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The U.S. Citizen-Soldier and the Global War on Terror: the National Guard Experience

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The U.S. Citizen-Soldier and the Global War on Terror: the National Guard Experience SEPTEMBER 2007 Strengthening the humanity and dignity of people in crisis through knowledge and practice The U.S. Citizen-Soldier and the Global War on Terror: The National Guard Experience By Larry Minear SEPTEMBER 2006 Strengthening the humanity and dignity of people in crisis through knowledge and practice The Feinstein International Center develops and promotes operational and policy responses to protect and strengthen the lives and livelihoods of people living in crisis-affected and -marginalized communities. FIC works globally in partnership with national and international organizations to bring about institutional changes that enhance effective policy reform and promote best practice. This and other reports are available online at fi c.tufts.edu. The U.S. Citizen-Soldier and the Global War on Terror: The National Guard Experience By Larry Minear © 2007 Feinstein International Center. All Rights Reserved. Fair use of this copyrighted material includes its use for non-commercial educa- tional purposes, such as teaching, scholarship, research, criticism, commentary, and news reporting. Unless otherwise noted, those who wish to reproduce text and image fi les from this publication for such uses may do so without the Feinstein International Center’s express permission. However, all commercial use of this material and/or reproduction that alters its meaning or intent, without the express permission of the Feinstein International Center, is prohibited. “In-Country” by Brian Perry, copyright © 2006 by Brian Perry, from OPERATION HOMECOMING, edited by Andrew Carroll. Used by permission of Random House, Inc. For on line information about other Random House, Inc. books and authors, see the Internet Web Site at http://www.randomhouse.com. Cover image: Staff Sergeant Mark P. LeBlanc Returns to Concord, New Hampshire, February 28, 2005. Photo by First Sgt. Mike Daigle, New Hampshire National Guard. Feinstein International Center Feinstein International Center Tufts University Addis Ababa Offi ce 200 Boston Ave., Suite 4800 P.O. Box 1078 Medford, MA 02155 Addis Ababa USA Ethiopia tel: +1 617 627 3423 tel: +251 (0)11 651 8619 fax: +1 617 627 3428 fax: +251 (0)11 651 6333 fi c.tufts.edu fi c.tufts.edu contents Summary 3 Voices of Veterans 4 Lieutenant Colonel Brian D. Perry, Sr. 4 Colonel Mark R. Warnecke 6 Specialist Abbie Pickett 8 Sergeant Benjamin J. Flanders 10 Chapter 1: The Actors and Theaters 13 The National Guard and the Active-Duty Military Forces 13 A Focus on New Hampshire and Vermont 15 The Global War on Terror 16 Chapter 2: Duty and Service 19 Chapter 3: Challenges 26 Adapting to the Unfamiliar 26 Coping with Danger and Insecurity 29 Wrestling with Ethical Issues 32 Chapter 4: Relationships 39 The Political Interface 39 Hearts and Minds Activities 43 Contractors 46 Communications 48 Chapter 5: Re-entry 53 Chapter 6: Wider Issues 59 A New Type of War? 59 A New National Guard? 61 Unfi nished Business 65 Conclusions and Implications 66 End Notes and Citations 69 Annex 1: Acronyms 77 Annex 2: Sources of Data 78 Annex 3: Bibliography 81 Annex 4: Methodology 82 Annex 5: About the Center and the Author 86 Annex 6: Acknowledgements 87 placeholder text Summary In its initial fi ve-plus years, 1,562,469 U.S. troops were Th e study focuses largely but not exclusively on the ex- deployed to the Global War on Terror’s two principal the- periences of members in the National Guard, citizen- aters, Afghanistan and Iraq. Of that number, 1,322,291 soldiers being a particularly illuminating bellwether of were members of the active-duty armed forces (Army, issues associated with the Global War on Terror. Th e Navy, Air Force, Marines) and their respective reserve core message is that the fi rst-hand experience of fi ght- units. Th e remaining 240,178 were members of the Na- ing in the Global War on Terror—fulfi lling and satisfying tional Guard (including the Army National Guard and for some, searing and traumatic for many, daunting and the Air National Guard), of whom 54,513 were deployed unsettling for most—raises issues of policy and practice more than once. Th us between September 11, 2001 and that have only begun to be pondered. Th ese include the June 30, 2007, upwards of a quarter of a million members high costs—personal and social, direct and indirect, fi - of the U.S. National Guard served in Afghanistan and/or nancial and institutional—of the current approach to Iraq.1 tackling terrorism, the need for more energetic eff orts to re-integrate returning veterans into American society, Th e National Guard is made up of citizen-soldiers, “part- the viability of continuing to respond to future threats of time” military personnel who train regularly but main- a divisive political nature with all-volunteer forces, and tain fulltime professions and occupations in their own the future of the National Guard as an institution. communities. While they may be called up for domestic 3 or international duties, the commitments they make are In the report’s opening section, extended narratives by fundamentally diff erent from those of their counterparts four veterans provide a sense of the range of experiences in the active-duty military forces, who for a stated period and the thoughtfulness and diversity of the views of the are full-time military career professionals. Th e Global soldiers engaged in the confl icts. Following a presenta- War on Terror was not the fi rst time that National Guard tion of the actors and the theaters in the Global War on personnel had been deployed abroad. However, it meant Terror (Chapter 1), successive chapters review the sense their deployment in unprecedented numbers for unchar- of duty and service among soldiers (Chapter 2), the acteristically lengthy periods of time. challenges they faced in Afghanistan and Iraq (Chapter 3), the relationships they forged with other key actors Th is report presents a composite picture of the impacts (Chapter 4), and their re-entry into life in the United of the Global War on Terror on those who have fought it. States (Chapter 5). Th e study concludes with an exami- It relies where possible on the troops’ own words, both nation of some of the wider issues raised by their experi- citizen-soldiers and active-duty military personnel. Th e ence (Chapter 6). report is based on interviews with about 100 soldiers— some conducted specifi cally for this study, some other- Interspersed throughout the study are quotations from wise available. It also draws on e-mails, letters, and other a wide variety of sources, photographs taken by soldiers commentary produced by an additional three dozen sol- themselves, and fi gures, charts, and tables providing sta- diers. Th e report makes extensive use of media coverage tistical detail. Citations to this illustrative material are and incorporates the viewpoints expressed in interviews located on pages 77–78; other annexed material includes for this study with another 50-plus members of military a list of persons interviewed and other items related to families and organizations, local communities, public the report. offi cials and policy-makers, helping professionals, and members of the general public. In all, the study makes use of some 200 sources. September 2007 • The U.S. Citizen-Soldier and the Global War on Terror: The National Guard Experience Voices of Veterans Th is study provides a composite view of refl ections by uncomfortable and made sleeping a challenge. Time be- U.S. veterans from the confl icts in Afghanistan and came diffi cult to track. Iraq on their experiences in the Global War on Terror. My mind drift ed back to New Orleans. It was just a few It draws on interviews with soldiers, their families, and days ago that I had served my last trial as a judge ad hoc. their communities, and on materials that the soldiers It was a coveted position but, unfortunately, the appoint- themselves have written describing their experiences. ment came just a week before September 11, 2001. My Th is opening section contains excerpts from four indi- lovely wife, Karla, and our six children spent part of the viduals, reproduced in some detail to convey the richness day in the courtroom with me, and it was an emotional and diversity of views. Th e experiences of the four also moment for all of us. Th e youngest, our seven-year-old surface throughout the body of the report, where their son, had hidden behind the massive bench and secretly refl ections are, to one extent or another, echoed by the handed me small notes telling me how proud they all comments of scores of others from the ranks. were of me. Lieutenant Colonel Brian D. I thought back on my decision to stay in Tampa [Florida] 4 Perry, Sr. in the days immediately aft er 9/11. I did not want to leave headquarters, as there was so much to do to get ready A member of the U.S. Army Reserve, Lt. Col. Perry was for war, and I remained on duty until my wife received attending a briefi ng at the headquarters of the U.S. Central my mobilization orders. One week was all the time I had Command in Tampa, Florida, on the morning of Septem- to close down my law offi ce and return to CENTCOM ber 11, 2001. In short order, he would close his full-time [Central Command]. legal practice in New Orleans and depart on a classifi ed A sudden movement in front of me brought me back to mission to Afghanistan. the plane, to the mission. Th e loadmaster was no lon- Col.
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