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Community Based Natural Resource Management: Stocktaking Assessment

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Community Based Natural Resource Management: Stocktaking Assessment COMMUNITY BASED NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: STOCKTAKING ASSESSMENT MALAWI PROFILE OCTOBER 2010 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by DAI in collaboration with World Wildlife Fund, Inc. (WWF). COMMUNITY BASED NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: STOCKTAKING ASSESSMENT MALAWI PROFILE Program Title: Capitalizing Knowledge, Connecting Communities Program (CK2C) Sponsoring USAID Office: USAID/Office of Acquisition and Assistance Contract Number: EPP-I-00-06-00021-00/01 Contractor: DAI Date of Publication: October 2010 Author: Daulos D.C. Mauambeta and Robert P.G. Kafakoma, Malawi CBNRM Forum, DAI Collaborating Partner: COPASSA project implemented by World Wildlife Fund, Inc. (WWF); Associate Cooperative Agreement Number: EPP-A-00-00004-00; Leader with Associate Award Number:LAG-A-00-99-00048-00 The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .........................................................................................................V ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................VII INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ...................................................................................................... 1 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................... 1 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY ...................................................................................................... 1 LAYOUT OF THE REPORT .......................................................................................................... 1 1.0 HISTORY OF CBNRM IN MALAWI ............................................................................ 3 1.1 PRE-CBNRM STATUS ................................................................................................... 3 1.2 MAJOR PROGRAMMATIC MILESTONES .......................................................................... 13 1.3 NATIONAL VISION AND OBJECTIVES OF CBNRM .......................................................... 16 1.4 CBNRM STAKEHOLDERS AND THEIR ROLES ................................................................ 18 1.5 CBNRM PROGRAMS, INSTITUTIONS AND LEVELS OF FUNDING ..................................... 19 2.0 ENABLING CONDITIONS AND SCALE OF CBNRM IN MALAWI .......................... 23 2.1 BILATERAL AGREEMENTS AND PROGRAMS WITH CBNRM APPROACHES ...................... 23 2.2 CONDUCIVE POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK.............................................................. 24 2.3 RESTORATION OF RIGHTS TO MANAGE NATURAL RESOURCES ..................................... 25 2.4 COMMUNITY WILLINGNESS ........................................................................................... 25 2.5 AWARENESS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS .............................................................. 25 3.0 CBNRM INITIATIVES IN MALAWI ............................................................................ 27 3.1. CBNRM IN THE FORESTRY SECTOR ............................................................................. 28 3.2 CBNRM IN THE FISHERIES SECTOR ............................................................................. 31 3.3 CBNRM IN THE WILDLIFE AND TOURISM SECTOR ......................................................... 34 3.4 CBNRM ACTIVITIES IN THE NATURAL PLANT PRODUCT SECTOR .................................. 36 3.5 CBNRM ACTIVITIES RELATED TO GRAZING AREAS ...................................................... 37 3.6 CBNRM ACTIVITIES RELATED TO WATER MANAGEMENT ............................................. 38 3.7 CBNRM ACTIVITIES RELATED TO AGRICULTURE .......................................................... 39 COMMUNITY BASED NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: i STOCKTAKING ASSESSMENT: MALAWI PROFILE 4.0 IMPACTS OF CBNRM PROGRAMS IN MALAWI .................................................... 41 4.1 IMPACTS RELATED TO CHANGES IN RIGHTS TO BENEFIT FROM NATURAL RESOURCES .. 44 4.2 CHANGES TO THE NATURAL RESOURCE BASE – STATUS AND TRENDS ......................... 47 4.3 CHANGES IN GOVERNANCE, RURAL REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION .................. 54 4.4 CHANGES IN BENEFITS ................................................................................................ 59 4.5 NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF CBNRM .................................................................................. 65 5.0 LESSONS LEARNED ................................................................................................ 67 5.1 POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORKS .............................................................................. 67 5.2 NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING ................................................ 67 5.3 NATURAL RESOURCE GOVERNANCE ............................................................................ 67 5.4 GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT OF BENEFITS ............................................................ 68 6.0 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR SCALING UP .................................... 69 6.1 CHALLENGES AND BARRIERS FOR CBNRM ................................................................. 69 6.2 OPPORTUNITIES FOR SCALING UP CBNRM .................................................................. 71 7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................................. 73 7.1 HARMONIZATION OF SECTORAL POLICIES .................................................................... 73 7.2 SCALING UP CBNRM EFFORTS ................................................................................... 73 7.3 INCREASE VALUE ADDITION IN CBNRM ....................................................................... 73 7.4 PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE CBNRM INITIATIVES .............................................................. 73 7.5 BUILD CAPACITY IN CBNRM ....................................................................................... 73 7.6 PROVIDE INCENTIVES AND RECOGNIZE STRONG TRADITIONAL LEADERSHIP .................. 74 7.7 ESTABLISH A NATIONAL INSTITUTION FOR CBNRM COORDINATION AND IMPLEMENTATION ................................................................................................................... 74 7.8 DISTRICT LEVEL BY-LAWS ........................................................................................... 74 7.9 DATA COLLECTION AND MONITORING AND EVALUATION SYSTEMS FOR CBNRM PROGRAMS ............................................................................................................................ 74 8.0 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................... 75 9.0 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 77 ANNEX 1 CBNRM PROFILE QUESTIONNAIRE FOR MALAWI ................................... 81 ANNEX 2 INDIVIDUALS CONTACTED .......................................................................... 85 ANNEX 3 INFORMATION ON NATIONAL PARKS, GAME RESERVES AND FOREST RESERVES ........................................................................................................... 87 ii COMMUNITY BASED NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: STOCKTAKING ASSESSMENT: MALAWI PROFILE TABLES AND FIGURES TABLE 1 Evolution of USAID CBNRM Programs in Southern Africa ....................................... 12 2 Key Players and Their Roles in CBNRM in Malawi ................................................... 18 3 CBNRM Programs, Institutions and Levels of Funding ............................................. 20 4 IFMSLP Sites ............................................................................................................ 29 5 Total Number of BVCs in Malawi .............................................................................. 32 6 Total Number of VNRCs and CBOs around Protected Areas and other Sites in Malawi ............................................................................................................................... 35 7 Summary of CBNRM Impacts in Malawi ................................................................... 42 8 BERDO Tree Planting and Management by Gender (January 2009 - June 2010) ... 52 9 Beekeeping Clubs of the Sapitwa Beekeepers Association ...................................... 53 10 SABA Membership by Zone since 2002 ................................................................... 55 11 SABA Membership by Gender .................................................................................. 56 12 BERDO Membership as of June 2010 ...................................................................... 57 13 Communities Involved in the Rivirivi Watershed Management Initiative, Balaka ...... 57 14 CBOs around Majete Wildlife Reserve by Gender .................................................... 58 15 Fish Catches and Income around Lake Chilwa, April 2009 to April 2010 ................. 61 COMMUNITY BASED NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: iii STOCKTAKING ASSESSMENT: MALAWI PROFILE FIGURE 1 Population Growth in Malawi (1907-2008) .................................................................. 5 2 National and Kasungu Elephant Populations in 1979 and 1995 ................................
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