rognvald, earl 210, 394 of M¿re Angles of, 8 Norse in Ireland, 83, 84—6, 87, 88, 92, Anglo-Danish kingdom in, 78 217, 223—4 Church in, 77 Black Foreigners, 84 Danes settle in, 75 conflict with Danes, 84—6, 268 Great Army in, 69—70, 73, 75 fleet of, 92 kings and rulers of, 8, 70, 199 see also Ireland see also fille, fithelred, Cospatric, overlordship of Faroe Islands by, 308, Eadulf Cudel, Eadulf, Ealdred, 399 Egbert, Morcar, Osberht, Oswulf of overlordship of Greenland by, 322, 326, Bamburgh, Siward, Tosti 351, 399 Godwinson, Uhtred, Waltheof overlordship of Iceland by, 319—20, 351, monasteries in, see Durham, Hexham, 399 Jarrow, Lindisfarne, Wearmouth overlordship of Isles by, 211, 236—8, 238, scholars from, see Alcuin 241, 242—3, 247, 250, 251—2, 257, Scottish raids into, 200, 201, 202 258, 260—1, 263, 264, 295 West Saxon control of, 113, 117, 184 overlordship of Orkney by, 272, 273, Norway, 2, 8, 11, 13, 43, 239, 288, 345, 377, 275—6, 277—8, 279—80, 284—5, 396 285—6, 288—91, 290—1, 294—5, burials in, 29—30, 36, 38, 52 297, 399 centralisation of power in, 39, 44, 47, raiders from, 39, 55, 66, 186, 190, 186, 197 215, 248 Christianity in, 180, 187—8, 317—18 relationships with Scots, 250, 251—3, cities in, 174 255, 263, 264, 288—93, 397—9 claims to throne of England from, royal authority in, 208—9, 265—6, 208—9, 211, 238—9 293—4 combs from, 38, 128 ships from, 167, 330 contacts of, 118—19 trade, 128, 312—13, 317, 318, 322, 324 controlled by Danes, 181, 183, 188, 196, voyages from, 161, 330—1, 332, 336, 199, 201—2 338—9, 342 crusaders from, 371—2, 385 war with Scots, 251—3, 255—64, 295, danegeld payments to, 187 297, 398—9 early society in, 11—12 Nottingham, 70—1, 76 emporia in, see Kaupang Novgorod, 193, 376, 387 exiles from, 209 Nydam, weapons find, 33 fleet, 151, 163, 185, 187, 207, 210, see also, ships 215, 237, 250, 251—2, 257—61, 288, 399 Obodrites, 46, 47, 181, 380

440 Index

Odense, Danish settlement in, 268 bishop of, 383 earldom of, 265, 266 cathedral, 215, 365, 366, 367—8, 369, earls of, see Arnkell, Brusi, David, 373, 379 Einar, Erlend I Thorfinnsson, diocese of, 357—8, 365 Erlend II Haraldsson, Guttorm, Oðin, 72 Hþkon Paulsson, Hallad, Odo, king of West Franks, 63 Harald Hþkonsson, Harald Offa, king of Mercia, 7, 9—10 Maddadsson, John, Magnus III, daughter of, see Eadburh Magnus Erlendson, Paul, Paul Ogmund Crow-dance, 259—60 Hþkonsson, Rognvald Brusason, Oise, River, fortified bridges on, 62 Rognvald Kolsson, Sigurd the Olaf Cuarþn, king of Dublin and York, Mighty, Sigurd the Stout, see Olaf Sigtryggsson Skuli, Sumarlidi, Thorfinn the Olaf I Gofraidsson, king of Man, 235—6, Mighty, Thorfinn Skull-splitter, 242, 243 Torf-Einar Olaf II Godredsson, king of Man, Eirik Bloodaxe in, 101, 217 250, 252 fleet, 250, 268, 270, 295 Olaf Guthfrithsson, king of Dublin, 85, 86, influence of in Hebrides and Man, 197, 87, 88, 91, 265—6, 267 217, 221, 232, 242—3, 269, 270, active in Scotland, 88—9 273, 290 dominates Hebrides, 90—1 influence of in Ireland, 224—5, 226—7, Olaf Guthfrithsson, king of Dublin and 271, 273, 290 York, 100, 108—11, 115, 217 internal politics of, 269—70, 277 Olaf Haraldsson (I), king of Norway, 190, islands, see Egilsay, Hoy, Mainland, 197, 272 Rousay, Wyre Olaf Haraldsson (II), king of Norway, 211 marriage alliances of, 269—70 Olaf Hvtr, see Olaf Guthfrithsson, king of Norse settlement in, 92, 265, 301—4, Dublin 302—4 Olaf III Kyre, king of Norway, 362, 364 Norwegian overlordship of, 272, 273, Olaf Peacock, 328—9 275—6, 277, 279—80, 284—5, 285—6, Olaf Scabby-head, leader of Limerick 288—91, 294—5, 297, 397, 399 Norse, 108 Paulssons, see Hþkon, Harald Olaf Sigtryggsson, king of York and Hþkonsson, Paul Hþkonsson Dublin, 102, 104, 112—13, 217, 219, place-names in, 167, 303 220, 221, 224, 232, 233, 269 relationship of with Canute I, 196—7, Olaf Sktkonung, king of Sweden, 188, 193 201—2 Olaf Tryggvason, king of Norway, 165, 183, relationship of with Scots, 243, 273—4, 186—7, 188, 190, 221—2, 270, 272, 277, 280, 283—4, 285—6, 292—3, 317—18, 352 297, 397 saga of, 137, 270 ship types in, 164 ship of, see Long Serpent Viking bases in, 55, 101, 209, 265, 266, Olaf the White, see Olaf Guthfrithsson, 301—3 king of Dublin Viking raids on, 267—8, 272, 301—2 O´la´fs saga Helga, 338—9 voyages to, 332 O´la´fs saga Tryggvasonar, see Olaf Orkneyinga Saga, 96, 119, 147, 155, 221, 273, Tryggvason, king of Norway 274, 281, 283, 286, 294, 295, 332, Olgerdiget, 31 337, 341 Oluf Hunger, king of Denmark, 367—8 Orlans, 62 Ongendus, king of the Danes, 45, 46, 47 Orosius, writings of, 35—6, 45 Orange, Battle of, 35 Orphir, 282 Orkney, 5, 92, 114, 210, 211, 218, 250, 302, Osberht, king of Northumbria, 70 395, 399 Oseberg, see ships bishops of, 261, 275, 286—7, 295, 360 ﬂsel, island of, 386, 388, 390, 391 boat burials from, 146 Oslo Fjord, 52 Scar, 146 Osraige, 87, 92 control of Caithness by, 267, 268, 270, kings of, see Cerball mac Dnlainge 283—4 ﬂstervang, 29 conversion to Christianity, 274 Ostmen, see Dublin Norse crusaders from 371 Oswulf of Bamburgh, 117 cultural character of, 274, 275—6, 282, Othare, 45 302, 303—4 Ouse, River, 70, 210

Index 441

paganism, 104 Ragnall mac Ragnaill, king of Waterford, Paisley Abbey, 247, 256 227, 230 Pamplona, 54 Ragnall mac Somhairlidh, king of the papacy, 1 Isles, lord of Kintyre, 246, 247 see also popes descendants of, 248, 249 papar, 129—30, 131, 132, 133, 309, 333 Ragnar Loðbrk, 69, 70, 309 hermits, 133—4 sons of, see Halfdan, Ivar the Boneless see also Faroe Islands, Hebrides, raids, 8, 9—10, 14, 39, 50, 54, 62, 134—5, Iceland 170, 220, 274, 301—2 Paris, 63, 370 on British Isles, 54—8, 62, 66—80, 129, sacked by Vikings, 60, 62, 69 132, 170, 265, 301—2, 394 siege of, 63 England, 66—8, 102, 125, 186, 208 Paschal II, Pope, 366 Scotland, 86 Paul, earl of Orkney, 210, 274, 277—9, see also Scotland 281 on Francia, 54, 58—66, 67, 68, 129, 394 Paul Hþkonsson, earl of Orkney, 282, on Ireland, 54, 67, 82—4, 87, 90, 132, 284—5, 286 217, 218, 394 Paul the Deacon, 45 Scandinavian royal involvement in, 55, Pentland Firth, 155, 197, 281, 341 82, 85, 86, 170, 221—2 Perth, Treaty of, 4, 171, 263, 264 tactics, 62, 69 Peter Bodils¿n, 380 Ralph de Gael, earl of Norfolk, 214, 366 Peter Damian, 355 ransom, 8 Philip of Swabia, king of Germany, 386 Ranulf Meschin, 238—9 Picts, 81, 302, 394 Ravenna, 45 kingdom of the, 58, 81, 88, 267 Ravninge meadows, 180, 181 Fortriu, 88, 98 Reading, 72 Norwegians defeat, 81—2 Reims, Pippin II of Aquitaine, 61 archbishop of, see Ebo Pippin the Elder, king of the Franks, 44 Renfrew, 246 Pisa, 54 lordship of 243, 245 place-names, 131, 168, 170 shire, 96, 97, 241 British or p-Celtic, 98 Norse settlement names in, 97 containing ship elements, 167 Repton, 73 Danish, 204 Reric, 47 Norse, 92, 97, 131 Reval, 385 Norse-Gaelic, 92, 97 Rhine, River, 15, 16, 51, 63, 118—19, 125—6, Pliny, 15 393 Poitiers, 61 Rhineland, 62, 175 Poland, 39 Rhinns, kingdom of, 97, 229—30, 232, 233 Pont de lArche, 62, 63 Rhne, River, 62, 175 popes, see Alexander II, Alexander III, Ribe, 46, 47—8, 52, 118—19, 125—6, 174 Benedict IX, Clement II, Clement III, bishop of, 13, 177, 357—8, 359, 382 Damasius II, Eugenius III, Gregory VI, churches in, 49 Gregory VII, Hadrian IV, Honorius III, fortification of, 177, 181 John XIX, Leo IX, Paschal II, Sylvester Richard I, duke of Normandy, 188 III, Urban II, Victor IV Ricwald, bishop of Lund, 360, 364, 365 Portland, 7, 14, 40, 66, 125, 173—4 Riga, 385, 386, 387, 390 Procopius, writings of, 20, 39 bishop of, see Albert, bishop of Livonia Ptolemy, writings of, 19, 40 Rimbert, archbishop of Hamburg, 42, 43 Pytheas, 15 Vita Anskarii of, 43 see also St Anskar Quentovic, emporium, 59, 60, 125—6 road-building, 175 see also under Scandinavia, road- Ragnall, leader of expelled Dublin Norse, building in 92, 101—3 Robert, count of Angers, 61 king of Waterford, 101 Robert, duke of Normandy, 371 king of York, 101, 102—3 Robert de Bellme, earl of Shrewsbury, 233 Ragnall II Guthfrithsson, king of York, 113 Rochester, 66, 79 Ragnall Godredsson, king of Man, 221 Rodulph, king of the Heruli, 20 Ragnall mac Œmhair, king of Waterford, Roger of Howden, 292 227 Rognvald, earl of M¿re, 64, 266

442 Index

Rognvald Brusason, earl of Orkney, sagas, 148 272—3 Icelandic, 91, 319 Rognvald Godredsson, king of Man, 250, value of, 119—20 292—3 see also Egils saga Skallagrı´mssonar, Rognvald Kolsson (St Rognvald), earl of Eirı´ks saga Rauða, Færeyinga Saga, Orkney, 153, 282, 284—5, 286—8, 289, Grœnlendinga Saga, Ha´konar Saga, 292, 297, 332 Heimskringla, King Haralds Saga, Rolf the Ganger, see Rollo Knytlingesaga, Laxdæla Saga, Njals Rollo, leader of Seine Vikings, 64, 266 Saga, O´la´fs Saga Helga, O´la´fs Saga Roman Empire, 1, 15, 17, 19, 23—4, 27, 393 Tryggvasonar, Orkneyinga Saga, contacts with Scandinavia, 17—18, 20, Sturlunga sagas 24—6, 27—8, 30, 37, 393 Sams¿, canal on, 47 foreign policy of, 27, 51 Sandwich, 208 mercenary service in, 32—3, 393 naval battle off, 67 successor states of, 19 Saxo Grammaticus, 6, 174, 363, 364, 378, see also Carolingians, 380, 382 Merovingians, Francia Scandia, 19 trade contacts, 18, 20, 393 Scandinavia, Rome, 15, 229, 276, 282, 375, 383, 396 agriculture in, 20—3, 41, 172, 173 Roskilde, 49, 122, 174, 358, 359, 365, 374, animal husbandry in, 20 377, 383, 396 archaeological evidence from, 19, 27—9, bishop of, 364, 368, 380, 382 32—9, 40—1, 45 see also Absalon, archbishop of armies in, 51, 172 Lund burials from, 40—1, 52 Chronicle, 363, 364, 367, 369 see also Denmark, Norway, ship remains from, see ships Sweden Ross, 283, 284, 295 centralisation of power in, 2, 39, 39—41, Rouen, 62, 64 46—7, 51 Rousay, island of, 155 chieftains in, 20, 51, 393 Ruadhr mac Ragnaill, lord of Kintyre, lord Church in, 5, 182, 366, 391—2 of Garmoran, 248, 249, 252 cities in, 174 Rgen, 369, 376, 378 contacts, 118—19, 356 Witslaw, count of, 388, 389 with Roman Empire, 17—18, 20, 23—4, Rus, 186 24—6, 27—8, 30, 33, 37, 51, 393 Russia, 13, 299—300 conversion of, 41—4, 48—9, 170, 177—9, 179—80, 182, 357, 396 St Anskar, archbishop of Hamburg, 42, 47, crusading involvement of, 171, 384 48—9, 356, 358 dynastic policies in, 30—2, 51, 82 Vita (Vita Anskarii), 42—3 early kingship in, 39—41, 45—50, 47, 51 St Bertin, Annals of, 40 nature and powers of, 47—8, 49—50, St Brices Day massacre, 188—9 170, 179, 185—6, 293—4 St Canute, see Canute IV Sveinsson, king see also Harioldus, Sigefridus of Denmark early written sources for, 15—17, 18, St-Clair-sur-Epte, 64 39—40, 41—3, 45, 177 St Columba, 254 see also Pliny, Pytheas shrine of, 56, 101 eastward colonisation from, 5, 13 Vita of, 130 Europeanisation of, 171, 174, 391—2, St Cuthbert, 8 393—400 community of, 77 fortifications in, 30—1, 31—2, 39, 40, 52 relics of, 75 German settlement in, 181—2 St Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury, Gregorian reform in, 357—64 184 house types in, 20 St-L, 63 magnate class in, 53 St Magnus of Orkney, 254 mercenaries from, 30, 32—3, 393 see also Magnus Erlendsson, earl of merchants from, 125, 176—7 Orkney military developments in, 2, 18, 37—8, St Ninians Isle hoard, 302, 303 38—9, 51, 177, 185—6 St Olaf of Norway, 254 place-names in, 167 St Peter Port ship, see ships population levels in, 50 St Rognvald, see Rognvald Kolsson, earl of raiders from, 40, 55, 58—62, 66, 68, 81, Orkney 82, 84—6, 125, 132

Index 443

road-building in, 30 Thorstein the Red in, 91—2 cattle paths, 41 trade with Scandinavia, 128 ships and ship technology in, see ships Viking Age in, 171 social stratification in, 52—3 war with Norway, 251—2, 252—3, trade, 18, 20, 24—6, 41, 47—8, 51, 52, 53, 255—64, 295, 398—9 105, 118—19, 126, 127—8, 129, 173—7, sea conditions, 338—41 393 sea-faring, 43, 119, 122, 129, 132, 333—8 tribes in, 11, 14, 19—20, 40 Celtic, 7, 131 see also, Finnoi, Goutai, Heruli Celtic-Norse, 131—2 wars in, 51 Norse, 132, 328—9 weapons finds in, 33, 33—8, 51, 52 see also Anglo-Saxons westward colonisation from, 1—2, 13, 86, seamanship and navigation, 119, 129, 93, 133, 265, 300—1, 301—4 328—9, 333—8, 342—50 Scar, boat burial, see Orkney sources of evidence for, 119—25 Scarborough, 210 limitations of, 119—20, 328—9 Scattery Island, see Inishcathy Seine, River, 60, 62, 63, 64, 68 Scheldt, River, 62 fortified bridges on, 62 Schlei, River, 52 see Pont de lArche Schleswig, 174, 357—8, 359, 367, 367—8, Viking warband on, 64 374, 376 Seljaland caves, 133—4 bishop of, 380, 386, 388 Severn, River, 78, 80 Scotland, 4, 5, 7, 55, 210, 238 Shaftesbury, 198 Anglo-Danish influence in, 197—8, Shannon, River, 84, 105, 106—7, 218 201—2, 203 Sheppey, 67 Church in, 44, 295—6 Shetland, 5, 54, 265, 270, 273, 285, 291, dynastic politics in, 289, 292—3 294, 301, 305, 310, 320, 345, 399 expansion of, 200—1, 241, 246—8, place-names in, 167, 266 249—50, 253, 255, 264, 271, 273—4, ships, 10, 43, 51—2, 69, 109, 118—19, 172 277, 279, 280, 283—4, 285—6, nineteenth-century portrayals of, 118—19 292—4, 295—6, 397, 399 Anglo-Saxon, 126—7, 146—7, 165, 166, fleets, 254 189 hermits from, in Iceland, 133—4 archaeological evidence for, 120—2, 126, see also papar 126—7, 148, 163 influence of in Man, 242—3, 261—2, 263 ﬀskekrr, 139, 164, 330 islands, see Hebrides, Northern Isles, Bayeux Tapestry representations of, 123, Western Isles 139, 147, 148, 152, 158, 161, 163 kings of, Blackfriars, 126, 127 challengers to, see meic Uilleim Celtic, 126—7, 130, 146—7 mac Alpn dynasty, 88 curachs, 130, 131 see also Alexander I, Alexander Danish, 7—8, 146—7, 165, 167 II, Alexander III, Causantin mac design and technology, 2, 7, 51—2, 53, Aeda, David I, Domnall mac 119, 121, 124, 126—7, 128, 134—7, Causantin, Donnchad mac 168, 336—7 Crinain, Edgar, Idulb, keelson, 155—7 Macbethad, Mþel Coluim mac motive power, 153—5 Cinaeda, Mþel Coluim mac Frankish, 126—7, 128 Domnaill, Mþel Coluim mac Frisian, 165 Donnchada, Malcolm IV Gokstad, 120—1, 122, 139, 148, 154, 158, Olaf Guthfrithsson in, 86, 88—9 159, 162—3 Ragnall invades, 101 burial in, 91, 123 raids into Northumbria, 200, 202 Hedeby, 330 relations of with Somhairlidh, 243, helm and rudder, 160—1 245—6 Jylland, 161 relations of with Wessex, 109, 113 Vorsaß, 161 Scandinavian raiding activity in, 81—2, iconographic evidence for, 122—4, 158 86, 98, 129 see also Bayeux Tapestry, Gotland Scandinavian settlement in, 81, 223—4 stones, Mervalla sea-faring tradition in, 131 Klaßstad,139, 330 ship-design in, 146—7 Kvalsund, 120—1, 127, 128 takeover of Strathclyde by, 99, 100, 201, Ladby, 148, 149, 154, 158 241 Lyns, 158

444 Index

ships, (cont.) Shrewsbury, earl of, see Hugh de naming of, 168 Montgomery, Robert de Bellme Nydam, 120—1, 126—7, 161 shrines, see St Cuthbert Oseberg, 120—1, 123, 128, 139, 148, 152, Sigefridus (Sigfrid), early Danish king, 42, 154, 157, 158, 159, 162—3, 337 45—6, 47, 48 place-name evidence for, 167 Sigtrygg, king of York, 99 replicas, 121—2 Sigtrygg Cþech, king of Dublin and York, rigging and sails, 157—9, 333—4, 335—6, 92, 102, 103—4, 106, 112 337—8 Sigtrygg Silkiskegg, king of Dublin, 206, Roskilde, 120—1, 122, 165 221, 224—9, 230 sails, see above rigging and sails sons of, 229, 230, 231, 271 St Peter Port, 126 Sigtuna, 174 Scotland, ship design in, 146—7 Sigurd I the Crusader, king of Norway, shield-racks on, 151—3 371—2, 384 ship- and boat-building, 120, 121—2, 128, Sigurd Magnusson, claimant to throne of 134—5, 135—7, 137—55, 189 Norway, 280, 291 craftsmen, 137—8, 147 Sigurd the Mighty, earl of Orkney, 92, construction process, 142—7 266—7 tools, 139—40 Sigurd the Stout, earl of Orkney, 196, 197, materials, 135—7, 138—9, 157—9 221, 224—5, 226—7, 270—1, 273, 294 painting and decoration, 147—51 Silius, Roman governor of Germania, 25, wood-working techniques, 139—42 26, 27 Skuldelev, 120—1, 122, 140, 148, 157, 167 Siward, earl of York, 203—5, 206, 207, 274 wreck 1, 1, 135, 139, 156, 164, 330, Sjlland, 14, 29, 32, 49, 120—1, 163, 359, 336 372, 375, 380, 381, 383 wreck 2, 1, 134—5, 139, 146, 156, 165, agriculture in, 14 167 burials in, 29 wreck 3, 1, 135, 139, 143, 154—5, 163 fortifications in, see Jungshoved Nor, wreck 5, 1, 135, 139, 147, 152, 153, Trelleborg 154, 157, 166, 167 settlements in, see Lejre, Str¿bylille sources of evidence, 119—25, 148 weapons finds in 34 Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, 164 skalds, Cath Finntra´gha, 163 skaldic poetry, 120 limitations of, 119—20, 162 see also Hafgerðingadra´pa Sutton Hoo, 120—1, 126—7 Skaßne, 13, 13, 14, 19, 359, 367, 372, 374, types, 162—8 375, 381, 383 ba´tr (boat), 162 agriculture in, 14 buza, 162, 165 see also Scandia byrðingr, 162, 163, 165 Skara, 174 cargo, 122, 126, 127—8, 135, 154—5, Skjalm Hvide, Danish nobleman, 376, 378 156, 163, 164—5 Skopte Ogmundsson, crusader, 371—2 cogs, 161 Skuldelev, see ships dreki, 165 Skuli, earl of Orkney, 269 fley, 162 Skye, island of, 248, 256 herskip (warship), 162, 165, 168 slaves and slavery, 8, 40, 105 karfi/karfar, 162, 162—3 Slavs, 7, 43, 171, 375 kaupskip (merchant ship), 162, 163, crusades against, 375, 384 168, 329—30, 337 missionaries to, 43 kno¨rr/knerrir, 162, 163, 164, 165, Sliasthorp, 47 (see also Haithabu) 329—30 Smaßland, 13, 34 langskip (long ship), 162, 164, 165 Snaekoll Gunisson, 297 scegð, 166, 167 Snorri Sturluson, 6, 174, 319, 329 skeið, 162, 165, 166, 167 see also Sturlungs skip (ship), 162 Sognefjord, 38, 345 sku´ta, 162, 163 so´larsteinn, see sunstone snekkja, 162, 165, 166—7 Solway, 75, 89, 100, 204 warships, 122, 134—5, 157, 162, 163, Norse-Gaelic culture around, 96 164, 165—7 Somerset, 76 yawls, 164 Somhairlidh mac Gilla Brighte, lord of see also fleets, seamanship and Argyll, 233, 241, 243—6, 290 navigation descendants of, 246, 256—7, 292

Index 445

Somme, River, 62 succession to Edward the Confessor, Southampton, 66, 125, 186 209 Spain, 7 Svein Forkbeard (Haraldsson), king of Viking raids on, 60 Denmark and England, 5, 147, 182, Stainmore or Stanemoor, 102, 117, 204, 183, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 200, 269 221, 222, 358, 396 Stamford, 76 Svein Ulfsson, 147 Stamford Bridge, Battle of, 210—11, 223, Sverrir, king of Norway, 290—1, 293, 294 277, 396 Svld, Battle of, 188, 270 Stavad, 21 Swanage, 76 Steczin, 375 Sweden, 11, 13, 43, 193 Stewart family, 243, 245, 246—8, 251, 253, burials in, 29, 52 255, 255—6, 259—60 centralisation of power in, 47 see also Alan fitz Walter, Walter I fitz cities in, 174 Alan, Walter II fitz Alan crusading activities of, 384, 385 Stiklestad, Battle of, 197, 352 emporia in, see Birka Stockholm, 41 king of, 183 Store Blt, 47 see Olaf Sktkonung sto´rgoðar, 318—19, 320 landscape of, 13 see also Iceland, social system in migration from, 13 Strathclyde, 109, 113, 202 missionaries to, 42, 43, 48 extent of, 96—8, 98 see also Hamburg-Bremen, kingdom of, 88—90, 91, 96 archbishops of kings of, 89—90, 97, 99—100, 101, raiders from, 39, 190 108 ship remains in, 330 see also Ywain, Ywain son of trade links, 41, 126 Dyfnwal weapons finds in, 34 links with Dublin, 100, 108 Sylvester III, Pope, 354 Norse-Gaelic influences in, 96, 98 Ragnall invades, 101 Tacitus, 16, 19 Scottish takeover of, 99, 100, 201 writings of, 16—17, 34, 36 strategic importance of, 98, 204 Tadg mac Toirrdelbach Ua Briain, 232 West Saxon interest in, 100—1, 113 sons and grandsons of (meic Taidc), 236 Strathearn, 81—2, 88, 101 Tamworth, 104 Strathgryfe, 97 Tara, Battle of, 219 Str¿bylille, 29 Tarbat Ness, 332, 333 Sturla Thordarson, 319 Tay, River, 81 Sturlubo´k, 132, 333 Tees, River, 75, 77, 200, 203 Sturlunga sagas, 319 Teesdale, 75 Sturlungs, 319 Tempsford, 102 see also Snorri Sturluson, Sturla Tettenhall, Battle of, 78, 101 Thordarson Teutoburg, Battle of, 1, 15, 17, 18, 27, 51 Suibne mac Cinaedh, king of the Teutones, 19 Gall-Gaidhel, 96 Thames, River, 67, 72, 73, 77, 79, 186, 192, Sumarlidi, earl of Orkney, 271, 272 199 sun-compass, 343—5 Thanet, Isle of, 67, 69, 186 Sune Ebbes¿n, 378, 383 Theoderic, king of the Franks, 40, 45 sunstone, 349 Thetford, 72 Sussex, 66 Thingvellir, 315 Sutherland, 267, 268, 270, 271, 272, 277, Thorfinn, son of Harald Maddadsson, 289, 284, 286, 295, 296 292 Sutton Hoo, see ships Thorfinn Karlsefni, 324 Svein III, king of Denmark, 374, 375—7, Thorfinn mac Thore, Cumbrian nobleman, 381 203 Svein Alfivason, king of Norway, 193 Thorfinn the Mighty, earl of Orkney, 196, Svein Asleifsson, 286, 290 232, 271, 272—7, 278, 280, 290, 294 Svein Estrids¿n, king of Denmark, 6, 42, Thorfinn Skull-splitter, earl of Orkney, 269 207, 208, 211, 212—13, 238, 276, 352, Thrgils, see Turgeis 353, 365, 396 Thorkell Amunderson (the Fosterer), 272, policies of, 213, 359—62 273 sons of, 212—13, 364, 369, 371, 396—7 Thorkell the Tall, 190—1, 191—2, 193, 195, 196

446 Index

Thormod Helgason, leader of Limerick Annals of, see Annals of Ulster Norse, 105—6 earl of, 248 Thorolf Kveldulfsson, 159 King John attacks, 248 Thorsbjerg, weapons find, 33 Viking raids on, 54, 240, 290 Thorstein the Red, 91, 91—2, 267 see also Ulaid Three Fragments, 88, 93 Uppland, raiders from, 39 Thule, 130, 131 Uppsala, archdiocese of, 382 Thyre, queen of Gorm the Old of Denmark, Urban II, Pope, 369, 370 177, 178 urbanisation, 172 Tiberius, Roman emperor, 15 planned towns, 174 tinderboxes, 38 see also emporia Tinganes, 308 Urnehoved, 374 Tipperary, 87 Uunartoq, 343—5 Toftanes, 307 Toirrdelbach Ua Briain, king of Dublin, Valdemar I the Great, king of Denmark, 232, 234 363, 374, 376—7, 378, 382, 382—3, 392 Toirrdelbach Ua Conchobair, king of Valdemar II the Victorious, king of Connacht, 242 Denmark, 376, 386, 387, 388—90, 391, Torf-Einar, jarl of Orkney, 114, 266, 268, 392 269 Valdemar IV New Day, king of Denmark, Torksey, 73 376 Tosti Godwinson, earl of Northumbria and Vale, bishop in Jylland, 359 York, 205, 209—10 Valence, 62 towns, see cities, emporia, urbanisation Vallensbk, 41 trade, see economy Vall¿by, 29 Trldiget, 31 Vnern, Lake, 13 Trelleborg, 31, 180—1 Varpelev, burial, 29 Trondheim, 123, 174 Varus, Publius Quinctilius, 17—18 archbishop of, see Niðaros Vttern, Lake, 13 Tryti, burial, 38 Venollum, burial, 36 Tuna, female burial, 29 Ventry, fictional battle, 163 Turgeis, Viking leader in Ireland, 84, 86 Vestfold, 41 Tuscany, 62 dynasty, 84, 265—6 Tweed, River, 201, 203 king of, 86 Tyne, River, 55 Viborg, 174, 359, 376, 377 Tynemouth, 55 bishop of, 379 Tyninghame, 111 weapons find at, 34 Victor IV, anti-pope, 382—3 Uhtred, earl of Northumbria and York, 192, Vig, Norwegian city, 174 193, 200, 200, 201, 203, 204 Viken, 183 U Briain dynasty, 198, 225, 228, 232, 240 Viking, divisions within, 234 use of term, 3—4, 10 see also Munster, Brian Bruma, Vimose, weapons find, 33 Donnchad mac Briain, Vinland, 5, 321, 323, 324, 350 Muirchertach mac Toirrdelbach Ua Vita Anskarii, see St Anskar, Vita of Briain, Tadg mac Toirrdelbach Ua Vita Sancti Columbae, see St Columba, Briain, Toirrdelbach Ua Briain Vita of U Œmhair dynasty, 198, 206, 227 Vita Willibrordi, see Willibrord, Vita of Ua Nill, Irish dynasty, 83, 84, 223, 227, Vladimir, Grand Duke of Russia, 376 248, 250 Vladimir Rurik, duke of Novgorod, 376 kings, see Niall Glndub, Mþel Sechnaill Vorbasse, 21—3 mac Domnaill, Mþel Sechnaill mac Vorsaß,ships helm from, 161 Mþele Ruanaid, Muircertach mac voyages, 119, 130, 328—9 Niall see also immrama northern, 88, 103, 105, 106, 290 southern, 87, 88 Wagner, Richard, 3 Ukraine, 30 Wagnijo, Danish chieftain, 36—7, 45 Ulaid, 82, 105, 106, 230—1, 233, 234, 271 Wales, 92, 186, 202, 209 kings of, see Åed, Niall mac Eochaid Danes attack, 80 Ulfcytel, ealdorman of Norfolk, 190 Dublin colony in, 206 Ulster, 218, 248, 250 Norman expansion into, 237

Index 447

Vikings over-winter in, 76 king of England, 3, 211—13, 214, 215, Walter I fitz Alan, 243, 245, 246 352, 367, 396 Walter II fitz Alan, 248 rebellions against, 212—13, 214—15, 366 Waltheof, son of Siward, earl of succession of to Edward the Confessor, Northumbria, 205, 212—13, 214 209 Wareham, 75 William I the Lion, king of Scots, 243, 247, Waterford, 92, 101, 102, 198 289, 292—3, 296 dominated by Munster, 225, 230 William II Rufus, king of England, 237, influence of, 96, 103, 206, 224, 229, 238 229—31, 232 William Longsword, count of Rouen, 64 king of, 106 William of Malmesbury, 238 see also Echmarcach, Œmar, William the Old, bishop of Orkney, 286—7 Ragnall, Ragnall mac Œmhair, Willibrord, Anglo-Saxon monk and Ragnall mac Ragnaill missionary, 44 longphort, 81, 83 Vita of, 45 rivalry of with Dublin, 227 Winchester, 67, 175, 358 ship-building in, 134—5, 143 Wirral, 92 Watling Street, 79, 80 Wolin, trade centre, 126 weapons, Worcester, 218 finds of, 33 earldom of, 197, 202 sacrifice of, 33—8, 51, 52 Wulfstan I, archbishop of York, 111, described by classical authorities, 36 114—15, 116, 116—17 Wearmouth, 9 Wulfstan II, archbishop of York, 195 weather, 119 Wyre, island of, 297 Welland, River, 76 Wends, 369, 375, 377, 378, 384, 388 Yonne, River, 63 crusades against, 384 York, 70, 72, 73, 78, 79, 80, 88, 92, 98, 99, Duke of, see Bugislav 100, 106, 108, 113, 200, 201, 206, Wessex, 7, 54, 66—7, 75, 78, 78, 111, 112, 210—11, 212—13, 217, 269, 274, 299 113, 125, 195 archbishops of, 9, 70, 77, 104, 113 annexes Mercia, 103 see Cynsige, Wulfstan I, Wulfstan II captures London, 79 captured by Danes, 70, 72, 75, 77, 214—15 control of Northumbria, 113, 117 captured by West Saxons, 99, 100, 104, ecclesiastical reform in, 184—5 112, 113, 184 fleet, 79, 100, 109, 168, 188, 218 Church of, 77, 93, 113—14, 206 Great Army attacks, 72—3, 75—6, Danes settle in, 75, 77, 78, 80 76—7 conversion of, 77—8, 103, 113, 394—5 kings of, see fiðelred I, fiðelstan, Dublin control of, 100, 101, 102, 103 fiðelwulf, Alfred the Great, earls of, see Eirik of Hlaðir, Siward, Beorhtric, Eadred, Eadwig, Edgar, Tosti Godwinson, Uhtred Edmund, Edward the Elder, internal politics of, 103, 104, 109, 111, Edward the Martyr, Egbert 113—14, 116 military re-organisation in, 78—9, 186 kings of, see Egbert, Eirik Bloodaxe, relations of with Scots, 109, 113 Eowils, Gothfrith, Guthfrith, and Strathclyde, 98—9, 100, 113 Halfdan, Ivar, Olaf Cuarþn, trade through 125—6 Olaf Guthfrithsson, Olaf Viking attacks on, 66—7, 186 Sigtryggsson, Ragnall, Ragnall II York controlled by, 100, 117 Guthfrithsson, Sigtryggh, U Œmair West Saxons, see Wessex dynasty Western Isles, 5, 8, 57—8 Minster, 77 see also Hebrides Scandinavian kingdom of, 77—8, 99, Wexford, 100, 103, 116, 117 longphort, 81, 83 trading centre, 70, 164, 268 Whitby, 216 Vale of, 70, 204 White Foreigners, see Danes Ywain, king of Strathclyde, 104 Widsı´ð, 3 Ywain, son of Dyfnwal, king of Strathclyde, William I the Conqueror, 201 duke of Normandy, 161 Zenghi, Muslim ruler, 375