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Kebijakan Luar Negeri Qatar Dalam Memberikan Dukungan Terhadap National Transitional Council (Ntc) Terkait Krisis Politik Di Libya (2011-2012)

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Kebijakan Luar Negeri Qatar Dalam Memberikan Dukungan Terhadap National Transitional Council (Ntc) Terkait Krisis Politik Di Libya (2011-2012) KEBIJAKAN LUAR NEGERI QATAR DALAM MEMBERIKAN DUKUNGAN TERHADAP NATIONAL TRANSITIONAL COUNCIL (NTC) TERKAIT KRISIS POLITIK DI LIBYA (2011-2012) Skripsi Diajukan Untuk Memenuhi Persyaratan Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Sosial (S.Sos) Oleh: Rahmi Kamilah 1110113000050 PROGRAM STUDI HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA JAKARTA 2014 PERNYATAAN BEBAS PLAGIARISME Skripsi yang berjudul: KEBIJAKAN LUAR NEGERI QATAR DALAM MEMBERIKAN DUKUNGAN TERHADAP PIHAK NATIONAL TRANSITIONAL COUNCIL (NTC) TERKAIT KRISIS POLITIK DI LIBYA (2011-2012) 1. Merupakan hasil karya saya yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu persyaratan memperoleh gelar Strata 1 di Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 2. Semua sumber yang saya gunakan dalam penulisan ini telah saya cantumkan sesuai dengan ketentuan yang berlaku di Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 3. Jika di kemudian hari terbukti bahwa karya saya ini bukan hasil karya asli saya atau merupakan hasil jiplakan dari karya orang lain, maka saya bersedia menerima sanksi yang berlaku di Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Jakarta, 23 Oktober 2014 Rahmi Kamilah ii iii iv ABSTRAKSI Skripsi ini menganalisa tentang kebijakan luar negeri Qatar terkait krisis politik di Libya pada periode 2011-2012. Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk melihat faktor apa saja yang mendorong Qatar untuk memberikan dukungan kepada pihak oposisi dalam krisis politik di Libya. Sumber data yang diperoleh untuk melengkapi penulisan skripsi ini ialah melalui pengumpulan studi kepustakaan. Dalam skripsi ini ditemukan bahwa fenomena Arab Spring yang terjadi di Timur Tengah berdampak luas terhadap perpolitikan kawasan tersebut. Salah satu faktor utama yang mendorong gerakan revolusi ialah permasalahan ekonomi. Qatar, sebagai negara dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang tinggi menjadi salah satu negara kawasan yang tidak mengalami revolusi tersebut. Selain itu, terdapat responsibility to protect (r2p) bagi Qatar sebagai negara anggota PBB untuk membantu meredam konflik yang didalamnya terdapat pelanggaran HAM, salah satunya ialah krisis politik di Libya. Konsep intervensi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berguna untuk menjelaskan pentingnya sebuah intervensi dilakukan oleh negara-negara di dunia demi mengurangi dampak kemanusiaan yang dihasilkan dari sebuah revolusi politik. Selain itu, teori kebijakan luar negeri juga digunakan untuk menganalisa faktor apa saja yang memengaruhi Qatar dalam menerapkan kebijakan luar negeri terkait krisis di Libya. Faktor tersebut dapat dilihat dari dua sisi, yakni faktor internal dan faktor eksternal. Melalui analisa kebijakan luar negeri yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, maka akan ditemukan faktor dominan apa yang paling memengaruhi kebijakan Qatar terkait krisis politik di Libya. Dalam menganalisa faktor-faktor tersebut akan ditemukan bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi Qatar menjadi pendorong utama bagi Qatar untuk menerapkan kebijakan intervensi. Selain itu, kebijakan intervensi tersebut juga didorong oleh keinginan Qatar untuk menjadi aktor dominan di kawasan Timur Tengah. Kata Kunci: Qatar, Libya, Timur Tengah, Arab Spring, intervensi. v KATA PENGANTAR Alhamdulillahi Rabbil’alamin Puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT yang telah melimpahkan rahmat, taufik serta hidayah-Nya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan penulisan skripsi yang berjudul “Kebijakan Luar Negeri Qatar dalam Memberikan Dukungan Terhadap Pihak National Transitional Council (NTC) terkait Krisis Politik di Libya (2011- 2012)” dengan baik. Adapun tujuan penyusunan skripsi ini ialah untuk memenuhi tugas akhir dan untuk memenuhi syarat wajib kelulusan bagi mahasiswa/i Program Studi Hubungan Internasional Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik di Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Dengan keterbatasan kemampuan yang dimiliki penulis, penyusunan skripsi ini tidak akan mampu diselesaikan tanpa bantuan dan bimbingan pihak lainnya. Oleh karena itu, pada kesempatan ini izinkan penulis untuk mengucapkan banyak terima kasih kepada: 1. Allah SWT dengan segala rahmat, ridha dan kasih sayang-Nya dan masih memberikan saya kesempatan untuk mampu menyelesaikan sekolah saya hingga sarjana. 2. Yang tersayang, Ibu dan Ayah (Atin M. Murlim dan Rasum Shaleh) yang selalu memanjatkan do’a bagi anak-anaknya. Perjuangan untuk menghidupkan dan menyukseskan kami tidak akan mampu kami bayar hingga kapanpun. Semoga kami cukup mampu membuat kalian bangga. Ami sayang Ibu dan Ayah. 3. Yang terhormat, Bapak A. Fuad Fanani, selaku dosen pembimbing selama penyusunan skripsi ini. Terima kasih atas waktu dan ilmu yang diberikan selama proses bimbingan berlangsung. 4. Yang terhormat, Ibu Debbie Affianty Lubis, selaku Kepala Prodi HI serta seluruh dosen dan karyawan FISIP UIN untuk segala bantuannya selama masa perkuliahan dan penyusunan skripsi ini. 5. Yang tersayang, Kakak dan Teteh (Dzaki Abdul Rahman dan Dzakiatussa’adah) atas kasih sayang dan dukungannya. 6. Riko Febrian Eltari yang banyak membantu dan menemani dalam proses penyelesaian skripsi ini, terima kasih atas waktunya. 7. Teman-teman Warsol Forum/Cordobre, Asri Kusumastuty, Balqis Faradiba, Dara Amalia, M. Hafied Noval, Sauri Susanto, Dimas Ardhiyanto, Thufeil Izharruddin, Rifqi Fauzan, Wildan Ramadhan, Sabana Putra Maka, Ray Putra Mahardika, Novian Dwi Chayo, M. Faisal Akbar atas segala bantuan, dukungan, dan kenangan selama masa kuliah. vi 8. Shofia Nida dan Airin Aisyah beserta seluruh teman-teman HI-B yang tidak pernah gagal memberikan kesan dan pesan semasa kuliah. Semoga kita semua mampu mencapai kesuksesan di masa mendatang. 9. Dan kepada seluruh orang terdekat yang tidak dapat disebutkan satu per satu. Terimakasih atas dukungan dan motivasi untuk saya menyelesaikan skripsi ini dengan baik. Mengingat seluruh keterbatasan, penulis menyadari bahwa penyusunan skripsi ini masih jauh dari kesempurnaan. Meskipun demikian, penulis harap skripsi ini dapat memberikan manfaat bagi seluruh pihak yang membutuhkannya. Jakarta, 23 Oktober 2014 Rahmi Kamilah vii DAFTAR ISI ABSTRAK……………………………………………………………… v KATA PENGANTAR………………………………………………….. vi DAFTAR ISI……………………………………………………………. viii DAFTAR TABEL………………………………………………………. x DAFTAR GAMBAR…………………………………………………… xi DAFTAR LAMPIRAN…………………………………………………. xii DAFTAR SINGKATAN……………………………………………….. xiii BAB I PENDAHULUAN………………………………………………. 1 A. Latar Belakang Masalah……………………………………. 1 B. Pertanyaan Penelitian………………………………………. 5 C. Tujuan dan Manfaat Penelitian............................................ 5 D. Tinjauan Pustaka.................................................................. 5 E. Kerangka Teori..................................................................... 9 1. Teori Kebijakan Luar Negeri....................................... 9 a. Faktor Internal.................................................. 13 b. Faktor Eksternal............................................... 14 2. Konsep Intervensi........................................................ 15 F. Metodologi Penelitian........................................................... 17 G. Sistematika Penulisan........................................................... 18 BAB II KRISIS POLITIK YANG TERJADI DI LIBYA...................... 20 A. Awal Mula terjadinya Krisis Politik di Libya....................... 20 1. Arab Spring sebagai Fenomena Politik di Timur Tengah………………………………………. 20 2. Arab Spring di Libya (Libya Spring)…………………. 25 B. Pihak Oposisi dalam Krisis Politik di Libya......................... 29 1. Lahirnya Kelompok Oposisi di Libya pada Masa Rezim Qaddafi.................................................... 29 2. NTC sebagai Perwakilan Resmi Rakyat Libya pada Masa Krisis………………………………………. 32 BAB III PERAN QATAR DALAM KRISIS POLITIK DI LIBYA…….. 35 A. Kedudukan Qatar di Timur Tengah………………………… 35 1. Kedudukan Qatar di Timur Tengah sebelum Krisis Politik…………………………………. 38 viii 2. Kedudukan Qatar di Timur Tengah pada Masa Krisis Politik……………………………… 41 B. Hubungan Bilateral Qatar dan Libya………………………. 43 1. Hubungan Qatar dan Libya sebelum Krisis Politik………………………………… 44 2. Hubungan Qatar dan Libya pada Masa Krisis Politik……………………………… 45 C. Bentuk Dukungan Qatar terhadap Pihak NTC..................... 47 BAB IV FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MENDORONG QATAR UNTUK MEMBERIKAN DUKUNGAN TERHADAP NTC................ 50 A. Dukungan Qatar terhadap NTC sebagai Bentuk Intervensi.................................................... 50 B. Faktor-Faktor yang mendorong Kebijakan Qatar terhadap NTC....................................................................... 54 1. Faktor Internal………………………………………… 55 a. Atribut Ekonomi: Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Qatar………………… 55 b. Kepentingan Ekonomi: Peluang Kerjasama Qatar dan NTC................ 58 2. Faktor Eksternal………………………………………. 60 a. Struktur dalam Sistem Internasional: Kawasan Timur Tengah………………………. 61 b. Aliansi: Hubungan Qatar dengan AS………………….. 63 BAB V PENUTUP……………………………………………………… 67 Kesimpulan……………………………………………………... 67 DAFTAR PUSTAKA……………………………………………………. xiv LAMPIRAN-LAMPIRAN………………………………………………. xx ix DAFTAR TABEL Tabel 1. Indeks Perdamaian Global Tahun 2011………………… 43 Tabel 2. Daftar Negara Terkaya di Dunia 2011-2012……………. 56 x DAFTAR GAMBAR Gambar 1. Peta Qatar di Timur Tengah………………………… 35 Gambar 2. Definisi Intervensi…………………………………… 16 xi DAFTAR LAMPIRAN Lampiran 1. Resolusi PBB 1970………………………………… xx Lampiran 2. Resolusi PBB 1973………………………………… xxxii xii DAFTAR SINGKATAN DK PBB : Dewan Keamanan PBB GCC : Gulf Cooperation Council HAM : Hak Asasi Manusia ICC : International
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