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NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING of SOFT BODY ARMOR Karan Bhise Purdue University

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NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING of SOFT BODY ARMOR Karan Bhise Purdue University Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Open Access Theses Theses and Dissertations January 2015 NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF SOFT BODY ARMOR Karan Bhise Purdue University Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses Recommended Citation Bhise, Karan, "NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF SOFT BODY ARMOR" (2015). Open Access Theses. 1047. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses/1047 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. Graduate School Form 30 Updated 1/15/2015 PURDUE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL Thesis/Dissertation Acceptance This is to certify that the thesis/dissertation prepared By KARAN NITIN BHISE Entitled NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF SOFT BODY ARMOR For the degree of Master of Science in Aeronautics and Astronautics Is approved by the final examining committee: WEINONG WAYNE CHEN Chair CHARLES ROBERT KENLEY VIKAS TOMAR To the best of my knowledge and as understood by the student in the Thesis/Dissertation Agreement, Publication Delay, and Certification Disclaimer (Graduate School Form 32), this thesis/dissertation adheres to the provisions of Purdue University’s “Policy of Integrity in Research” and the use of copyright material. Approved by Major Professor(s): WEINONG WAYNE CHEN Approved by: WEINONG WAYNE CHEN 11/23/2015 Head of the Departmental Graduate Program Date NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF SOFT BODY ARMOR A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Purdue University by Karan Bhise In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Aeronautics and Astronautics December 2015 Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I would like to convey my gratitude to my advisor, Professor Weinong Chen, for his support throughout my thesis at School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University. With his status as one of the leading researchers in the field of Structures and Impact Science, it has been a privilege to perform research under his supervision in the short period of time that we worked together. He has always been supportive, helpful, filled with ideas and a very understanding advisor making my research experience a memorable one. I would sincerely like to thank Dr. Philipp Seiler for being a mentor, a guide, a friend and a great helping hand throughout the term of my research. Without him, I would not have completed my tasks successfully in the stipulated amount of time. He not only helped me get out of deadlocks in my research but also provided me with helpful tips to improve my efficiency. His insights aided me in looking at different aspects of the problem, thus helping me to answer all the questions related to specific problems. Next I would like to extend my appreciation for Niranjan Parab, Matthew Hud- speth and Ben Claus for developing the main idea of the project without which this project would not have existed. Most importantly I would like to thank Jongseong Choi and Boon Him Lim for working with me in tandem to achieve the required objectives and complete the given tasks on time with utmost satisfaction. I sincerely thank Dr. Vikas Tomar and Dr. Charles Kenley for making time from their busy schedule and helping me towards the completion of my thesis. I would also like to extend my gratitude to Linda Flack, Jennifer Laguire and all others from School of Aeronautics and Astronautics who made sure my stay at Purdue was hassle- free. Finally a big thanks to my parents, family and all friends within and outside iii Purdue who helped and motivated me during my stay at Purdue and successfully accomplish my goals as a graduate students. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: vi LIST OF FIGURES ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: vii SYMBOLS :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ix ABBREVIATIONS :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: x ABSTRACT ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: xi 1 Introduction :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 1.1 Definition of Body Armor ::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 1.2 Importance of Body Armor :::::::::::::::::::::: 3 1.3 History of Body Armor ::::::::::::::::::::::::: 4 1.4 Types Of Body Armor ::::::::::::::::::::::::: 7 1.4.1 Classification :::::::::::::::::::::::::: 8 1.5 Motivation for the Project ::::::::::::::::::::::: 10 1.5.1 Current Testing Procedure ::::::::::::::::::: 10 1.5.2 Non Destructive Testing Procedure :::::::::::::: 13 1.5.3 Fast Fourier Transforms :::::::::::::::::::: 13 2 Method :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 16 2.1 Project Objectives ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 16 2.2 Primary Objectives ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 17 2.3 Experimental Approach :::::::::::::::::::::::: 18 2.3.1 Vibration Energy Signature Test (VEST)- Conceptual ::: 18 2.3.2 Actual VEST Experimental Set-Up :::::::::::::: 20 2.4 Finite Element Validation of the Experiment ::::::::::::: 22 2.4.1 Attempts to correct the Simulation :::::::::::::: 22 2.4.2 Individual Parts ::::::::::::::::::::::::: 27 2.4.3 Finite Element Model Arrangement :::::::::::::: 33 3 Results and Discussion :::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 36 3.1 Initial Results :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 36 3.1.1 Model 1 Results ::::::::::::::::::::::::: 36 3.1.2 Model 2 Results ::::::::::::::::::::::::: 37 3.1.3 Model 3 Results ::::::::::::::::::::::::: 41 3.2 Validation :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 45 3.2.1 Variations in Different Load Cell Location Readings ::::: 46 v Page 3.2.2 Analyses to Compare Different Materials ::::::::::: 47 3.2.3 Sensitivity Analysis ::::::::::::::::::::::: 57 3.2.4 Influence of the Weight of the Frames ::::::::::::: 64 4 Conclusions :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 66 4.1 Evaluation of the Arrangement after Validation ::::::::::: 66 4.2 Proposed Arrangement ::::::::::::::::::::::::: 67 5 Current and Future Work :::::::::::::::::::::::::: 69 5.1 Improved Experimental Arrangement - Current Work :::::::: 69 5.2 Finite Element Model for the New Set-up ::::::::::::::: 72 5.3 Future Work ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 79 REFERENCES :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 82 APPENDICES Appendix A: Matlab script for the example of Fast Fourier Transforms of a Sine Wave :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 84 Appendix B: Force over Time for 0.5 m/s Velocity without Self Weight Vi- brations ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 85 Appendix C: Comparison of Different Materials with Constrained Frame 86 Appendix D: Sensitivity Analysis with Constrained Frames :::::::: 87 Appendix E: Fast Fourier Transforms for Sensitivity Analysis with Con- strained Frames ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 92 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 History of Finite Element Models Used :::::::::::::::::: 26 3.1 Material Used for Analysis ::::::::::::::::::::::::: 48 3.2 Comparison of Force over Time Histories for Different Materials :::: 53 3.3 Maximum Force Values at Every Load Cell Locations :::::::::: 61 D.1 Maximum force values at Every Load Cell Locations :::::::::: 91 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1.1 Officers (without Body Armor) Feloniously Killed between 2002 and 20114 1.2 Ancient Body Armor :::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 5 1.3 Acceptable Strapping Methods for Body Armor ::::::::::::: 11 1.4 Bullets shot at body armor :::::::::::::::::::::::: 12 1.5 General armor panel impact locations (front and back) ::::::::: 13 1.6 Example Showing the Use of Fast Fourier Transforms :::::::::: 15 2.1 VEST Experimental Set-Up Concept ::::::::::::::::::: 19 2.2 VEST Experiment ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 21 2.3 Model 1 Assembly in ABAQUS :::::::::::::::::::::: 23 2.4 Top and Bottom Frame :::::::::::::::::::::::::: 29 2.5 sample :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 30 2.6 Impactor ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 31 2.7 Load Cell :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 32 2.8 Experiment Assembly in ABAQUS :::::::::::::::::::: 35 3.1 Model 1 Plot for Force Over Time ::::::::::::::::::::: 37 3.2 Effect of Vibration ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 39 3.3 Model 2 Plots :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 40 3.4 Model 3 Simulation with Constrained Frames :::::::::::::: 43 3.5 Model 3 Simulation with No Boundary Conditions on Frames ::::: 44 3.6 New Load Cell Locations :::::::::::::::::::::::::: 45 3.7 Load Cell Force Response for the New Frame on a sample ::::::: 46 3.8 Model 3 Simulation for Isotropic Materials :::::::::::::::: 49 3.9 Model 3 Simulation for Isotropic Materials :::::::::::::::: 50 3.10 Comparison of Different Materials through Experimental Analysis ::: 54 viii Figure Page 3.11 Comparison of Different Materials through Finite Element Analysis :: 54 3.12 Fast Fourier Transforms :::::::::::::::::::::::::: 56 3.13 Fast Fourier Transforms with Detrend :::::::::::::::::: 56 3.14 Benchmark for Comparison - Impact at Center of Mass ::::::::: 57 3.15 Analysis with Offsets in X direction :::::::::::::::::::: 59 3.16 Analysis with Offsets in Y direction :::::::::::::::::::: 60 3.17 Maximum Values of Force at Every Load Cell Location ::::::::: 62 3.18 Standard Deviation for Offsets ::::::::::::::::::::::: 63 3.19 Comparing Fast Fourier Transforms :::::::::::::::::::: 63 3.20 Study of Influence of Weight on the Analysis ::::::::::::::: 65 5.1 Improved Experimental Arrangement ::::::::::::::::::: 70 5.2 Input and Output Forces Recorded on the New Set-up ::::::::: 71 5.3 Finite Element Model of the Frame :::::::::::::::::::: 73 5.4 Finite Element Model of the Aluminium Plate :::::::::::::: 74 5.5 Finite Element Model of the Load Cells :::::::::::::::::: 75 5.6 Finite Element Model of the Impactor :::::::::::::::::: 76 5.7 Finite Element Model of the New
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