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June-August 1983 Vol. 7 No. 4 $2.00

COUNTERTHE MAGAZINE FOR PEOPLE WHO NEED TO KNOW "They reserveunto themselves the right to commit any crime, to lie, to cheat. .. " Disinformation in the Reagan Administration

Also in this issue: Michael O'Rourke: Irish Political Prisoner in the U.S. • CIA to Europe: Take the Missiles! • Moonies Move on Honduras • IMF Pushes Pinochet to Brink • Klaus Barbie: Global Nazi • Casey's Terrorism Math • The Pope Plot: CIA Production, Inc. • U.S. Backs Morocco's Saharan War • Project Democracy

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CounterSpy Statement of Purpose: The United States emerged from World War II as the world's dominant political and economic power, To conserve and enhance this power, the U.S. govern­ ment created a variety of institutions to secure dominance over "free world" nations which supply U.S. corporations with cheap labor, raw materials, and markets. A number of these in­ stitutions, some initiated jointly with allied Western European governments, have systemat­ ically violated the fundamental rights and freedoms of people in this country and the world over. Prominent among these creations was the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), born in 1947. Since 1973, CounterSpy magazine has exposed and analyzed such intervention in all its facets: covert CIA operations, U.S. interference in foreign labor movements, U.S. aid in cre­ ating foreign intelligence agencies, multinational corporations-intelligence agency link-ups, and World Bank assistance for counterinsurgency, to name but a few. Our view is that while CIA operations have been one of the most infamous forms of intervention, the CIA is but one strand in a complex web of interference and control. Our motivation for publishing CounterSpy has been two-fold: • People in the U.S. have the right and need to know the scope and nature of their gov­ ernment's abrogation of U.S. and other citizens' rights and liberties in order to defend them­ selves and most effectively change the institutions. • People in other countries, often denied access to information, can better protect their own rights and bring about necessary change when equipped with such information.

Counterspy encourages the use of its articles in About Our Cover not-for-profit publications. Other publications interested in reprinting Counterspy materials The quotation on our cover is a remark made by must request permission in writing. All reprints President Reagan in a January 29, 1981 press of Counterspy must be credited and include conference. Ref erring to the Soviet govern­ Counterspy's address. Similarly, researchers ment, he claimed that it reserves the "right to and journalists using documents originally ob­ commit any crime, to lie, to cheat" in order to tained by Counterspy must credit Counterspy attain world revolution. The multi-faceted magazine. disinformation campaign being waged by the Reagan administration, as documented in this issue, leads us to conclude that Reagan's state­ Attention Subscribers ment is an accurate projection of the philos­ ophy under which the U.S. government itself If your label reads "R74" or "L74," this is your operates. - The Editors - last issue of Counter spy. Please renew right away - don't miss a single issue. Attention prisoner subscribers: Subscriptions to prisoners Counterspy is available on microfilm from will remain free of charge. However, we are University Microfilms International, 300 North asking prisoners to renew their subscriptions. If Zeeb Road, Dept. PR, Ann Arbor, MI 48106; or your label reads "FP74" please renew to let us know that you have been getting Counterspy 30-32 Mortimer St., Dept. PR, London W 19 it in 7RA, England. Counterspy is indexed in and wish to receive the future. Address Alternative Press Index, P .0. Box 7229, changes: When notifying Counterspy of a Baltimore MD 21218. change of address, please include yo ur old label.

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Editors: COUNTERSpy Konrad Ege News NOT in the News John Kelly 4 CIA Secret Bank Accounts ... Slave Labor? ..Yellow Rain ...U.S. Base in Haiti ...CIA and FBI Spending Binge Board of Advisors: Dr. Walden Bello Disinformation Director, Congress Task The Pope Plot: CIA Productions, Inc Force of the Philippine Casey's Terrorism Math by John Kelly Solidarity Network CIA to Europe: Take the Missiles Reagan's "Misstatements": Fueling the Push for Military Superiority Robin Broad by Konrad Ege PhD Candidate Soviet Military Power, 1983: Inflating the Assessment of Soviet Princeton University Strength by John Pike Disinformation: Excuse for Raids Against Canadian Peace Groups John Cavanagh by Murray MacAdam Economist Northern Ireland: U.S.Media Peddels British Line by Kathleen O'Neal Non-Truth at the New York Times Dr. Noam Chomsky by Laurie Kirby Professor at MIT, El Salvador Peace Activist 33 Interview with Dr.Chari ie Clements: Pilot Against Vietnam, Doctor for Dr. Joshua Cohen El Salvador Assistant Professor, MIT Salvadoran Refugees Testify: "It's a War Against the People" Ruth Fitzpatrick Member, Steering Commit­ tee of the Religious Task Force on Central America Dr. Laurie Kirby Professor, City University of New York Tamar Kohns Political activist Annie Makhijani Baker, nursing student Dr. Arjun Makhijani • .,AAT WE flQE IN,-&�ESTED IN IS A C.ollell.MMl:"-IT 'Ii-MT WILL Olt£QT� TM€ �of>Lt:/" Consultant on energy and economic development Intervention in Latin America: Case Studies Martha Wenger 40 IMF Pushes Pinochet to Brink by Walden Bello and John Kelly Office Worker, CIA, Coups and Cocaine: Klaus Barbie- Global Nazi by Konrad Ege Counterspy's copy editor Moonies Move on Honduras [Organizations for Features identification only] Political Prisoner Michael O'Rourke: The Longest Held Immigration Detainee by Patricia Grace 48 The Bronfman Family: Whiskey Barons Smuggle Arms to South Africa Cover design: by John Cavanagh Johanna Vogelsang Interview with Polisario Front Representative: U.S.Backs Morocco's Saharan War by Martha Wenger

Book Reviews 56 Derrick Knight, Beyond the Pale: The Christian Political Fringe Robert Berman and John Baker, Soviet Strategic Forces

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on the export pipeline" either. CIA Secret Bank To Cold War warriors such as the AFL-CIO's Irving Brown, that apparently doesn't matter. He Accounts subsequently noted in Free Trade Union News that "in viw [sic] of the past use of unconfined forced laborers and the current shortage of labor [in the U.S. District Judge James Paine is having a hard Soviet Uniop], it seems that forced labor would time bringing a former top aide of Alexander Haig be used along the export pipeline route for com­ to justice. Air Force Major General Richard pressor station and auxiliary construction unless Collins fret.), of West Palm Beach, Florida, is the Soviets depart from their usual practice be­ accused of embezzling U.S. government funds cause of the exposure in the Western media." kept in secret Swiss bank accounts while he was Brown also reprinted a drawing of a Soviet labor Director of Plans and Policies under Haig in camp contained in the November State Stuttgart, West Germany. The Major General Department report, without noting that it is a denies the charge; he says that it was his pro­ CIA drawing and that it does not depict an actual fessional duty to deal with the secret accounts. camp, but rather is an artist's conception of a These funds "financed intelligence gathering "typical" camp. operations in Europe and covert CIA operations in Southeast Asia." (Miami Herald, 2/10/83) Collins claims he handled "millions" of dollars earmarked for CIA operations. The money was concealed in Yellow Rain Swiss Bank Corp. and Lloyd's Bank International Ltd. accounts in Geneva. Collins has threatened to reveal the particulars of CIA operations for The Reagan administration's campaign of accusing which he laundered money if the government the Soviet Union and/or Vietnam and/or persists in prosecuting him. Afghanistan of using . "yellow rain," i.e. mycotoxins, as an agent of biological warfare is rapidly losing credibility. An Australian govern­ ment scientist, Hugh Crone, who analyzed leaf samples with "yellow rain" traces with the help of Slave Labor? the U.S. government concluded that the samples were deliberately concocted from local pollen and fungi spores. He put his conclusion in utterly The State Department has published a final report clear terms: "The items were fakes." There were on whether the Soviet Union is using "slave labor" traces of poisonous fungus in these fabricated to construct its natural gas pipeline from Western samples, he said, but nothing that could be con­ Siberia to Europe. A Senate committee had sidered "militarily effective." (See Washington mandated the investigation in support of Post, 3/20/83.) President Reagan's anti-Soviet sanctions. (See --The "yellow rain" affair has received repeated "The Yamal Natural Gas Pipeline: Soviet 'Slave play in the U.S. media, but another potential Labor' Charges Examined," Counterspy, March­ mycotoxin affair has been gi ven the silent treat­ May 1983.) ment with the exception of one or two paragraphs As did the preceding CIA/State Department here and there: U.S. grain shipments to the Soviet report, released in November 1982, the final re­ Union have been affected by a fungus-type port provides no proof for the "slave labor" disease known as "scab." This has prompted the claims. In regard to charges that Vietnamese Soviets to buy less grain, and has also Jed to fears "slave laborers" work on the pipeline, the State in the USSR that the wheat shipments "may also Department conceded that it has "no independent be affected by a poisonous mycotoxin associated evidence to confirm that Vietnamese are working with 'scab."' (Washington Post, 3/26/83.) 4 -- Cou.n.tu.Spl/ -- June-AugUh:t 7qg3

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U.S. Base in Haiti �I.LU Fll"-U llloCICUS4 # its ti� ... The"National 'Nutl ear � AsSOtiation �s fkst Mee

The U.S. government appears to be preparing to construct a new naval base in the Mole Saint­ Nicolas area of northwestern Haiti. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is already working in the area. "The work remains secret; private access to the area is not allowed and neither the State Department... nor the Government at Port-au­ Prince will acknowledge the U.S. Army's presence at the bay." (Sydney Morning Herald, 3/15/83) An official from the State Department's Haitian desk claimed that a few officers of the Corps had gone to the area to check out a malfunctioning hydro­ electric dam. There is just one problem with that explanation: no such dam exists in the area. Mole Saint-Nicolas is very close to Cuba, only some 90 kilometers from the U.S. base at Guantanamo Bay. Counterspy learned from a high-ranking Haitian government official that the Reagan administration has been negotiating with Secret 1985-89 Haiti's dictator "Baby Doc" Duvalier and has offered him $500 million in exchange for base Defense Guidance rights. Duvalier refused the $500 million because it had some strings attached, and the U.S. is now offering $780 million. Meanwhile, one of Reagan administration officials continue to deny Duvalier's cronies recently bought out Haiti's only that they believe the U.S. can ''win" a war against cement factory - sure to be a valuable asset if the Soviet Union. Secret, as well as public construction goes forward - and speculators are government documents demonstrate, though, that rushing to buy land at Mole Saint-Nicolas. the current military buildup is geared toward enabling U.S. forces to end a worldwide nuclear war "on terms favorable to U.S. interests." That is how Defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger de­ scribed the objective of the Reagan buildup in a CIA and FBI February 1983 hearing. His Annual Report for Fiscal Year 1984 says that U.S. forces must be Spending Binge strong enough to "restore peace on favorable terms" after a nuclear war. Weinberger's secret 1985-89 Defense Guidance While 11 to 20 million adults in the U.S. are is toned down a bit from the 1984-88 version unemployed and broke, the CIA, according to which stated that "should ••• strategic nucle�r war Director William Casey, is increasing its multi­ with the USSR occur, the United States must billion dollar budget alqng the lines of the prevail •••• " But its content hasn't changed: the Pentagon's gargantuan increases. The FBI, doing Reagan administration is preparing for a pro­ its part, recently spent more than $1,004,110 in tracted nuclear war against the Soviet Union. taxpayers' money for wiretapping costs in a single The Guidance also promotes intervention in the case. Additional costs are classified. This was internal affairs of Eastern European countries: the bribery conspiracy case centered around Roy "[The U.S. is to] foster long-term political and L. Williams, president of the International military changes within the So viet empire that Brotherhood of Teamsters, and former will lead to a more secure and more peaceful Democratic Senator Howard Cannon. According world order." to data squeezed out through a Freedom · of It also remains U.S. policy to target the Soviet Information Act request, some 30,416 conver­ command and control centers for immediate de­ sations involving 2 ,013 people were recorded. struction in case of war: ''We should raise the Only 4.5 percent of these tapes were of any use to level of Soviet uncertainty about achieving their the prosecution. military missions by devising concepts and oper­ ations to disable the highly centralized Soviet command and control structure." The Guidance further directs that: Cou..n.:tvr.Spy -- Jwte-Augl..Ult 7983 -- 5 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7

• The improvement of Command, Control, and Weinberger wants the Chinese to tie down Soviet Communications facilities remains a top priority. forces in the East; an operation that would re­ They are to be built so that they can function ceive "logistical support" from the U.S. effectively in a nuclear fallout environment." To fulfill this 1985-89 Defense Guidance, • Nuclear war-fighting preparations have to be Weinberger wants to nearly double military spend­ integrated so that the President can "execute ing; from $240.5 billion in Fiscal Year 1983 to controlled-response options." This order implies $464.7 billion in 1989. Weinberger believes that that the administration still believes a nuclear this U.S. buildup, and especially its concentration war can be "fought," "controlled," and· thus, on areas in which the Un ited States has a tech­ limited. nological lead will "impose still heavier burdens • The United States must build up_ a large on a sluggish Soviet economy" - the_ U.S. arms nuclear weapons reserve "so that the U.S. will buildup as economic warfare. A quick glance at never be without nuclear offensive capabilities the effects of Weinberger's military spending on while still threatened by nuclear forces." the U.S. economy to date should be sufficient to • An anti-satellite weapons system is to be debunk the theory that this country's economy is operational by 1987; it will consist of · 12 F-15 strong enough to bring the Soviet Un ion to its fighter planes equipped with interceptors, i.e., knees by forcing it to match the U.S. arms small sate11ites that can be fired from the air­ buildup. craft and then exploded close to the satellite (Sources: Defense Week, 3/14/83; Washin ton targeted for destruction•. _ Post, 3/1 8/83; New York Times, 3/18D 83, • Electronic warfar.e "must remain an area of 3/22 /83.) unique U.S. superiority." • The Air Force is to push ahead with · the research and development of laser weapons for warfare in space "to permit decision on an on­ orbit demonstration." The Guidance also men­ tions the Pentagon's increased effort to develop particle beam and high power microwave weapons. The most Influential Third World • Chemical warfare preparations are to be · French-language magazine, clrculatlng stepped up. "Our forces will be equipped, trained In more than 70 countrlH and provided the special support to enable them For fourtHn years, AFRIQUE-ASIE has bHn In the to sustain activities for at least 30 days" after the forefront among publications fighting for the political, first use of chemical weapons. economic and cultural liberation of the countrlff of Africa, the Mlddle-Eaat. Asia and Latin America from • The buildup of the Special Forces such as the colonial, neocolonial and Imperialist preuure and Green Berets is to proceed rapidly. "With unique domination. It has acquired a prestige recognized options, they must be ready for employment in by the major world publications and has a great Influence on the shaping of public opinion and policies circumstances in which the use of large conven­ in the most sensitive areas of the world. ; tional forces would be premature, inappropriate In 1975, after the liberation of Mozambique, Prealdent SAMORA MACHEL said: .. In our long struggle fOf' or infeasible." f,NOOIII. AFRlQUE-ASIE has been the light wNctl • The Air Force and the Army are to enlarge ill&Pin Nid h ....., dark tunnel which OW' ftgtltera their predeployed arsenals in the Middle East. had to c,ou._ • IF YOU WANT TO BE KEPT INFORMED ABOUT WHAT The United States must also "develop plans to IS REALLY HAPPENING IN THE THIRD WORLD. counter militarily Soviet, Cuban and Libyan IF YOU WANT TO UNDERSTAND THE REAL MEAN­ forces operating from Libyan bases which pose a ING OF EVENTS OF THE THIRD WORLD. IF YOU WANT TO GET FIRST HAND NEWS BEFORE threat to U.S. and NATO forces." IT IS PUBLISHED ANYWHERE ELSE ask for a speci­ • The U.S. "must retain, and, as required, men of our magazine. or better, subscribe to our next expand access and transit rights in pro-Western twenty-four iaauea. Pie... fill and mall the following order .. ,.. ...,....nt. African states for the deployment of U.S. forces O I enclose $ 2.50 for a specimen by alnnaN to Africa, the South Atlantic and contiguous 0 I enclose $ 60 for a year's subscription by alnnall areas; and work to deny or reverse similar access and transit rights to the Soviets." "U.S. interests Nam•------·------in Africa will grow in the decade ahead•••• Critical commercial and military LOC's lines of com­ Street munication traverse and run in close proximity to City _____ ...... State ___ this resource-rich continent." Send your check or money order • The Reagan administration plans to to AFRIQUE-ASIE, 13, rue d'Uz... strengthen its military ties with the People's 75002 PARIS (France) Republic of China "through a continuing program of military-to-military contact and prudent assis­ tance.... in defensive weaponry." In case of war, 6 -- Cou.n.teJtSpy -- June-Au.gu.6-t 79 83

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The Pope Plot: CIA Productions, Inc.

Paul Henze, a former CIA Chief of Station in ed with the Turkish rightists, but that was just a Turkey, and Claire Sterling, the terrorism guru of cover. "Turks close to the [Agca] case" believe, the Reagan administration, are busy these days she claims, that Bulgaria for years has been writing about the ominous "Bulgarian connection." instrumental in stimulating terrorism in Turkey to By now, this "Bulgarian connection" has been destabilize this NATO country. The Bulgarians touted as the key not only to finding the master­ who were active in Turkey, she suggests, spotted minds behind the shooting of Pope John Paul but Agca early on as a potential recruit and meticu­ also to uncovering an alleged conspiracy to kill lously built up his cover as a rightist. Henze the former Polish Solidarity leader Lech Walesa. believes the Bulgarians may have first set their Both Henze and Sterling have been driving forces eyes on Agca while he was still in high school. behind the "Bulgarian connection" campaign; Henze is convinced that Agca seemed to the Sterling with her original Reader's Digest article, Bulgarians destined to be such a capable operative "The Plot to Murder the Pope" in September 1982, that they recruited him to do "something big�" He and Henze as a consultant to Reader's Digest and to NBC-TV, and as the author of an upcoming book and· numerous articles about the attempted 1assassination of the pope. Sterling's Reader's Digest article which set off Sterling's problem is to the Bulgarian frenzy has about the same quality as her book, The Terror Network: very few hard explain why Mehmet Ali facts, but lots of innuendo. Sterling's problem is Agca, the confessed to explain why Mehmet Ali Agca, the confessed assailant and a well-known rightist, should have assailant and a well-known tried to kill the pope in the service of Bulgarian intelligence ( which, of course, she points out, is rightist, should have tried controlled by the Soviet KGB). In 1979, Agca to kill the pope in the murdered the liberal editor of a Turkish daily and was arrested for the crime. His defense lawyer service of Bulgarian was Turun Oezbay, a prominent man of the ex­ treme right in Turkey. Agca was convicted but intelligence. managed, rather mysteriously, to escape from prison. Agca left Turkey and then criss-crossed Europe for several months. One of the countries believes that after a vigorously anti-communist he visited was Bulgaria; later he spent several Polish cardinal became pope and supported weeks in West Germany where he visited members Solidarity, the "Soviet masters" ordered the of the fascist Grey Wolves terror network. Bulgarians to send Agca to kill the pope. In a Sterling concedes that Agca was closely associat- March 3, 1983 speech at the Woodrow Wilson Cou.n:tVLSpy -- Ju.ne-Augu.6:t 79 83 -- 7

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International Center for Scholars, Henze outlined his "Bulgarian connection" become apparent in the this dramatic scenario, but admitted that there course of his talk: He reveals that he has worked are many inconsistencies in his version that has closely with the· Voice of America and the United Agca shooting the pope with the direct assistance States Information Agency to publicize his "find­ of Bulgarian intelligence officers. ings" about the alleged Bulgarian (and therefore Henze concedes that he doesn't have good Soviet) involvement. This should, he states, help answers to such questions as: Why did the to convince people in Eastern Europe of the Bulgarians, allegedly Agca's accomplices, not ruthless nature of their governments. leave Italy immediately after Agca was arrested? In his articles and talks, Paul Henze does not Why would Agca, supposedly a "profe.ssional" ter­ identify himself as the former CIA Chief of rorist, carry notes on his person indicating who his Station in Turkey. He is simply a "former staff alleged co-conspirators were? Why would Sergei member of the National Security Council." When Antonov, whom Henze describes as a leading he is challenged on that point at the Woodrow Bulgarian intelligence officer, personally drive Wilson Center gathering, Henze only concedes Agca to St. Peter's Square for the shooting? that: "I have worked in lots of embassies around Many of these circumstances, admits Henze, seem the world." He is also quick to point out to the "illogical" and "irrational." questioner - who identifies himself as a Bulgarian Nonetheless, Henze plunges on: the attempt on - that he, Henze, is not anti-Bulgarian. The the pope's life is one of the "most significant Bulgarians, Henze says, are a brave and anti­ events of the latter part of this century," he says; Soviet people. They proved that, he goes on, it has already "exposed an enormous network of when they were one of the first countries to side subversion." Henze's motives for driving forward with the Nazis during World War II.

Casey's Terrorism Math

by John Kelly

Effective disinformation requires close collabora­ Security Council held its first meeting of the tion between government agencies and the cor­ current administration. The main topic was to porate-controlled press. Specific camp aigns serve become a familiar one: terrorism. With Reagan different purposes. Some are targeted at creating present, Anthony C.E. Quainton, then-director of a general mood in the population. Others en­ the State Department's Office for Combating gender acceptance of budgetary shifts, such as Terrorism, briefed the Council. the massive increase in military spending. Still The President proved an attentive pupil. The others are launched to garner support for new fo llowing day, Reagan welcomed back the hos­ legislative initiatives. tages from Iran with the bold assertion, "Let Reagan's ''war on terrorism" has worked on all terrorists be aware that when the rules of inter­ these.fronts. It has been waged from the halls of national behavior are violated, our policy will be the State Department, the Justice Department, one of swift and effective retribution." Two days and William Casey's CIA, as well as from the Oval later, on January 28, 19'81, at his first press Office. In the end, with no great resistance from conference as Secretary of State, Alexander Haig the Congress or the people in the U.S., the was more specific: "International terrorism will specter of "terrorism" was used as the pretext to take the place of human rights in our concern formally unleash the CIA in the U.S. through a because it is the ultimate abuse of human rights." 1981 Presidential executive order. At the same Ear lier in his statement, Haig asserted that the time, neither the press nor the government have Soviet Union is "involved in conscious policy, in presented any evidence to substantiate the terror­ programs, if you will, which foster, support and ism charge. expand" terrorism. Only six days after President Reagan's Shortly after Haig's press conference, the inauguration in January 1981, the National CIA's National Foreign Assessments Center, under 8 -- Cou.n-tVLSpy -- Ju.ne-Au.gt.Uit 1983

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Bruce C. Clark, began readying its annual terror­ casualties - as opposed to property damage - also ism estimate. CIA Director Casey rejected the increased last year, with four out of every 10 Center's first estimate and sent it back for revi­ attacks resulting in at least one casualty, com­ sion. According to the New York Times, CIA pared with three out of 10 in 1979 and a cumula­ analysts "complained that Mr. Casey had con­ tive average of 20 percent." sidered the draft faulty because it did not support Without presenting any supporting data, the Mr. Haig 's assertions." Another Times report, report went on to assert that "the Soviets are based on congressional and administration deeply engaged in support of revolutionary vio­ sources, added that the draft found "insufficient lence, which is a fundamental element of Leninist evidence that the Soviet Union is directly helping ideology. Such violence frequently entails acts of to foment international terrorism ••• ," and noted international terrorism." In contrast, the 1979 that Clark was retiring (''personal decision") report had said that "the number of attacks possibly to be replaced by John McMahon, CIA declined worldwide, however, as did the number Deputy Director of Operations. and proportion of attacks against U.S. citizens." McMahon, although not an analyst, did indeed become head of the National Foreign Assessments Center (NF AC), and Casey later admitted to "not accepting estimates in NF AC" - which several press reports suggested included the terrorism estimate. Casey said estimates on Latin America Terrorism has emerged in were rejected because they ''have not addressed the 1980s to replace and Soviet interests, activities and influence there." Casey also refused to accept another study on supplement the "Red terrorism which he himself had requested from the Defense Intelligence Agency. Menace" as a rationale for "Terrorist" Acts Double Overnight CIA domestic and foreign While Casey's rejected terrorism estimate was covert operations. being revised, State Department expert on terror­ ism Anthony Quainton announced that U.S. government statistics on international terrorism were being expanded to include threats of terror­ ism. This change, he noted, would approximately double the number of terrorist "incidents" report­ The 1979 report did not single out the Soviet ed by the U.S. government for the years 1968-79, Union as a sponsor of either revolutionary vio­ while the number of killed and wounded would lence or terrorism. It found instead that "certain remain the same. At the time of this announce­ Communist regimes expressed some interest in ment, a Senate staff official told the New York cooperating with the West in combatting terror­ Times that CIA analysts were being ''pushed" to ism.... After all, Communist states were not expand the definition of terrorist incidents to entirely immune to terrorist attacks. The Soviets include "all acts of violence intended to impact on abroad continued to be attacked by militant a wider audience than the victims of the vio­ Jewish groups and anti-Communist Cuban exiles. lence." Another senior staff member of the Soviet official and commercial facilities more Senate Select Committee on Intelligence charged recently have been bombed by Ukrainian exiles that when the CIA did not find what it wanted to, and individuals protesting the Soviet occupation it simply changed the definition of terrorism. of Afghanistan." The estimate in question, NFAC's 1980 report was due out in April 1981. It was finally released Casey's Different Tune in June 1981. The 1980 report found 5,954 At the same time that Casey was manipulating international terrorist incidents during 1968-79, CIA reports to "prove" that the Soviet Union was and 760 in 1980. The 1979 NFAC report had a promoter of terrorism, he was whistling a found only 3,336 such incidents during the 1968-79 different tune in a speech to the U.S. Chamber of period, with a peak of 413 in 1976 and only 293 in Commerce: 1979. As predicted, the 1980 report included Today we live in a world of increasing "threats" and even ''hoaxes" and "conspiracies" nationalism, increasing terrorism, and vanish­ under the definition of terrorism. It also stated ing resources. These three realities iJlustrate that "international terrorism in 1980 resulted in the new kinds of problems of concern to more casualties than in any other year since the intelligence. analysis of terrorist statistics began 12 years ago. First, the tide of nationalism is running Government participation in terrorism also in­ strong in the less-developed countries of the creased.... Terrorist incidents aimed at causing world. There is hostility and negativism to- Cou.n-teJLSp� -- Ju.ne-Augw.� 1983 -- 9 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7

Report that "it was always a false issue whether the Soviets directed and controlled world terror­ ism. World terrorism is made up of a bunch of freebooters, and they're all, more or less, in business for themselves." Perhaps the most tell­ ward free enterprise. There are potential ing note on this issue was the announcement that dangers there for American, European, and the CIA's annual terrorism report is now classi­ even Japanese multinational corporations. fied. Local politicians cannot always manage this distrust of foreigners. Free enterprise from From the "Red Menace" to ''Terrorism" abroad suddenly appears as foreig n domination or neo-colonialism. It is difficult to predict Terrorism has emerged in the 1980s to replace when and where this hostility will break out. and supplement the "Red Menace" as a rationale Nationalism is not new. Its manifestations for CIA domestic and foreign covert operations. range from restrictive policies to outright A similar ploy had been used before - a December expropriation. What is new today is that it is 5, 1972 memo on Operation Chaos (the CIA's accompanied by global distress. This is caused largest known domestic covert operation) is very by the explosive growth of energy costs - in revealing in this regard. The memo recounts a both industrialized countries and the less­ meeting that day to address a recent review of developed ones. Operation Chaos by the CIA's Inspector General The enormous cost of fueling economic as well as "concern" about Chaos on the part of countries activity is forcing the less-developed "some CIA personnel." The review and the con­ and no-growth policies. They into austerity cern were centered around the fact that are running out of credit. They cannot meet the very high interest rates required. AH this Operation Chaos was in clear violation of the CIA intensifies instability. charter's prohibition of domestic programs. Then­ One form of instability that I'm afraid we'll CIA director Richard Helms scoffed at this con­ see more of around the world is terrorism - cern by saying that Chaos "cannot be stopped hijacking, hostage-taking, kidnapping, assassi­ simply because some members of the organization nation, bombing, armed attack, sniping, and do not like this activity." Helms, however, did coercive threats - mindless acts of violence partially respond to concerns by coming up with a designed to create political effect - regardless new cover for Chaos. He decreed: "To a maxi­ of the innocence of the victims.•.. mum extent possible, [Richard] Ober should be­ In short, Casey was revealing that he knew better come identified with the subject of terrorism than to believe the CIA's own propaganda on inside the Agency as well as in the Intelligence terrorism. He admitted that revolutionary acts of community." Since Richard Ober was the director violence and even armed attacks against U.S. of Operation Chaos, Helms actually meant that corporations were not terrorist acts engendered Operation Chaos should become identified as an by the Soviet Union but were responses to politi­ anti-terrorist operation. In short, same operation, cal and economic conditions and the perception, new cover. at least, of free enterprise economics as a foreign Within months, Chaos became the domination or neo-colonialism. Casey even called International Terrorism Group, with Ober as its individual acts of violence "political" and placed head. Yet it continued to conduct the same them in the context of the global economic crisis. illegal operations that were in no way a response Casey had also told the U.S. News and World to terrorism. Ober went on to join the National 70 -- Cou.n:t.VtSpy -- Ju.ne-AugU.6.t 7983

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Security Council - a key source behind the latter counterinteUigence. [Operation Chaos was day terrorism bugaboo. falsely categorized as counterinteUigence by the CIA.] But we must do more than merely New Target: Oadhafi recognize such paramount concerns. The Reagan Administration is firmly committed to When Casey told U.S. News and World Report that revitalizing the United States inteJligence ef­ Soviet-directed terrorism was a false issue, it was fort. That commitment is apparent in the long after his doctored 1980 report had been President's recent promulgation of three new issued. Though his Chamber of Commerce speech Executive Orders... Executive Order 12333, suggested that he knew better, Casey hadn't signed two weeks ago, clarifies the authori­ dropped the terrorism cry, he had only switched ties, responsibilities, and limitations concern­ his target from the Soviets to President Qadhafi ing U.S. inteUigence... of Libya. According to Casey, "if anybody or­ In sum, the Reagan administration and the CIA, chestrates them [terrorists], it's Libya's Qadhafi. with the complicity of the U.S. media, created a He made many of them dependent on him ••.• straw horse of Soviet/Libyan terrorism, and then 25 There are over terrorist and guerrilla training institutionalized Operation Chaos, i.e., domestic camps in Libya. Training guerrillas and terrorists CIA programs, to defend against the straw horse. is the second largest industry there -second only Richard Helms must be pleased. to oil." Casey asserted that the never-proven Libyan "assassination squads" did exist, and, when Webster Disagrees asked whether they stiU threatened President Ironically, it was FBI Director William Webster Reagan, said, "I think they do. You ��n't �aJJ who put the lie to the straw horse. In a 1981 those things off." Conveniently doveta1lmg mto speech in Oklahoma, Webster stated that "the Casey's picture of rampant terrorism is his con­ number of terrorist acts at home, in contrast to tention that KGB (Soviet intelligence) activity "in the worldwide problem, has dropped [58 percent] the United States is very large." in recent years." Later, on the NBC News pro­ Some version of the rampant Libyan and/or gram "Meet the Press," Webster added, "I cannot KGB subversion and terrorism theme was playing speak about activities abroad. But I can say that daily in the U.S. media while President Reagan there is no real evidence of Soviet sponsored was preparing hi s Executive Order (E.O. 12333) on terrorism within the United States .•• , we seem at intelligence agencies which would formally allow this point to be free of direct, deliberate Soviet the CIA to conduct domestic operations. This domination or control or instigation of terrorist order, of course, embodied Richard Helm's dis­ activity." ingenuous approach to continuing Operation C�aos Even after receiving CIA reports alleging by simply saying that it was directed at terrorism. Cuban-supported terrorism in the U.S., Webster Perhaps unwittingly, the New York Times was told a press conference, "I would di scount foreign right on the mark when it referred to a draft of support for terrorism at this time.... There have E.O 12333 as the "Son of Chaos." been efforts by our own domestic groups to make Shortly after Reagan signed E.O. 12333 on contact [with foreign forces]. We don't think December 4, 1981, Attorney General William they've been too successful." Underscoring his French Smith revealed that the alleged own position on terrorism, Webster asked KGB/Libyan terrorism had motivated Reagan's Congress for an additional nine agents for FY 1980 signing. In a speech to the Los Angeles World for the FBI Terrorism Program which he said Affairs Council, Smith charged that "the threat to "would be a decrease of four Agents which were our Government and its citizens from hostile funded for Fiscal Year 1979" but would "ensure intelligence services and international terrorist the United States Government being in a position groups was also increasing dramatically," and that to respond to terrorist acts efficiently and effec­ "hostile intelligence agents increasingly operate tively and to anticipate occurrence of these acts in the United States under a number of guises." to preclude disruption of the functioning of all Smith claimed a "400 percent" increase in such levels of Government, prevention of civil dis­ activity. orders, and possible loss of life." More specifically on terrorism, Smith said Thanks to E.O. 12333, the CIA will not be that: impeded by the FBI findings of negligible terror­ A small number of well-trained fanatics could ism. Under E.O. 12333, "no agency except the change our fortunes overnight. AU of you CIA... may conduct any special activity [covert know from press reports [emphasis added] , operation] unless the President determines that that threat is real today. Libya's capability of another agency is more likely to achieve a par­ sponsoring an effort to assassinate high U.S. ticular objective." Translated, this means that Government officials provides a sobering the CIA may unilaterally undertake domestic co­ example... we must au recognize the grave vert operations without coordination with the FBI. threat from hostile intelligence and the need for more effective U.S. inteUigence and Co/..1.n-te.JiSpy -- Ju.ne-AugU6-t 7983 -- 11

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Complete unity exists within NA TO, according to most professional advertising campaign ever con­ the Reagan administration: the European a11ies ceived and implemented." The campaign wasn't want the deployment of hundreds of cruise and exactly above board. In one instance, the Dailey Pershing II missiles on their soil. group placed an ad defending Nixon's mining of lnternaUy, however, the administration is not Vietnam's Haiphong harbor in the New York Times so sure that its public "unity" claims are accurate. which appeared to be an advertisement sponsored NA TO governments might agree to deploy the by private individuals. The Justice Department missiles, but a dear majority of the European investigated this apparent violation of election people are opposed. For a President who used to laws, as it did other actions carried out by work as an advertiser for General Electric, Inc., CREEP. These included destroying documents the solution to that is simple. You just have to about Nixon's funders, paying the Watergate burg­ advertise, or "conduct public diplomacy," covertly lars to keep them quiet, and hiring Donald supplemented by the intelligence agencies. Segretti to spy on and sabotage the electoral Reagan has even found the man he wants to do strategy of the Democratic Party. the job: Peter Dailey, U.S. ambassador in Ireland, "Public diplomacy" campaigns such as Dailey's an obvious choice. He conducted Reagan's are playing an increasingly prominent role in Presidential elections ad campaign. Reagan's foreign policy. At the same time that Dailey now heads a "special planning group" the Dailey group was being assembled, Secretary which coordinates "public dip lomacy" efforts in of State George Schultz and United States Infor­ Europe. Its job is to convince people there that mation Agency Director Charles Wick announced they should support Reagan's "Zero Option" nego­ "Project Democracy" to ''foster the infrastructure tiating position in the Geneva arms talks and, if of democracy" by supporting "democratic" organ­ the talks fail, to accept the deployment of the izations worldwide - parties, institutes, univer­ missiles. (''Zero Option" proposes that the Soviets sities, labor unions, newspapers, etc. destroy all their land-based intermediate range The Reagan administration wants to spend $6.5 missiles, even those directed against China, while mi11ion on the project in Fiscal Year 1984. Im­ NATO would not reduce its intermediate range mediately after their announcement, questions strike force but would forego deploying new were raised about CIA involvement in the project. cruise and Pershing II missiles in Europe.) The State Department quickly asserted that the The Dailey group is guarding its actions in CIA would have no role in Project Democracy, but secrecy; even the names of the members of the 1 Wick volunteered at a Senate hearing that CIA group and the government agencies from which Director William Caseyhad been involved in plan­ they come is classified information. A State ning the project. Furthermore, the New York Department spokesperson did, however, admit Times reported that a secret State Department that they represent "every agency of the national rriemo'randum had proposed a "Covert Action" security community." The New York Times also component. confirmed that the CIA has a representative in This "secret/sensitive" memo, written by State the group. Department official Mark Palmer stated that the Dailey is an experienced public relations man. covert component of the project would be run by The customers served by his company, "Dailey and the CIA and Planning Groups of the National Associates," have included the Malaysian govern­ Security Council. "We need to examine," said ment as well as the Philippine Convention Bureau, Palmer, "how law and Executive Order can be an agency of the Philippine government. Dailey made more liberal to permit covert action on a received hundreds of thousands of dollars from broader scale, as well as what we can do through these two governments for his efforts to promote substantially increased overt political action." tourism in the Philippines and Malaysia. Prior to writing this memo, dated August 3, 1982, During the 1972-73 Presidential election cam­ Palmer had told the Boston Globe that the public paign, the Committee to Re-elect the President relations effort ''has to be organized by private (CREEP) hired Dailey to head the "November citizens, not the government and particularly not Group," an association of advertisement experts the State Department." who produced ads for Richard Nixon. They ran Robert Mcfarlane, deputy director of the what the Washington Post called "the slickest, National Security Council, claims that Palmer's 72 -- Cou.n:t.eJtSpy -- Ju.ne.-Augu.6:t 7983 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7

memo was rejected and that the CIA was "put Pentagon is already training foreign military of­ firmly out of the program." While that might be a ficials to become heads of state: according to the bit difficult to believe in light of the contra­ Joint Chiefs of Staff Posture Statement for Fiscal diction between Palmer's public statement to the Year 1984, 25 current heads of state were at one Globe and his secret memo, there is no question time "trained in U.S. senior military schools.") that a number of the organizations the adminis­ • $1.5 million for a "Transoceanic Leadership tration wants to fund under Project Democracy Project" which is supposed to "establish positive have worked with the CIA and/or have received ties" between U.S. citizens and foreigners "based CIA money in the past. These organizations in­ on a perception of shared values." clude the Asia Foundation (slated to receive $10 • $1 million to support "a number of European organizations whose objective is to support and strengthen the Atlantic Community." A similar AND NOW program is currently run by the U.S. Atlantic FOR THE Council whose directors include CIA chief William AADIO MARTI Casey. • $500,000 for "Leadership Training for Latin NEWS A mer ican Students." 8R()UGl-fTTOYOU BY • $920,000 to "assist Liberia's Transition to Democracy." THE U.S GOVERNMENT ..• • $1 million for the establishment of a "Center for ·Free Enterprise" which will propagan­ dize about the supposed link between "democracy" and the "free market" economy. • $500,000 for a "new Center for the Study of the Soviet Union" which is to become "a focal point for recent emigres." • $100,000 for "Middle East Peace and Development Conferences" which will "bring ....T,_.E ANASTASIO 6lJPIOZA FOUNll'\TION Tl-IEBAY OF PIGS MARCHING SOCIETY, THE U.S. COMNUTTEE 10 RESCUE THE PLATT A,N;NDMENT, THE t=LJLGENCIO BATISTA RJND, million), the AFL-CIO's international programs MEMORIAL and some "democratic [i.e. anti-Communist] AND ANONYWJUS unions abroad" ($13 million), and the Inter­ COR.POAATE DONORS. American Press Association ($50,000). Wick's testimony in Congress also indicated that organiz­ ations whose charters prohibit accepting govern­ ment money might be given money "laundered" through third organizations. The administration plans to be quite generous with its Project Democracy funds: • $1.5 million for the "Study of Democratic Principles and Practice for Military Leaders in Developing Nations." To cultivate future military heads of state, "suitable organizations will be chosen to launch a series of symposia on the nature of democratic society for selected military leaders who presently hold or are likely to hold traditionally civilian government positions." Such a program is needed because, according to the State Department, "military-led institutions of the political process can retard the development . o.f a democratic form of government." (The Cowttu.Spy -- Ju.ne-Au.gM.t 7983 -- 13

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and missile deployment. For instance, the govern­ Thatcher's Public Relations ment funds the "British Atlantic Council" and has chosen it as "the major vehicle to put the NATO case in the context of the CND debate." (CND is In England, the United States Information Agency the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, a has already been feeding anti-Soviet propaganda to coalition of peace groups.) Other pro-nuclear the media and the public. Papers routinely dis­ groups have little popular backing but more than tributed include State Department reports about sufficient funding. Some of the British groups also "Soviet Active Measures," (i.e. alleged covert receive assistance from rightwing U.S. organiza­ Soviet operations to influence intemal policies in tions. For instance, the British Coalition for Peace NATO countries), a monthly publication, "Soviet through Security which consists of just a few Propaganda Alert," which purports to "analyze" people gets aid from the U.S. Coalition for Peace Soviet attempts to influence the Western media, as Through Strength. well as numerous pamphlets on the alleged KGB Attacks on the Campaign for Nuclear Disarma­ subversion of the European peace movement. ment have not been limited to smear campaigns by These include a glossy reprint of John Barron's rightwing groups such as the Coalition for Peace Reader's Digest smear, "The KGB's Magical War for Through Security - which published several pam­ 'Peace,"' (See "The Secret Woric of John Barron," phlets attacking CND as a pro-Soviet "pressure Counterspy, March-May 1983) with no indication group which wants Britain alone to give up its that 'it is being distributed by the U.S. govern­ defences." Twice last year, anti-nuclear groups ment. suffered physical attacks: a large library of the British Prime Minister Margaret. Thatcher is Scottish Campaign to Resist the Atomic Menace also conducting a "public relations" campaign. was destroyed in a rather suspicious fire, and a Widespread opposition farced her to abort a larger­ CND peace camp near the U.S. Army base at scale effort, but the British government still as­ Caerwent, Wales, was attacked at night by about sists groups advocating high defense expenditures twelve men.

Israeli and Arab intellectuals together." Such has received CIA money in the past. conferences used to be run by the CIA-connected • $60,000 to the Center f.or Education and American Friends of the Middle East. Research in Free Enterprise. The Center held • $4,455,000 for a "worldwide book publishing conferences on free enterprise for some Guate­ project." At present, says the State Department, malans who were said to be worried about the ''books reflecting democratic views are lacking" in "socialist threat" to their country. many countries while "books bearing the Marxist • $162,000 to the business lobby group "Mid­ dialectical philosophy are readily available, of ten America Committee" to fund trips to the United at low prices." A previous large book distribution States by the press spokespersons of Latin venture was aided by Evron Kirkpatrick's think American dictators to teach them how to handle tank "Operations and Policy Research, Inc." and the U.S. media; and was funded in part by the CIA. Jeane Kirkpatrick • $200,000 to Ernest Lefever's Ethics and worked with the project as well. Public Policy Center. Lefever, whom Reagan • $1 million for a "Central American Media unsuccessfully nominated to head the State program" which might include the establishment Department's Human Rights Off ice, got money to of a "regional newspaper for the rural populations write about Soviet "sponsorship" of the peace in Honduras, Guatemala and El Salvador. The movement and. to conduct seminars with pro­ newspaper would provide information in such disarmament European church officials to con­ areas as family health, agricultural management vince them of the evils of the Soviet Union. as well as the merits of supporting democracy." When Wick presented the Project Democracy During Fiscal Year 1983, the Reagan adminis­ budget to the Senate Committee on Foreign tration spent $20 million for Project Democracy Relations, some Democrats criticized what they without any Congressional appropriations. The called "Project Rightwing Democracy." They are money was drawn from the State Department, the concerned that the Reagan administration will use USIA and the Agency for International Develop­ the project primarily to fund organizations of the ment. Its projects shed light on what is in store far right. In addition, some pointed out that the for the future: Project Democracy might not be effective enough • $50,000 for the ultra-right National because it is so closely identified with the U.S. Strategy Information Center (founded by CIA government. Director Casey) to pay for the trips of U.S. Some Democrats on Capitol Hill claim that "Social Democrats" to go to Socialist Inter­ the West German government seems to have national meetings. These "Social Democrats" found a way to handle the problem•. Each of the included Admiral Elmo Zumwalt Cret.), a member major parties - with the exception of the Greens - of the Joint Chiefs of Staff under President Nixon has a ''foundation" which gets a large part of its and Midge Deeter of Commentary magazine, who See PROPAGANVA, page 32 14 -- Cou.n:tvr.Spy -- Ju.ne-Augwd 1983

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Reagan's ''Misstatements'': Fueling the Push for

Military. Superiority by Konrad Ege

Faced with public opm1on polls indicating that understand fully and participate in an informed less than 20 percent of the people in the U.S. way in the discussion about the Pentagon budget favor large increases in military spending, the and military strategy. administration has mounted a concentrated offen­ sive to garner support for a 10 percent hike (after inflation) in the military budget. In this cam­ paign, the Commander in Chief and his troops A Decided haven't hesitated to falsify the facts about the U.S. and Soviet military budgets. And tnost of the Advantage? y time, they get awa' with it even though Reagan is fond of blaming the media's steady "drum beat" of "Today, in virtually every measure of military criticism for eroding popular support for military power, the Soviet Union enjoys a decided advan­ spending. tage." (Ronald Reagan, November 22, 1982) In ·reality, Reagan should be thankful to most When Reagan was asked several weeks after he of the corporate-controlled newspapers, maga­ made that statement whether he would zines and TV and radio networks for reporting trade2U.S. forces for Sovtet forces, he replied, about the U.S. military budget the way they do: "No." The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, They rarely challenge the statistics and data General John Vessey, gave the same answer in a supplied by the administration to back up its 1982 Senate hearing. claim that a large military spending increase is There are certainly some areas in which the necessary to "catch up" with the Soviet Union. Soviet Union has at least a quantitative advan­ For instance, Defense Secretary Caspar tage. Reagan officials acknowledge, though, that Weinberger's statistics on the "Production of' the U.S. has an overall technological lead over the Selected Soviet Weapons, 1974-82" presented in Soviet Union (Chart I). In other areas, e.g. the colorful charts during this year's budget hearings, number of "strategic" warheads - which appears have not been challenged though they are contra­ to be a rather crucial one - the U.S. even has a �icted by the Pentagon's \983 Annual Report on numerical lead (Chart II). Research and Engineering. Weinberger also gets away with claiming that the ratio of U.S. to Soviet technicians working in the Third World is 1:20. To arrive at that figure, he simply redefin­ How the CIA ed all Soviet troops in Afghanistan as technicians. Some aspects of the U.S. government's disin­ Figures Soviet formation about the military (which is examined below) are designed to achieve short-term goals - to push through the current military budget in­ Military Spending creases. Others, especially statements made by "Soviet leaders invest 12 to 14 percent of their Commander in Chief Reagan, are based on his country's gross national product in military spend­ ignorance of the most fundamental facts about -ing, two or three times the level we invest." military matters. The most serious aspect of the (Ronald Reagan, November 22, 1982) government's public relations campaign is the institutionalization of disinformation. "Long term Even if that were true, it would not indicate that disinformation" - such as systematically exagger­ the Soviet Union was dramatically outspending ated data about Soviet military spending - has led the United States in actual dollar figures, since the United States on a very dangerous course. It the U.S. GNP is twice that of the Soviet Union. has also stymied the U.S. public in its attempt to The task of comparing U.S. and Soviet spend- Coun-tVLSpy -- June-Au9r.ui� 1983 -- 15 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7

ing is a very difficult one. Most of the statistics Soviet military expenditures is that the CIA's ac­ the U.S. government relies on come from the CIA, counting ignores tye different structures of U.S. and the CIA has a unique way of comparing and Soviet forces. The Soviet Union has more military spending in the two countries. Its comp- personnel but less equipment per soldier, while utations assure beforehand that Soviet spending the U.S. has a smaller all-volunteer force and a figures will be found to be considerably higher clear superiority in high technology equipment. In than they are in reality. the Soviet Union, conceded former CIA Director In order to determine how much the Soviet Stansfield Turner in a Joint Economic Committee military spends, the CIA assigns a dollar value to hearing, "military hardware is much more expen­ Soviet equipment and other costs; i.e. it deter- sive than manpower ••• while in the United States mines how much it would cost to reproduce the manpower is relatively more expensive." By Soviet military forces in the United States. That computing how much it would cost the Pentagon leads to gross misrepresentations of actual Soviet to reproduce Soviet forces, the CIA ignores that cost. For instance, if steel prices go up in the differential. Assigning U.S. manpower costs to U.S., the CIA figures a show a rise in the Soviet the Soviet forces, as the CIA does, wi ll make the military budget because it would cost the United Soviet military budget appear much larger than it States more to produce tanks similar to the ones is. Even former CIA Director William Colby and that roll off Soviet assembly lines. The actual Defense Intelligence Agency Director Daniel cost of a Soviet tank, of course, is not affected by Graham acknowledged before the Joint Economic price increases in the U.S. Committee on July 21, 1975, that dollar compar- What leads to an even greater exaggeration of isons of the U.S. and Soviet military budgets ______"were doomed to produce misleading results." Relative U .S./USSR Standina in the Until 1976, the CIA listed Soviet military ex­ 20 Most Important Basic Technology Areas* penditures in rubles as some 6 to 8 percent of the Gross National Product. But when President U.S. U.S.IUSSR USSR Gerald Ford appointed George Bush as CIA BASIC TECHNOLOGIES SUPERIOR EQUAL 'SUPERIOR Director, that assessment changed virtually over­ I. Aerodynamics/Fluid Dynamics X night. Bush appointed "Team B" - made up of 2. Automated Control X hardcore anti-Soviet ideologues Richard Pipes,

3. Conventional Warhead (includina X Daniel Graham, Paul Ni tze and others. These Chanical Explosives) outsiders, in a highly unusual process, were allow­ 4. Computer X ed to examine the CIA's top secret data to figure 5. Dlrec1cd Eneray X out whether the CIA's assessment of the Soviet threat was accurate. Given the composition of 6. Electro-Optical Sensor x- Team B, the nature of its findings was a foregone (includina IR) 7. Guidance A: Naviaation x- U.S. Always Ahead of Soviets in Strategic Weapons I. Microciec1ronic Materials X A: lntqratcd Circuit 10000 Manufacture Toeal Slnllegic NudNrw...­ Unilad■■ Stal SOlliel Union 9000 9. Nuclear Warhead X

10. Optics x+

11. Power Sources (Mobile) X

12. Production/Manufacturina X

13. Propulsion (Aerospace) X

14. Radar Sensor x--

15. Siana! Processina X

16. Software X

17. Scealth (Sianature Reduction X Tecbnolo11) II. Scructural Materials (liptweiaht, x- hiah strenath)

19. Submarine Detec1ion x- (includina Silencina>

20. Telcconununications X

Cha4t 1 (SoWLce: FY 1984 VoV Repo!Lt on Cha4t 11 (SoWLce: Cen,te.Jr:. no� Veoe.n.6e Ruea1tch, Veve.lopment a.nd AcqLU6-Ulon) 1n6o�auon) 1o Coun:tvi.Spy -- Ju.ne-Au.gru,;t 1983

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conclusion: that the CIA was underestimating the to 1983 the Pentagon budget rose by approxi­ Soviet threat. Bush claimed that "new evidence" mately 10 percent after inflation). In its count of as well as a "reinterpretation of old information" Soviet weapo�, the CIA also found fewer than it made it necessary to revise the estimate of Soviet had expected. defense expenditures upwards to 11 to 13 percent Under CIA Director William Casey, the CIA of the GNP. has stopped publishing its "Dollar Cost Compari­ The Ford administration immediately used son of Soviet and U.S. Defense Activities." The that new estimate to push for a hike in the CIA claims that this is just part of an overall Pentagon budget, even though the CIA stated that move to limit the number of publicly available the revised military expenditures to GNP ratio did CIA studies. The Armed Forces Journal, though, not imply that the Soviet military had greater quotes one CIA analyst wondering "whether the capabilities than previously thought. report on Soviet expenditures was being dropped The CIA's ruble estimate of the Soviet mili­ because it would disclose a leveling out or drop in tary budget is also exaggerated because it is the rate of growth in Soviet defense spending tnd calculated in 1970 rubles.4 Military equipment equipment production over the last two years." that was in its early developmental stage or had not gone into full production in 1970 would have been very expensive then, but much cheaper five or ten years later when it was mass-produced. By measuring the costs in 1970 rubles the CIA ignores Who Outspends that factor. Professor Franklyn Holzman of Tufts University in his study, "Soviet Military Spending: Whom? Assessing the Numbers Game", estimates that 1970 rubles estimates the CIA because of its "Even when we include the allied efforts on each might be exaggerating Soviet military spending in side, we find that the Warsaw Pact has out-spent 1980 by as much as 30 to 50 percent. and out-produced the NA TO countries." ( Caspar There are signs of controversy within the Weinberger, Annual Report for Fiscal Year 1984) Reagan administration about the' data on the "Soviet threat" which the CIA has provided over According to the Pentagon's Fiscal Year 1984 An­ the last few years. The Defense Intelligence nual Report on Research, Development and Ac­ Agency is disputing recent CIA reports which re­ quisition, as well as Weinberger's own 1982 report, vise previous projections of growth in the Soviet NATO has always outspent the Warsaw Pact military budget downward from almost four per­ ( Chart III). cent annually to less than two percent. (From 1982 MILITARY EXPENDITURES: REAGAN MILITARY SPENVING COMPAREV TO OUTLAYS 7962-82 AVERAGE IN CONSTANT 1983 VOLLARS A Comparison of NATO Military Expenditures $29J.8B with Estimated Dollar Cost of Warsaw Pact Defense Activities $264.48 500 MILITARY EXPENDITURES $240. SB OUTLAYS

,oo $196.8B + $4J. 7B + $67.6B + $97.0B

II:.,. � 300 --��----..._.,,,..- g �: ...► 0... .,.z 100 t------+-- 3_, ii

AVERAGE FY 8J FY 84 FY 85 SPEtllING ESTIUUE ESTIMATE ESTIW.TE 1962-1982 Chcvz.,,t 111 (SoUJtee: FY 7984 VoV Repotit on Ruea1teh, Vevelopmen.-t and AeqUMi�.t-i.on) Chau IV (SoUJtee: VoV) Cou.n.tvr.Spy -- Ju.ne-Au9U6t 1983 -- 17 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7

billion budget on military tasks; A Decade of • the Veterans Administration has a budget of $25 billon; Neglect? • the Maritime Administration spends bet­ ween $500 million and $1 billion a year for military related projects; "During the past decade, the Soviet Union has • the Department of Education subsidizes built up its forces across the 'board. During that schools used by "dependents" of military personnel same period, the defense expenditures of the to the tune of $500 million a year; and United States declined in real terms." (Ronald • according to Adams, part of the annual Reagan, May 9, 1982.) interest payments on the national debt - $30 bil­ lion, conservatively estimated - is directly related Not true. According to Pentagon figures, military to military programs •. spending (in constant FY 1983 dollars) was $187 .5 That adds up to more than $60 billion of the billion in 1972 and $227 .8 billion in 1982. federal budget which should be added to the $274 billion Pentagon budget as military or military­ related expenditure. Pentagon Budget: Lower than in Reagan's 1962? New Math

"In l962, when John Kennedy was President, 46 "In constant dollars, the defense budget is just percent, almost half of the federal budget, went about the same as it has been all the way back to to our national defense. In recent years, a'bout l962." (Ronald Reagan, January 6, 1983) one quarter of our budg�t has gone to defense." This statement is contradicted by the Pentagon's (Ronald Reagan, November 22, 1982) own published figures. In constant Fiscal Year Comparing military expenditures in 1962 and 1982 1983 dollars, the average military spending from in percentages of the federal budget is misleading 1962 to 1983 is $1 96.8 billion. Spending in Fiscal because the budget structure has changed consid­ Year 1984 is scheduled to be $264.4 billion, in erably in the last two decades. A number of Fiscal Year 1985 $293.8 billion ( Chart IV). items that make up a major part of the 1983 budget played no role or a very limited role in 1962: interest payments on the national debt, for instance, and certain entitlement programs. Other items in the 1982 budget, e.g. social secur­ ity, Medicare and unemployment benefits are Conventional almost exclusively funded by seperate trust funds and do not come out of the money the government Inferiority raises from income taxes. According to a study by Dr. Gordon Adams of the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, under "Our strategic nuclear weapons unfortunately are the Fiscal Year 1984 budget, 50¢ out of every the only balance or deterrent that we have to the dollar the government collects in income taxes massive buildup of conventional arms that the goes to military-related programs. If Reagan's Soviet Union has now on the westem front - on five year military buildup plan is funded by the NA TO front." (Ronald Reagan, May 13, 1982) Congress, that figure would increase to 65¢ on the dollar. The claim that NATO cannot defend itself suf­ In addition, many items in the U.S. budget that ficiently with conventional weapons is a key asser­ are not counted as military expenditures are in tion used to explain the Reagan administration's reality items that belong in the military expense refusal to adopt a policy not to use nuclear account: weapons first in case of war. Reagan and • costs for the production of nuclear war­ Weinberger are fond of quoting endless statistics heads (about $7 billion) are counted as part of the of Soviet superiority in the numbers of soldiers, Energy Department budget; tanks, fighting vehicles and several other categor­ • NASA spends at least 25 percent of its $5 ies. 18 -- CowitvrSpy -- Ju.ne-Au.9U6-t 7983

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Some of these figures may be accurate as far Central Europe or after a Warsaw Pact mobili­ as they go. But in his Fiscal Year 1984- budget zation without a NATO response. Former CIA request Weinberger carefully avoids showing in his Deputy Director Bobby Ray Inman believes that red and blue charts those categories where the such a Soviet mobilization would be detected: U.S. has a numerical advantage. Nor does his "This country is more capable today than it has "bean-counting" approach take into account the ever been in its history to detect and understand technical superiority of many NATO weapons sys­ the implications of 11o1e massing of Soviet forces tems. In fact, writes Carl Jacobsen, director of outside its borders." Soviet studies at the University of Miami, the Reagan administration's approach to military force comparisons "is like that of a farmer who compares his neighbor's 50 orange trees with his own orchard of 100 apple and 20 orange trees, and The Reagan adminis­ says: 'He has twice as many orange tree;;; that proves he has more fruit trees than I have."' tration's approach to The administration's claim of NATO's inferior­ ity in conventional armaments has been widely military force comparisons accepted as a fact by ttie U.S. media. Yet General Frederick Kroesen, the Commander of "is like that of a farmer who the U.S. Army in Europe, is on record as saying compares his neighbor's 50 that "We can defend the borders of Western Europe with what we have. I've never asked for a orange trees with his own larger force. I don't think that conventional �on­ nuclear1 defense is anywhere near hopeless." In orchard of 100 apple and addition, the annual posture statements that were 20 orange trees, and says, written under former Defense Secretary Harold Brown indicate that NATO would be able to ward 'he has twice as many off a conventional attack on Western Europe with conventional arms. Since NA TO has been out­ orange trees; that proves spending the Warsaw Pact (Chart III) and since Warsaw Pact and NA TO forces have not under­ he has more fruit trees gone major structural changes in the last few than I have.' " years, that would appear still to be the case today. To demonstrate "Soviet conventional superior­ ity," the Reagan administration is quick to point to the Warsaw Pact's 2.5 to 1 advJntage in tanks If the Reagan administration, sincerely believ­ and 2.8 to 1 advantage in artillery. This numbers ing in NATO's conventional inferiority, were at comparison ignores NATO's technological lead in the same time seriously interested in a "no first both categories. In order to create a more use" policy, it could be moving in that direction reliable accounting system the Pentagon devised by following the suggestions outlined in a "No the "armored divisions equivalents" measure First Use" study conducted by retired military and which takes into account all principal character­ Defense D�partment officials under the11uspices istics of each weapons system such as firepower of the Union of Concerned Scientists. This and survivability. Under that calculating system, study proposes gradually moving toward a "no NATO's disadvantage is reduced to 1 to 1.2. first use" policy while gearing military doctrine, In order to launch a successful attack over­ strategy and training onto this new track. But the whelming NATO, the Soviet Union would need a Reagan administration has shown no interest in numerical advantage of more than 3 to 1 because those suggestions. On the contrary, the new U.S. of a defending force's inherent advantage. NATO Army doctrine, AirLand Battle, while claiming to officials also believe that a defending brigade can rely more on conventional weapons, postulates hold out against an initial attack if it has to that nuclear and chemical weap

Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 the National Press Club in February 1983 that violating an understanding reached after the ''there is no evidence whatever in my judgement Cuban missile crisis that no missiles that could that the Soviet Union has any intention of attack­ reach I�e Soviet Union would be based in ing the United States because they think our Europe. guard is down, now or in the future. All the Carter's Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski evidence is in the other way and in point of fact confirmed in an interview with the West German any such idea would be so terribly risky from the magazine Stern that it was the Carter adminis­ standpoint of the Soviet leadership that it really tration that provided the "leadership" at the time isn't a concern that we should have." when NA TO made the decision to dE}_�oy cruise and Pershing II missiles in Europe. NA TO agreed that the missiles were to be deployed only if negotiations with the Soviet Union failed. The Reagan administration apparently views things differently. Its chief arms control negotiator The European Edward Rowny, when asked why the adminis­ tration had decided to go ahead with intermediate force reduction talks, stated that this decision Nuclear Balance was made "in the interest of getting some ground­ !aunched cruii,e �issiles and some Pershing lls mto Europe." nus answer appears to contradict "In Europe, for example, the Russians had a the NA TO decision to have arms talks in order to mi8sile called the SS-20, a nuclear missile. It was avoid deployment of the missiles. called an intermediate range, because it couldn't Reagan's claim that NATO has "nothing" with come across the ocean and hit us, but it was which to counter the Soviet SS-20s is inaccurate. targeted on all the cities of Europe. And Europe In addition to thousands of "battlefield" nuclear had nothing to counter it. So, our NA TO allies weapons, NA TO has a sizable European-based aaked us if a weapon that we have designed, nuclear weapons arsenal that can hit the Soviet called the Pershing missile, could be made and Union, including 156 F-111 bombers with two installed in Europe to counter this threat of the nuclear weapons each; 60 FB-111 bombers with SS-20 so the Russians would latow if they tr ied to two bombs each; 240 A-6E and A-7E bombers use those, the Europeans had something to use which can carry nuclear weapons; and 26 7 nuclear back." (Rc;mald Reagan to high school students, capable F.:.4 bombers. (According to NA TO stat­ May10, 1982.) istics, some of the A-6Es, A-7Es and F-4s are for The claim that the Europeans asked for the deploy- conyentiona! operations; however! the_y. ca� be e�ulp�� with ��clear weapons m cr1S1s s1tua- ment of hundreds of cruise missiles and Pershing I . II ballistic missiles (and that therefore . the t1ons. ) In add1t1on, the U.S. Navy has hundreds European protests against these missiles 'are of missiles on �b!"'arines in European waters, and completely unj.ustified) has become a mainstay of France and. Britam at present _have h_undreds of the Reagan administration's nuclear weapons warhea�s d irected_ at the Sov1et Union. Both propaganda. Yet they cannot cite a single state- Fra!lco1s �i�terrand a�d Marga.re� Thatcher �re rapidly buildmg up their countries nuclear strike ment by any European govern�t asking for the deployment of these weapons. What actually forces. Mitterrand is improving primarily sub­ happened was that former West German chancel- marin�-laun�hed nucl�ar weapons. (�rance�s ne_w lor Helmut Schmidt complained in a 1977 London �ub, L Inflexible, carries 16 M-4 m1sslles with -s� speech that the Soviet Union was deploying inter- mdepe_ndently targetable warhea�s each; �he1r mediate range missiles which could hit Western range 1s 4000 km.) If �at��er's bulldup �ontmues Europe but not the United States. Therefore, the o� schedule, by 1995 �nt�n s nuclear strike force SS-20s were not covered by the Strategic Arms will be capable of dehvermg more �han 5000 nuc­ Limitation Treaty (SALT). Schmidt later explain- lea� warhe_ ffs that can reach virtually every ed that he wanted to pressure the Carter admin- Soviet c1ty. istration to include intermediate range weapons in Footnotes: SALT IL l) See Anthony Cordesman and Benjamin Schemmer, Schmidt's speech was met with silence by the "The Failure to Defend Defense," Armed Forces Carter administration, but in January 1979 Carter Journal, March 1983. responded by proposing the deployment of the 2) Mark Green, "Reagan's Reign of Error," The Nation, intermediate range nuclear weapons. Schmidt and 3/5/83, p.263. other West European government leaders agreed, 3) This segment draws on two detailed articles by was apparent that deployment of Professor Franklyn Holzman of Tufts University, even though it "Are the Soviets Rea!Jy Outspending the U.S. on missiles in Europe that. could hit vital Soviet Defense?," (International Security, Spring 1980) and facilities would be viewed as a grave provocation by the Soviets. In Soviet eyes, the U.S. would be SEE REAGAN, page 29 20 -- Cou.ntelr.Spy -- June.-Augu.6.:t 7983

Approved For Rele_ase 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 Soviet Military Power, 1983 Illustrated Disinformation by John Pike

Soviet Military Power, the 107-page centerpiece of the photo. Paintings of yet to be developed Soviet the Reagan administration's military propaganda anti-satellite weapons on page 64 and 65, and the campaign, was released by Defense Secretary radar on page four, contain major technical mis­ Caspar Weinberger in March 1983. It claims that takes as well. the Soviet Union is engaged in a massive arms Perhaps the most extreme case of threat ex­ buildup to achieve "military superiority in all aggeration-by-drawing is that of the T-80 tank. The fields." The U.S. answer to that, according to T-80, called a powerful new "supertank" which, we Weinberger, is clear: The United States "must have were told, hadn't foWld its U.S. match, was the the resolve to work wiceasingly for the security of f eatu.red star of the 1981 edition of Soviet Military all free nations" and to match the Soviet effort. Power. The painting of the T-80 published in that With the 1983 edition of Soviet Military Power (a edition was remarkably similar to the American M-1 first edition was released in September 1981), Abrams tank which at that time was Wlder heavy Weinberger wants to counter the critics of his criticism. The readers were assured that the pic­ spending binge by demonstrating that the, Soviets ture "while not precise in every detail" was "as are going to conquer the world if not contained by authentic as possible." the U.S. armed forces. U.S. agencies have printed The 1983 version of Soviet Military Power tells a and distributed hWldreds of thousands of copies of different story. A photo of that same supertank, the booklet and handed them out all over the world. the T-80, shows that it actually bears very little Weinberger's approach to "proving" Soviet super­ resemblance to the M-1. In fact, only by looking at iority is simple: cowtt the weapons systems, and the photo rather closely can one distinguish the T-80 focus on those where the Soviet Union has a numer­ from its predecessor, the T-72. The technical data ical advantage. Ignore differences in capabilities of Soviet Military Power gives for the T-80 is identical these weapons systems. Do not mention that the to the data for the T-72 with the exception that the United States has a clear technological lead in most T-80 is one ton heavier, which probably represents areas. And above all, don't forget to stress again the weight of the fender skirts which were missing and again that whatever the Soviets do, it is offen­ from the T-72. sive, while the United States is just trying to stand The T-80 episode is a good example of one way up for the interests of the Free World. (For a more in which the Pentagon engages in threat inflation. detailed analysis of the Reagan administration's (A T-85 scare might be just around the comer as an disinformation campaign on Soviet military updated version of the T-80 is supposed to be tested strength, see the previous article in this issue.) soon.) Soviet tanks are assigned a T-series number Soviet Military Power contains numerous mis­ according to the first year that they enter service, takes and inconsistencies - even if one considers it thus the T-80 entered service in 1980 (ft was the on its own terms. For instance, on page 106 it updated version of the T-72, and so on). What this claims that "there is no sign of abatement in the means, for U.S. propaganda purposes, is that each scope of buildup" of Soviet forces. Yet pages 78 to time the Soviets modify their tanks, the Pentagon 80 contain annual production figures (from 1978 to credits them with having developed a totally new 1982) for 27 categories of Soviet weapons, 16 of weapons system: thus, says the Pentagon, ''the which show a decline in these four years, four Soviets have been developing an average of one new categories show no change, and only seven show an tank every five years" while the United States has increase in the annual production rates. fielded none. The Pentagon also uses drawings to exaggerate The T-80 scare is just one instance of the the Soviet threat. Many of the illustrations of Pentagon's use of designations of weapons systems Soviet weapons in Soviet Military Power contain to exaggerate the Soviet military buildup. The major mistakes (which is rather mysterious since Defense Department also claims that a new Soviet Weinberger should have the budget to hire decent fighter plane, the "Foxhound" will be deployed soon artists to illustrate this keystone document). Take with an advanced radar system to shoot down U.S. the example of the Oscar class submarine. Pages bombers. On closer examination, though, the 104 and 105 show a detailed photo of the boat, but on pages 70 and 71 we find an artist's concept of the John Pike ts a member of the National Committee of the submarine that bears only passing resemblance to Progressive Space Forum.

Cou.n.tVLSpy -- Jwte-Au..gu.6.t 79 83 -- 2 7

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Foxhound turns out to be yet another version of the in fact been deployed. The U.S. Poseidon has been • Mig-25 Fo:rbat, variations of which have been in tested with as few as 6 and as many as 14 warheads, service for more than two decades. During the and it is generally agreed that various combinations same time period, the U.S. F-15 Eagle has appeared have actually been deployed. But for Soviet in four updated variations, F-lSA, F-lSB, F-lSC and Military Power, you just have to know how to count F-lSD. But because all these versions retain the F- 'em: A Soviet missile with four different warhead 15 designation, the Pentagon counts them as only configurations becomes four missiles, but a U.S. one single plane type. missile deployed with different payloads is still one missile. The use of drawings aJso enables the Pentagon to confabulate currently existing weapons (usually U.S. It is the aim of the weapons) and future systems (always Soviet). Soviet Military. Power shows a drawing on page 68 com­ Reagan administration to paring the U.S. Space Shuttle which has been flying for over two years with three future Soviet space create fear among the launch systems. Of the Soviet rockets pictured, the largest was unsuccessfully tested on three people, because ... occasions, with each test ending in a spectacular explosion. The other two have yet to fly. "democracies will not Turning to page 46, we find an illustration of Soviet transport aircraft, including a "New Heavy sacrifice to protect their Transport" which bears an uncanny resemblance to the American C-5 - the subject of an intense security in the absence procurement battle last year. Rumors of this new of sense of danger. plane, designated the Antonov 40, have been float­ a ing around for several years.even though the Soviet And every time we create Union apparently lacks the ability to manufacture the engines needed to get it off the ground. the impression that we Moving from the unlikely to th{! impossible, tum to page 28 and consider the map of the Soviet radar and the Soviets are coverage, specifically the immense ability of the Soviet over-the-horizon radar (0TH) which pur­ cooperating we diminish portedly can track targets from the Soviet Union over the North Pole all the way across the United that sense of States and down to Central America. This would be a remarkable feat. 0TH radars work by bouncing a apprehension." radar beam off the ionosphere, much like a clear channel AM radio station. But the ionosphere is severely disrupted over the polar regions which is why the U.S. 0TH plans do not include polar 0TH The same ts true for the B-52 bomber, which has radar. Soviet Military Power, however, credits the made it up all the way to the B-52H. And yet, . USSR with two such radar installations with a range Ronald Reagan is still using his tired old B-52 'of at least 8,000 miles, rather unlikely given the example ("Some of the B-52s are older than the fact that the Soviet Union does not have a lead in pilots that fly them") to "prove"that the U.S. hasn't the 0TH technology. deployed a new bomber in decades. In reality, says Soviet Military Power has a clear mission - to Col. Robert Durkin of the 28th bombardment wing convince people in the United States that there is a at Ellsworth Air Force Base in South Dakota, the B- huge Soviet threat. The Russians are coming if a 52s have been improved constantly: "1 would be U.S. military buildup doesn't stop them. It is the aurprised if there is an original rivet in any of those aim of the Reagan administration to create fear airplanes... It's been rewinged, it's been rescaMed, among the people, because, as Assistant Secretary it's been retailed... " (Christian Science Monitor, of Defense for International Security Policy Richard 4/3/83) Perle has said, "democracies will not sacrifice to Another instance of disinformation-by-drawing: protect their security in the absence of a sense of on page 20, Soviet Military Power depicts four danger. And every time we create the impression variations of the Soviet SS-18 Intercontinental that we and the Soviets are cooperating and mod­ Ballistic Missile, each with a different mix of war­ erating the competition we diminish that sense of heads. Two pages later we are shown but a single apprehension." (Long Island Newsday, 2/18/83) U.S. Poseidon Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile. Weinberger's creation of a "sense of danger" by Clearly, the Soviets seem to have the upper hand. releasing Soviet Military Power doesn't bode well But not so. The four modifications of the SS-18 for arms reduction agreements. Such "cosmetic merely represent the four different types of pay­ agreements," says Perle, are "in the long run fatal loads that it has been observed carrying in tests. for the democracies of the west." There is no indication that all of these variants have 22 -- Coun:t:VISpy -- Ju.ni-Au.gw,.t 1983

Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 Disinformation: Excuse for Raids Against Canadian Peace Groups by Murray MacAdam

Political bombings can have a silver lining - at member of the Canadian Youth for Peace group, least for some people. Canadian police and which Matusiak called a "Communist youth governmental authorities have latched onto the group." He claimed that the Prague conference bombing of a controversial weapons factory in was a "Communist youth movement attended only Toronto, Canada, in an attempt to discredit the by special invitation" from Moscow. "It was a country's blossoming peace movement. reward for services rendered." There were refer­ It all began on October 14, 1982, when 550 ences in the diary, Matusiak went on, to Soviet pounds of dynamite were exploded at Litton youth organizations and the Komsomol. "The Systems Canada, builder of the guidance system Komsomol, according to what I learned at uni­ for the U.S. cruise missile. The bomb injured versity, is a Communist youth organization." One seven people, one seriously, and caused $5 million of the references, he said was to the Soviet in damage. A group called Direct Action claimed overseas intelligence service. credit for the bombing and issued a communique Outside the courtroom, Matusiak repeated his explaining why they did it. "Soviet connection" allegations to the press. He Litton has long been the target of non-violent not only showed the diary to reporters, but he, or protests led by a Toronto peace group, the Cruise someone working for him, actually gave photo­ Missile Conversion Project (CMCP). Over the copies of the diary to the press. The media past three years, activists have held a series of willingly obliged. Blowups of the diary were peaceful rallies and civil disobedience actions to shown on TV. "Diary links Litton protest to protest Litton's involvement in nuclear war prep­ Soviets: Crown" screamed the headline of the arations. The government seized on the bombing Toronto Star, Canada's largest circulation daily. to thwart these peace activists. At a November Around midnight on December 7, the dayl 11 protest, an army of 400 police, many of them Crown Attorney Matusiak made his claims, the mounted, prevented 800 demonstrators from get­ police arrested LeCouvie and told him he would ting near the Litton factory. During the protest, be charged with murder or some other count police arrested 62 people for blocking the roads connected with the bombing of the Litton plant. into Litton. For nearly 12 hours, they interrogated LeCouvie Soon afterwards, at the sentencing of one of about the diary and many other unrelated matters the protesters, David Collins, Crown Attorney before releasing him with out charge. The in­ Norman Matusiak unleashed a vicious red-baiting cident was clearly illegal since in Canada the attack on the peace movement. He read excerpts police have no power to "arrest for questioning." from the diary of Ivan LeCouvie, another pro­ The police continued their harassment by ex­ tester. The diary had not been introduced as ecuting five search warrants against of fices and evidence, but had been taken from LeCouvie by homes of people allied with CMCP and other the police on the day of the demonstration. peace groups. They claimed that they were Matusiak claimed that the diary showed a looking for evidence concerning the Litton bomb­ "Russian connection" to CMCP because it indi­ ing. The raids occurred within days of Matusiak's cated that LeCouvie had attended a conference in ludicrous charges. And the information given by Prague and had stopped in Moscow. Matusiak the police to obtain the search warrants contained made allusions to the KGB, taking advantage of not a shred of evidence to justify the searches. the fact that Collins had no lawyer present to On December 8, 1982, police raided yet an­ make an objection to. these wild charges. other peace group, the World Emergency (WE} LeCouvie had attended the Prague conference project based at Trent University in Peter­ of the World Federation of Democratic Youth as a Murray ,\i

Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 borough, Ontario. The police failed to notify the Despite the repression and smear tactics, university, as is usual when carrying out a search. groups such as CMCP and the broader peace The raid angered the Trent community, including movement continue to grow. Litton's cruise mis­ university president Donald Theall who called WE sile involvement and the planned testing of cruise a "reputable organization." The police claimed in missiles in the province of Alberta have become an affidavit filed in support of their search war- major political issues in Canada. The U.S. wants rant that they had "learned that the originals of to test the cruise missiles in Alberta because the the communique issued by Direct Action [about terrain is similar to parts of the Soviet Union. the Litton bombing] were at this address." Need- A Gallup poll released in January 1983 found less to say, they found nothing of the sort. that 52 percent of Canadians oppose the cruise The Cruise Missile Conversion Project's office testing in Canada, while 37 percent support it. was raided six days later. Four police officers On February 10, Canada and the United States scrutinized the office for four hours, even check- signed a weapons testing agreement which paves ing the garbage twice. They seized a number of the way for cruise testing in Alberta. Two days documents, including minutes of meetings and later protest demonstrations erupted across names of some CMCP members. The office of Canada, including a Toronto rally of 5,000 in the Ontario-wide Alliance for Non-Violent Action, bitter cold. Leaders of Canadian trade unions and which organized the November 11 protest, was of major churches have publicly opposed the tests. also raided, as were the homes of several peace Even an association of World War II veterans has activists. The police also seized documents dur- joined the anti-cruise movement. ing these raids. At one house, six police officers Cruise missile testing has become a major interrupted a Christmas gathering and subjected issue here because it so dearly shows the hypoc­ the occupants to four hours of questioning and risy of the Trudeau administration and its com­ sarcastic, sexist remarks. plicity with the Pentagon's plans for nuclear war. The raids led to no arrests in connection with In 1978, Prime Minister Trudeau won widespread the Litton bombing. On January 21, police arrest- interoational support when he proposed a strategy ed five people in the province of British of "suffocation" of the arms race. One element Columbia; three have since been charged with of that strategy was a ban on flight testing of new the bombing. None of them had been active with strategic weapons systems - including, obviously, CMCP or any other peace groups in Ontario. cruise missiles. CMCP called the raids "blatant harassment of Canadian peace activists are also angry about a peace movement, and a violation of our legal tax subsidies to war industries such as Litton. and moral rights to organize and work for social Under the Defence Industry Productivity change." Along with the Alliance for Non-Violent Program, the Trudeau administration gave Litton Action, CMCP has demanded that the police a $26.4 million grant as well as a $22.5 million apologize for the raids and return all confiscated loan to subsidize the production of the cruise material. As of late March this had not been missile's guidance system. done. Neither the police officers responsible for I The government has claimed that Canada's the raids, nor Crown Attorney Matusiak have been NATO commitments oblige it to permit the tests. reprimanded or disciplined in any way. "For Canada not to play its part in NATO is a very unwise thing, because our security has been protected over 35 years by NA TO," claims Exter­

I nal Affairs Minister Allan MacEachen. and Yet the air-launched cruise missile to · be Canadian police tested in Canada is not even part of the NATO governmental authorities arsenal, but rather part of the independent Amer­ ican arsenal. It's the ground-launched version of have latched on to the the cruise which NATO plans to deploy in Europe. Canada has already committed itself to a non­ bombing of a controversial nuclear role in NA TO, and thus has no obligation weapons plant in Toronto, to test cruise missiles here. Canada, in an attempt to discredit the country's blossoming peace movement.

24 -- Cou.Yl-tvr.Spq -- Ju.n.e-Au.gw,t 1983

Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 Northern Ireland: U.S. Media Peddles British Line by Kathleen O'Neal

In a cartoon in London's Punch on October 29, '1 ____-'-l'=u"=cu "-. o'""a-'-T="E--=L=oN=oo-"--" -"'c,=1."=uv=A"=r.--'-0=""'=""-'-"�·'= ''�'-___ _ 1881, the noble Britannia is shown shielding a barefoot and weeping Hibernia from a stone­ throwing Irish anarchist. The drawing is one of hundreds published by the Victorian press to "explain" the perennial Irish question to the British people. Central to the explanation was that Irish revolutionaries were criminals. Usually they were invested with gross simian (ape-like) features as evidence that they occupied the very lowest level of the homo sapiens hierarchy. At the same time, the "good" Irish people, i.e. those deserving British protection, were portrayed as impoverished and helpless, while Britain was al­ ways invincible and honor-bound to save the good Irish from the barbaric revolutionaries. More than one hundred years later, little has changed. Britain still occupies Ireland, the Irish are still rebelling, and the British people are still

1'being fed crude propaganda. Only today, people , in the United States are also being targeted by · the British propaganda and the medium of choice is no longer blatant chauvinist cartoons but rather seemingly "objective" news stories. A typical reader of U.S. newspapers will ex­ plain the war in northern Ireland as a religious war. Britain's effort to stop this bloody Catholic­ Protestant feud, they will explain, is frustrated by the terrorist Irish Republican Army (IRA). The T\VO FORCES. more assiduous reader might add that the IRA members are gangsters, fascists, or Marxists, that SoWtc.e.: L. Pe.My CW1.MJ.,, Apv.i and Ange.l6: Irish people fear them, that naive Irish-Americans The. Iwhman a.6 Vic..toJU.an CalU.c:"atWte. are duped into sending them money for arms and government while six of Ulster's nine counties that the IRA is part of an international terrorist were gerrymandered td provide a loyalist bastion conspiracy financed by the Soviet Union. under direct British rule. The arrangement se­ Before examining how such nonsense gains cured British financial, industrial and agricultural access to the American consciousness, it is first interests throughout Ireland and prevented the necessary to understand what is largely denied access: the Irish republican version of the war in realization of a true Irish republic. Ireland. The linchpin of the partition scheme was and continues to be keeping the north loyal to · The 800-Year Struggle for Ireland England. This is accomplished by punishing the nationalist Catholic community with institution­ The current era of the 800-year-old struggle alized discrimination and intermittent pogroms against British rule in Ireland dates back to 1922 while rewarding the loyalist Protestant commun­ when Britain attempted to defuse a revolutionary ity with a relatively higher standard of living. nationalist movement by partitioning Ireland. The The Protestant loyalty is reinforced by a peculiar southern 26 counties were awarded titular self- Kathleen O'Neal is an Irish-American activist. Cowi:tvr.Spy -- June-Augu.ot 7983 -- 25 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7

Orange mythology.* Similar to the myths which "news" and consequently have an advantage in are used to justify white supremacy in South influencing what will be reported and how it will Africa, Orange myths provide an erroneous be reported. According to Information on Ireland, nationalist identity for the Protestant community. a Britain-based organization, the British army in This identity is exacerbated by an atavistic fear northern Ireland had a staff of 40 army press of Catholicism. The Orange myths creat� and officers and 100 support personnel in 1976. The sustain the appropriate siege mentality among Royal Ulster Constabulary had 12 full-time press Ulster's Protestants which, in turn, justifies the officers and the government employed 20 Belfast­ British army occupation. f?ased press officers. In the late 1960s, the nationalist community's Bolstering this effort in the United States are resistance to their enforced underclass status the British Embassy in Washington, O.C., the took the form of a non-violent civil rights move­ consular officers throughout the country, and the ment. When this was brutally attacked by loyalist British Information Service in New York City. paramilitants and the Royal Ul ster Constabulary During critical periods, this apparently isn't con­ (the northern Ireland police), the Irish R-epublican sidered adequate. The IRA hunger strike in 1981 Army emerged. Their initial mission was to brought a team of 15 PSYOPS specialists to protect the nationalist community, but the strug­ Washington, D.C. to convince the U.S. Irish com­ gle soon rekindled their republican aspirations. In munity that prisons like H-Block are among the 1971, the IRA declared war against the British best in Europe. (See "British Propaganda," forces, and in 1972, Britain unleashed an anti­ CountersPY, August-October 1981.) The team was civilian counterinsurgency campaign. selected by high-level British intelligence person­ The fact that little of this version of the war nel, including M16 chief Arthur Franks, Security in northern Ireland figures in the popular Ceneral Jim Glover (security and intelligence American conception can be attributed to the British propaganda machine and the U.S. news media. The link between them, of course, is not formal. No American reporter or editor is going to admit that he or she merely touches up British There Is evidence •.. that government press releases. There is evidence, ·however, that Britain actively works to use the Britain actively works to use · American news media for its propaganda on the American news media northern Ireland, and there is substantial evidence suggesting that the U.S. media is a highly co­ for Its propaganda on operative carrier. northern Ireland,·and there Army Psychological Operations is substantial evidence The generation of propaganda, which is an inte­ suggesting that the U.S. gral part of the counterinsurgency operation in Ireland, is the responsibility of the British Army's media is a highly . Psychological Operations (PSYOPS). PSYOPS in-· . eludes a full spectrum of activities - from the cooperative carrier. speedy dissemination of news releases to posting of counterfeit IRA posters throughout the nation­ alist community. British Brigadier General and counterinsurgency expert Frank Kitson stresses in coordinator for northern Ireland), and Francis Low Intensity Operations that PSYOPS should be Brooks-Richard, former intelligence coordinator expanded to other countries as well: in Margaret Thatcher's cabinet. One of the The propaganda battJe has not only got to be team's many activities was distributing thousands won in the country in which the the insurgency of copies of "H-Block: The Facts" to the U.S. takes place but also throughout the world news media. where governments or individuals are in a No matter how sophisticated a pr opaganda position to give moral or material support to operation is, however, it cannot be effective the enemy.... It can be achieved either by unless the message is distributed by a credible direct action... or by efforts to inform and carrier. This is where the U.S. news media fits in. influence the media. *Orange mythology relates to the 16th century when WilJiam of Orange (Protestant) defeated King James I To influence the media Britain maintains a (Catholic) at the Battle of the Boyne, thus establishing the Jarge information service in Ireland which fur­ Orange ascendancy. Today, Orange myths perpetuate the nishes instant events-related press releases. The notion that Protestants should, by natural and divine order, • objective, of course, is to be there first with the have a more privileged position in northern Ireland. 26 -- Cou.n:tVLSpy -- Ju.ne-Au.guii.t 1983

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It wittingly (because of sympathies with Britain's past decade, mostly by IRA gunmen on hit-and­ role in Ireland) or unwittingly (because of reliance run strikes from enclaves in Ireland." Downie on British press releases out of convenience) has ignored the fact that "convicted terrorist" Sands proven highly cooperative in disseminating British was sentenced by a non-jury court after being war propaganda. held incommunicado for seven days under the Diplock Court system (the Diplock courts were The Washington Post established in the early 1970s for political cases). Only in the last paragraph did he explain that A close examination of the Washington Post's Sands was sentenced to nine years in prison, not coverage of the 1981 hunger strike reveals the for "terrorism" but for gun possession. Sands persuasiveness as well as the subtlety of British denied even this charge. Downie further failed to war propaganda. The hunger strike was essential­ mention that in northern Ireland gun possession is ly a struggle against one of Britain's most insid­ illegal for the Catholic nationalist community but ious propaganda ploys, the criminalization of Irish legal for the loyalist Protestant community. political prisoners. Britain's response to the Perhaps the most deceptive portion of dramatic increase of political prisoners in the Downie's article was the coining of the mid-l 970s was to build bigger prisons and abolish Fermanagh widows as a victim. symbol. By iden­ their "special," i.e. political status. The repub­ tifying the widows as Protestant, Downie implied lican prisoners refused to cooperate and initiated that their husbands were murdered because they a series of protests which culminated in the were of the Protestant faith. Since the IRA is not hunger strike. In 1981, ten men starved to death anti-Protestant and its targets are military and in order to shatter Britain's definition of what economic, it is far more likely the anonymous they were. widows' late husbands had been members of a The hunger strike is a good example to anat­ loyalist paramilitary organization or in some way omize because it received widespread coverage, worked for the British army or the Royal Ulster which U.S. observers of media treatment of Constabulary. And if this were the case, they northern Ireland as well as the Washington Post's were not murdered, as Downie wrote, but killed in London correspondent Leonard Downie, Jr. con­ the course of a declared war. sidered more balanced than previous coverage. In his search for symbols of the violence­ One Irish American activist called the Post's plagued province, Downie overlooked a recent and coverage a ''breakthrough" while Downie said that bloody assassination spree against the leadership the reporting about the hunger strike "had br oad­ of the H-Block Armagh Committee. The commit­ ened most American coverage beyond just British tee was a 32-county organization formed to bring news sources." attention to the deplorable treatment of Irish If the Post's reporting about the hunger strike republican prisoners in British jails. The assassi­ was indeed a breakthrough, it was still far from nations would have served as a far more eluci­ truly ''balanced" reporting. A counting of a ttri­ dating symbol of Ulster violence since there was buted sources during the first twelve months of growing evidence that the British army's covert the hunger strike (September 1980 to August Special Air Services (SAS) had organized the 1981) reveals that the ratio of British government loyalist squads which carried out the assassina­ and loyalist sources to republican sources was tions. The link between SAS and the loyalist approximately two to one. However, even in squads was confirmed in March 1982 when an articles with more pro-republican sources than Ulster Defence Association member admitted, British government sources, the context provided after his murder trial, that he was working for the by the Post was always consistent with the British SAS. government position that the conflict is essential­ ly religious, that the "terrorist" IRA is responsible Ignoring Essential Facts for the war in Ireland and that the British army plays a peacekeeping role. An April 11, 1981 Among the most salient areas omitted from the article on Bobby Sands' (the leader of the 1981 Washington Post's coverage of the hunger strike hunger strike) election to Parliament is a case in were: the British army's and the Royal Ulster point. Constabulary's atrocities against the civilian The article written by Downie, contained two nationalist community; the objectives outlined in pieces of information attributed to a republican the Eire Nua program of Sinn Fein ( the political and one to a British government source. The lead, wing of the IRA); and the workings of the justice however, referred to Sands as a "convicted Irish system in northern Ireland. As knowledge of Republican terrorist." Later in the article, these issues is essential to understanding the war Downie wrote that the "hidden danger" in Sands' in northern Ireland as well as the hunger strike, Fermanagh district is symbolized "by the and since information pertaining to these three Fermanagh widows, a group of 60 Protestant areas would have been easily accessible, their women whose husbands have been murdered in the omission from the Post's prodigious coverage of Coun-te/rSpy -- June-AugMt 7983 -- 27 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7

picture of the real criminals in northern Ireland. Perhaps .the most horrible atrocity against the community during the hunger strike was the maiming and killing of unarmed civilians with plastic bullets. During this period eight ci vilians (seven children) were kiUed by plastic bullets and hundreds were injured. However, no description of the benign sounding projectiles was included in the Post's coverage. The few times casualties were reported, it was in the context of the unsought consequences of dispersing riots. (See Kathleen O'Neal, "British Plastic Bullets KiH," Counterspy, March-May 1983.) The crux of the hunger strike, as mentioned, was whether Irish republican prisoners should have criminal or political status. Margaret Thatcher's famous tautology "a crime is a crime is a crime" made the British government's position on this point crystal clear. What Thatcher failed to mention and what the Post subsequently didn't report was that some crimes are less equal in the United Kingdom. Under the Prevention of Terrorism and Emergency Provisions Acts, sus­ pected political offenders appear before the Diplock Courts, which have no juries and a 93 pereent conviction rate. Confessions are often extracted from suspects after several days of torture. Should the defendant not be able to physically appear in Court, Royal Ulster Constabulary officers often stand in to "verbalize" the defendant's confession. the hunger strike was clearly deceptive. Why does Britain maintain such a phoney Washington Post articles repeatedly vilified judicial system when direct internment would be IRA members as "murderers" and ''terrorists" more expedient? In August 1971, before the throughout the the hunger strike. It intensified Diplock Courts were established, Britain rounded this image by presenting the IRA as disembodied up and interned 1,400 republican suspects without from its own historical perspective, current anal­ charges or trial. This, however, only solidified ysis or revolutionary objectives - all of which are the nationalist Catholic community and elicited layed out in Sinn Fein's Eire Nua program. Had international outrage. Britain responded by the Post used any part of Eire Nua in the interest developing a system which would appear to the ot furnishing readers a more complete under­ not-so-careful observer to have some judicial in­ standing of the war in Ireland, the IRA's villainous tegrity but which would in no way impede the image would have significantly dissipated. More­ internment process. As Pace University Law over, the program shows that Britain's reason for Professor David Lowry writes, the Diplock Court occupying northern Ireland is to protect its exten­ system was introduced merely to "add a public sive economic interests there. relations gloss by using the imprimatur of law." The very first line of the Eire Nua program During the hunger strike, when the Diplock declares that "the wealth of Ireland belongs to the Court system was ripe for exposure, the people of Ireland and it is theirs to be exploited Washington Post opted for the PR gloss. For and developed in their interest." Other sections instance, in an April 26 article about Irish politi­ of the program assert that the republic will cal prisoner Charles Crummley, Post reporter control the import and export of money; that only Virginia Hammill omitted any substantive infor­ Irish citizens can own land and that all other mation Crummley had offered about his torture segments of the economy will be run by and for by British prison officials and referred to the the people. If this program were implemented, Diplock Courts merely as "special courts." British investors and landowners would clearly Post editorials consciously lied about the have the most to lose. Diplock Courts. In the first editorial on the Had the Post reported the escalating atro­ hunger strike, Post editorial writer John Anderson cities against the nationalist community by the c�imed that the hunger strikers were convicted British army and the Royal Ulster Constabulary, by "due process." When asked in an October 1981 readers would have had a far more accurate interview whether he believed that due process 28 -- Col.Ul,t;eJLSpy -- Ju.ne-Au.giu,:t 7983

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exists in the Diplock Courts, Anderson equivo­ friends and family as their major source of in­ cated and said "Yes, but not the way most formation. Americans think of due process." As truth about the war in northern Ireland slowly seeps through to the American conscious­ Irish Americans Don't Trust the Media ness, it is proving to be every bit as dangerous as the British government had feared. A vociferous Nothing in this article is meant to suggest that supporter of the IRA was chosen by the conser­ the Washington Post has been more derelict in its vative Ancient Order of Hibernians to lead New coverage of nothern Ireland than the rest of the York City's St. Patrick's Day parade this year. A corporate-controlled news media in the United divestiture movement has already successfully States. In fact the Post's reporting and editorial­ pressured Rochester County, New York, to divest izing has been remarkably consistent with that of from Barclay's Bank and the state of the rest of the American news media - a uniform­ Massachusetts to divest from businesses supplying ity suggesting that coverage of northern Ireland weapons for use by British soldiers in northern largely flows from a single source. Ireland. A campaign for congressional resolutions In The Real Terror Network, Edward Herman against the use of plastic bullets in northern suggests that a device for understanding the· Ireland hopes to expose the anti-civilian nature of enormity of the bias in the news media of the Britain's war in Ireland, and a further consequence "Free World" is to take a story, place it in a of the growing awareness of the nature of the Soviet context, and imagine the media response. war, particularly among Irish Americans, is the Imagine, strictly for comparison, how the development of a healthy skepticism of anything Washington Post would report about Soviet troops reported by the reputedly fair and objective U.S. occupying Poland, and Soviet soldiers killing news media. Polish children by firing plastic bullets. Though the news media's control over the Sources: The British Media and Ireland, Information on "news" from northern Ireland is formidable, it is Ireland, London; Belfast Bulletin, Belfast Workers Research Unit, Spring 1979; L. Perry Curtis, Apes and Angels: The not impregnable. Gradually the truth about the Irishman as Victorian Caricature, Smithsonian Institution war in Ireland has been filtering through - though Press, Washington, D.C., 1971; C. Desmond Greaves, The mostly to inner city Irish Americans. A survey Irish Crisis, International Publishers, New York, 1972; published in January 1983 by the Center for Irish Edward S. Herman, The Real Terror Network: Terrorism in Studies in Philadelphia found that local Irish Fact and Propaganda, South End Press, Boston, 1982; "The Irish People," Irish Northern Aid, NPw York, 1980-82; Kevin Americans were practically unanimous in their Kelley, The Longest War: Nol'.thern Ireland and the IRA, belief that the British presence in northern Lawrence Hill and Co., Westport, Conn., 1982; Frank Ireland is unjustified and based on illegitimate Kitson, Low Intensity Operations, Faber and Faber, claims, and that IRA violence is justified. Only a London, 1971; Professor David R. Lowry, "The English few respondents mentioned religion as a major System of Judicial Injustice in Northern Ireland," Political factor in the troubles. Very few listed the news Education Committee, Ancient Order of Hibernians and American Irish Association of Westchester Irish Issues media as a source of information on Ireland. Committee, 1980; "They Shoot Children," Information on Instead, they mentioned (in order of degree) Ireland, London, 1982. b_ooks, visits to Ireland, Irish organizations, and

REAGAN, 6kom page 20 10) Dayton Daily News, 2/26/83. "Soviet Military Spending: Assessing the Numbers 11) No First Use, A Report by the Union of Concerned ' Game," Onternational Security, Spring 1982). Scientists, Cambridge, Ma., 2/1/83. Former U.S. 4) The .CIA consistently uses 1970 ruble figures. See officials who participated in the study include CIA, Directorate of Intelligence, USSR: Measures of McGeorge Bundy, Admiral Noel Gaylor, George Economic Growth and Development, 19 50-80, pre­ Kennan, Robert McNamara, Herbert Scoville • and pared for the Joint Economic Committee, 12/8/82. Gerard Smith. 5) New York Times, 3/4/83, p.A-2; Washington Post, 12) See Konrad Ege, "Airland Battle: The Army's New 3/4/83, p.A-2 Aggressive Strategy," CounterSPy, vol.7, no.2. 6) Cf supra, 11l. 13) James Goldsborough, "The U.S. Missiles Bonn Never 7) Dr. Carl Jacobsen, "The Military Balance: Superiority Asked For," New York Times, 2/15/83. is a Mirage," Miami Herald, 3/13/83. 14) "Wenn es jetzt nicht reicht, dann nie," Der Spiegel 8) Baltimore Sun, 3/6/83. (Hamburg), 1/31/83. 9) Statistics in the segment discussing NATO's defensive 15) Stern (Hamburg), 8/9/79. capabilities are from John Mearsheimer, "Why the 16) Christopher Paine, "Nuclear Combat: the Five-Year Soviets Can't Win Quickly in Central Europe," Inter­ Defense Plan," The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, national Security, Summer 1982. Some of the details November 1982. of this study have been omitted for lack of space. 17) Cf supra, # 15; also see: "The Military Balance "Why the Soviets Can't Win Quickly in Central 1982/83," Air Force Magazine, December 1982. Europe" is a remarkable study which should be read 18) See "Ein Boot ist staerker als eine ganze Flotte," Der by all who want to look beyond the conventional Spiegel, 1/31/83; "France: An Oft-Forgotten Part of forces numbers game. the Nuclear Balance," DefenseWeek, 11/29/82. Cou.n-teJLSr:,y -- Ju.ne-Au.gr.u,.t 1983 -- 29

Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 Non-Truth at the New York Times by Laurie Kirby

Have you ever watched the news, or read one of freeze slanders, what C.S. Lewis was originally the "establishment" newspapers, and had the un­ referring to hardly matters. (He had Nazi Ger­ comfortable feeling that you were being misled? many in mind; the contemporary reader of this That in spite of a variety of viewpoints being passage may be forgiven for thinking of corporate presented, the whole thing seemed hopelessly boardrooms.) Reagan goes on to use the emo­ biased in a way you couldn't put you finger on? tional impact of Lewis's powerful prose to support We all need information - to change the world, his version of morality, which he equates with we need to understand it. In turn, it is vital that military might. ("I urge you to speak out against we recognize the techniques used to make us those who would place the United St ates in a misunderstand events. Some of the techniques position of military and moral inferiority.") are well known. There is the barrage of lies and The advertising industry is a master of the half-truths ("disinformation") which pours out of non-truth. For example, a cigarette advertise­ the corporate media and government agencies. ment aimed at women proclaims "You've come a There is selective truth - for example, concen­ long way, baby!" and emphasizes the relative tration on the human rights situation in the Soviet freedom from certain social restrictions that Union while ignoring the records of gpvernments women have gained during this century. This which serve U.S. business interests. There is statement contains some truth (though it is at the showbiz-truth of TV news, indistinguishable best a half-truth, since it fails to mention that from the commercials and trivia surrounding it, there's still a long way to go). But its truth is and presented by a superstar newscaster. irrelevant in this context. It has been appro­ This article will examine yet another tech­ priated (along with the struggles that have given nique - the non-truth. This is a piece of infor­ it such truth as it contains); its truth has been mation or analysis which may itself be true, but drained from it, and it has been assigned a new which is surrounded by such a sea of distortions function, that of selling cigarettes. Beyond en­ ,that it loses its original meaning. The infor- 1 hancing tobacco profits, this function of course · mation is being used not to convey what it was also abets the campaign to persuade women that originally saying, but to reinforce the overall they are already "liberated" in this profoundly message that the media wants to present. Within patriarchal culture. that context, its original meaning - and whether The non-truth is a device particularly suited to or not it was true - no longer even matters.* "respectable" media which wish to appear objec­ Ronald Reagan (or rather his team of speech­ tive and weighty. A New York Times message to writers) frequently uses the non-truth. In a major corporations, designed to attract their adver­ speech to undamentalist religious leaders in tising, reveals the conscious use of non-truth as a March 1983, 1 for instance, Reagan broke off from technique. The Times says of itself: "Its environ­ a diatribe against the nuclear freeze movement ment of integrity surrounds your message; fram­ ("A freeze would reward the Soviet Union for its ing it, elevating it, separating it ,from the crowd. enormous and unparalleled military buildup") to With an immediacy that brings it additional pow­ intone this selection from C.S. Lewis's Screwtape er." Inasmuch as the purpose of the "paid cor­ Letters: porate message" is not merely to state what it The greatest evil is not now done in those states but also to enhance the image as well as sordid "dens of vice" that Dickens loved to * In philosophical logic, a statement (such as "it is paint. It is not done even in concentration raining") is sometimes said to lose its truth-value when camps and labor camps. In those we see its used referential ly. Thus the statement "John says that it is final result. But it is conceived and ordered raining" may be true or false quite ind�pendently of (moved, seconded, carried, and minuted) in whether or not it is in fact raining. Quine calls this clean, carpeted, warmed, and well-lighted phenomenon "referential opacity." In the device of the offices, by quiet men with white collars and non-truth we see a similar kind of opacity. When carefully cut fingernails and smooth-shaven cheeks who embedded in an ideological framework, a statement or do not need to raise their voice. even a whole symposium can perform an ideological func­ tion quite independent of what it was originally saying. When sandwiched between Reagan's anti- This might be called "ideological opacity." 30 Cou.n.-tvr.Spy -- June-Augu.6� 1983

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the interests of the paying corporation, it be­ themselves. The first paragraph asks, "Is there a comes a non-truth. And the Times is advertising future for left-wing politics in this country?" and itself as a medium which allows this non-truth sketches in the background: "Among leftists now mechanism to work by making the message "stand there is a growing debate about what to do." out;" whereas, corporate advertising in business The second paragraph (more than twice as long publi<;Jtions is "blending into one amorphous as the first) begins: logo". All this comes at a time when six people, A closer look at an article from this "respect­ including members of the radical left splinter able" paper will show how the non-truth is used to group, the Weather Underground, are awaiting distort reality for ulterior political motives with­ trial in Rockland County on murder charges out actually lying. On September 26,1982, the stemming from an October 1981 robbery of a New York Times devoted a page of its "Week in Brink's truck in which two policemen and a Review" section to a symposium on the state of guard were killed. the American Left. D.J.R. Bruckner of the Times Then the "political theater" in the Brink's trial staff interviewed six people - "four of them most courtroom is described in entertaining detail: a often identified as leftist thinkers and two as defense lawyer argues for the defendants' right to conservatives," and all of them prominent as wear tee shirts bearing political slogans, and, even more sinister, the defendants shout "Long live Palestine." This second paragraph is a sudden and utter disgression into the visceral: the linking of "Palestine" with "terrorism." And the term "ter­ rorism" is used to invoke a disproportionate hor­ ror, worse than all the horrors perpetrated in the world today by government officials and generals. This pattern of connections, after years of con­ stant reinforcement, is now firmly engraved in the reader's psy che. Mention of a buzz word such as "Palestine" is enough to unleash a whole host of negative associations. (The media attention given to the Beirut massacres does not seem to have changed this. An example of the emotive and extreme statements still common in the U.S. 'We'// be bet/IrIn• minute with Her/an Harr/a'Sports Extra, JulN Bernmelerand media, which was published in late 1982: "The th• -th•.Jimmy Cunningham•• Entertainment Plue, Judith Enright', Fath/on PLO is to the slaughter of en, women and NotN, GradyO 'Toor,c.lebrlty Interview, Marla De/Iago•• BudgetCenter, :-'a Murray Vaughn•, Mr. Fix-It Shop, and me, BlffBrogan, with•note on ,,,__._ children what France is to wine." ) Gu.andi..an/cp 6 The third of the introductory paragraphs on political thinkers. Several of them managed (de­ the "American Left" is short and crucial: spite the limitations of space and of the ques­ Few students of politics would argue that tions) to provide challenging insights into the there is any but a factitious connection be­ current evolution of liberal and radical thought. tween the holdup and the killings and the But what did the reader encounter before tradition of the left in this country, but many these brief interviews? First, the headline - "The worry about the popular impression the pub­ American Left Still Searches for a Clear Political licity surrounding the trial wiU Jeave. Direction." Inasmuch as this is not a useless Webster's Dictionary defines "factitious" as "arti­ generality (for when has the Left, or the Right, or ficial; sham ••• induced or produced artificially or the center, not been searching?) it reflects the by special effort." opinion given by just one of the six interviewees - Yet what the New York Times has just subjec­ the conservative Nathan Glazer - although it may ted us to in the second paragraph is precisely a perhaps be read into Eugene Genovese's remarks special effort to strengthen the connection be­ as well. But it tends to ignore, or even negate, tween anyone on the Left and the whole factitious what the other four had to say. Since many web of evil associations arround the word "ter­ readers will get no further than the headline rorism." This connection will not be unmade in before turning the page, and will have their views the reader's mind by a pious disclaimer added as if on the state of the American Left influenced by an afterthought in the third paragraph. accordingly, this is no minor distortion. Anything the six "experts" say matters little But it is the (unsigned) introduction to the now because they have (unwittingly) said it in this interview which definitely sets the scene. Three framework. Their insight has become non-truth: italicized paragraphs lead into brief descriptions the function of the prestigious interviewees is not of the six "experts," and then the interviews to say anything in their own right, but to lend Cou.n.teJzSpy -- June-AugU6t 7983 -- 31 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7

support to the ideological framework that sur­ period pieces; Sixties nostalgia. Any real or rounds their words. meaningful links between current opposition The function of the third paragraph is to movements and those of the 60s are appropriated legitimize the rather blatant manipulation of the and drained of their validity by this factitious second paragraph. ''You may think that was a connection. They become, in the context of this huge red herring," l t tells the reader, ''but look! device, non-truths. we do too - we're pooh-poohing the whole idea. It is not just an academic exercise to learn to You can't even think that we're contributing to recognize non-truths, and all the other ways in that popular impression after we've called it fac­ which the media propagate and implant an ideo­ titious. We're balanced, rational, and academ­ logy - a world-view which is manufactured to suit ically hygienic." . the needs of business leaders. This ideology is one So this third paragraph, having nothing to do of the foundations of a system of repression and with its truth or falsity, is itself a non-truth. exploitation, and often directly supports Whether the assertion it makes is in fact true repressive acts. The Brink's affair itself has been matters so little to the author (or editor) that no used as an excuse for a crackdown on Leftists and evidence is add uced for it, save for asking only Black Liberation groups. A federal grand jury is one of the six "experts" about it - the only time questioning people "suspected" of links to radical the Brink's "connection" is mentioned anywhere in groups, and (at the time of writing) fourteen the interviews. (And here, right at hand, were people have been jaile d for refusing to testify five other "students of politics" who could have about the political activities of themselves and been called upon to provide support for the asser­ others. tion.) Each time we break free - and free others - Another ideological device running through the from the devices which are used to trap us into entire page - the "Sixties Connection" - reinforces warped judgements, we are striking a small blow the function of this third paragraph. The inter­ against the ideology which supports repression. viewer repeatedly asks his "experts" to linl< and compare the 60s protest movement with the pres­ Footnotes: ent-day Left. Small portraits of the "experts" are l) See for example: Noam Chomsky and Edward Herman, inset against a large photo from the archives The Political Economy of Human Rights, South End showing a dramatic scene from a 1960s demon­ Press, Boston, 1982. stration. (Odd to choose this picture for an 2) New York Times, 3/9/83. article on the present state of the Left?) 3) New York Times, 11/4/82. The "Sixties Connection" is a well-known de- 4) Mark Helprin, "American Jews and Israel," New York vice for trivializing and diffusing any present-day Times. 11/7/82. radical activities br turning them into mere

Nuclear war and The PROPAGANVA, n�om page 14 Mlddle East Arms Race funding from tax money. However, recipients of the foundation money can claim it is "clean" and Two SpecialIssues of not associated with the West German government. MERIP Reports Massachusetts Senator Paul Tsongas stated that it Rapid Deploymentand Nuclear war might be a good idea to have a similar arrange­ ChrlStopnerPaine and Mlchael Klare ex ptaln nuclearus strateg y and� a­ ment in the United States. After all, the foun­ tlOnsfor Intervention In the Mlddle East. The Armswace In theMlddle 11st dation of the West German Social Democratic JimPaut and JOe Stort detailthe causes and onsequences c of armsto sales Party, the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, provided mas­ theregton . OtnerartlCles examine the armsIndustries of l5raelg andE ypt. □ I encioseS5 fortne Reportwo n on tneEast lllldCIII arms raceand war nuctNr sive aid to the Portuguese Social Democrats in □ I encioseS1'.95 for !'MeRepor two ts plUstne next ofseven lnues the 1970s to prevent the Communists from com­ MEIIIPReporn ing to power. And that, say these liberal critics, the U.S. government could never have done. -st...r A staff person of Senator Edward Kennedy's City Stat• ZIP sendyou r Checkor Ymonf' ordertoda y to MERIP llePOrn INI office echoed Tsongas's sentiment: "It's basically POBox 1247 Nf'W York, NY 10025 a good idea and we support it," he told the Boston L------·-----··------Globe. "Our concern ••• is that it not become an exercise ii.'. Reaganitis or a vehicle for the Heritage Foundation to put into effect its view of the world. We want to see the sophisticated European model adopted and not a return to the� 19.50s ha(dline anti-Communist policies."

32 -- Cou.n.tVLSpy -- June-AugtUiz 7983 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 El Salvador

Interview with Dr. Charlie Clements Pilot Against Vietnam, Doctor for El Salvador

V(.L/[..Utg .the U.S. Walt -<-n Vietnam, in a controlled zone which means scorched earth policy: to destroy Chlllr.i,ie C.leme.nt.o 6lew U.S. Ai.It essentially a zone in which enemy all food supplies of the popula� Fo.1r.ce mecU..cal. evac.uation ml66ioru. soldiers, government soldiers tion during an invasion. And im­ and C-130 ddi..ve.1r.y .sow.u :t.o U.S. can't enter without facing stiff posed upon this situation of mal­ bMU - 6ome.tunu :t.o t.eCJr.e:t. bMu resistance from the guerrilla de­ nutrition and shortage of food, .i.n Cambod.i.Q. A6:t.e.1r. .the Walt, fensive forces. But that also there's an acute shortage of medi­ Cleme.nt.6 6:t.u.cli.ed mecU..c.i.ne and :t.o­ means that the government forces cine. In El Salvador, simply car­ dQy he 6e.1tvu M a doc:t.o.1r. 60.1t :the don't allow food or medicine to rying medicine in an area where c.i.v-i.li.a.n popultu:..i.on .i.n a ve.1r.y cU..6- enter the zone. So the population there is guerrilla activity is 6e.1ten:t. Walt zone: :the Gua.zapa F1r.on:t. - which is characterized by the sufficient evidence to be labeled -<.n El SQ.ivado1r.. About 10,000 c.i.­ United Nations as being one of the a sympathizer. A U.S. citizen with vil.i.Qnll Uve .i.n .thQ:t. 50 6qtuVte most malnurished in Central Amer­ a German mother, named Michael mile a1tea con:t.Jr.oUed by .the Fa/tQ­ ica - is faced with large inva­ Kline, was killed recently in El bu.ndo Ma/r,u, Na.tioMl L-i.beJr.Q:t,.i.on sions that burn their food stocks Salvador, and the accusation of F1r.on:t. ( Fl.fvL), jUA.t a 6ew milu and destroy the crops that are in the government soldiers.who killed 61r.om .the cap.i..tQ.i c.i.ty, San SQ.iva­ the fields. him was that he was a communist doJr.. S-<.nce Feb/tU./l/ly 7 9 8 2 ,C.lemen:t.6 It's part of the army's sympathizer because he carried hM wM.k.ed a6 a 6o..rnil.tJ phy6ic.i.an, :t.Jr.a-<.ned heQ.i.th woJr.ke.lr.6 and 6upeJr.­ v-<-6ed a pubUc heQ.lth campa.i. n -<.n g EL SALVADOR CIVIL WAR 50 .thQ:t. "con:t.Jr.oUed zone." 9 • V1r.. C.leme.nt.o hM 6 een U.S. mil­ miles a.a.JUJ a.i.d a.t wOJr.k the.1r.e - a.t a co6.t 06 :t.enll 06 thoUAand6 06 Uvu. He 6atJ6 .the pa1r.aUe.l .to HONDURAS V.i.etnam -<-6 :t.h-<-6 : -<.n Vietnam -<.n .the 19606 a.nd -<.n El SQ.ivado1r. -<.n .the

79806, the U.S. goveJt.nmen:t. -<-6 -<.n- · valved ma66.i.ve.ly -<.na Waif. w-<.:t.hou.:t.

.telling d6 oom c.U<.zenii hew deep­ ly .i..t -<-6 -<.nvolved.

K.on1r.ad Ege .i.n.te.1r.v.i.ewed V1r.. C.lemen:t.6 -<.n Ma.Ir.ch 7 9 8 3.i.n WM h.i.ng­ .ton, V. C. whe.1r.e he Wall lf.a-<.6ing money 601r. mecU..cal. 6 uppU u and 1.halt-<.ng h-<-6 eyew.u:null accof.lJ'Lt o 6 .the CWVten:t. concli.,tion6 .i.n El SQ.i­ vadOJr..

Hew hall the wait a66ec:t.ed .the Areas where guerrillas people -<.n .the Gua.zapa F1r.on:t.? control the El Salvador There are about 10,000 civil­ �,.q ians there and 40 percent of them countryside are under age twelve. They live Cou.n:tu.Spy -- June-Augu.6.t 1983 -- 33

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medicine and oil, The oil he car­ SEARCH ANV VESTROY holding action and slowly re­ ried was for his boots, and the treated behind the civilians. medicine was Alka-Seltzer. Vo you. ha.ve a.YIIJ Ji Ul4 e.o6 what The government forces entered So .the civilians in the front -the U.S. a.dv-l6o,u. a-te. teaclung the village, killed all the live­ auffer from an acute shortage of the Sa.lva.dotta.n a.ttmy? stock, destroyed practically all modern medicines and there are ep­ I don't have any specific in� .the possessions there, and killed idemics of malaria, of parasitic f9rmation on that. The prisoners an old man, Miguel, who had become diaease, of dysentary, of many of war have told me that they are a personal friend when I treated condition■ that you would encoun­ trained in these search and de­ him for arthritis, Earlier that ter in a developing country in the stroy opeations which they have afternoon, Miguel had said that he tropics. Superimposed on top of been told by the advisors were was not going to flee, because he this are the almost daily attacks very effective in Vietnam. Another was. tired of fleeing and, he by the Salvadoran military. deserter told me that he was said, ''What would they do to an I can't remember a day since trained in techniques of torture old man anyway?" All of us knew July that the Guazapa Front hasn't by U.S. Green Berets, But all of that he was saying, "I'm ready to been attacked by American C-37 this information is second hand die." fighter-bombers, strafed by Huey and I don't have any first hand Later we found his body with helicopters, or rocketed by Cessna experience with it. very definite signs of mutilation Skymaster observation planes, and and torture. This is typical of sometimes all three. And that in­ You. would Jia.y -that -the.1te. -l6 a. what I've seen. I've seen a baby cludes Christmas Day and New veJty deU.beJr.a.te. po.li..CJJ o 6 go-i.ng with a bullet hole in its forehead Year's Day. There's also random a.6tett the cA.v-i.Li.a.n popuia-tlon? with powder burns, indicating that mortar fire from any of the number I do�'t have any doubts about it was shot from a very close dis­ of military outposts that surround that. I have ·been in the zone when tance. And it's general knowledge the :aone. there have been large government among any one in the zone that if sweeps. A typical operation oc­ you are caught, you'll be killed. IJi -t:he1r.e a.ny po,1i,1i,il,le mi..lM:o.Jr.y There is an army operations juUA.6,lc.a:ti.on 6ott -the Sa.lva.dotta.n. curred in October 1982 when I was in a small village that was cut plan the guerrillas captured re­ mlllt.aJr.y to c.aNt!f oU-t -thue lund6 cently, and they asked my opinion OQ OpVULti.Onh? off by a rapid intrusion of one of the Salvadoran army battalions of it, as a former military offi­ Well, the justification is very that have been trained in the U.S. cer.I said that what struck me was clear. One of my functions in the The village sent a defense force that in the very detailed logis­ Guazapa Front is liaison to the to slow down their entrance, which tics plan of operations there was International Red Cross to arrange gave the villagers time to make no mention of ptisoners. Yet ear­ lier in the operations plan, it said they expected to encounter as lliAny as 1,000 civilians and sever­ al hundred armed forces. The only "The Salvadoran army prisoners statement made in the operations plan was that the enemy dead will of war have told me .... that be burned on the spot. So I think there's a very deliberate plan of they're taught to kill women and not taking prisoners of war. children because all women are � Ifil. MILITARY� You. we11.e -i.n -the Gu.a.za.pa. Fttont potential f actorles for more 6ott ,1iome. Ume be6otte the ma.6Ji-i.ve U, S • .:l'ta,ln,i.ng o 6 Sa.lva.dotta.n tttoop,1i guerrillas and children are the bega.n. Ha.Ji -the tlta.-i.n.lng ma.de a.ny d-i.66e1tence? guerrilla seeds that need to be I don't think that the troops trained by the U.S. are particu­ eliminated from their country." larly more effective than the oth­ er troops. I think that they're perhaps a little more brutal. But I don't think they're making any substantial gains for the Salva­ ·the release of prisoners. The FMLN tortillas, to bury food stocks and doran military. In my work as li­ has recognized the neutral status what few precious possessions they aison to the International Red that l prefer to keep, both as a had. As nightfall approached and Cross, and in treating the prison­ Quaker and as a physician. And the the government soldiers were close ers of war, I have come to know Salvadoran army prisoners of war enough, they began mortaring the many of the soldiers well, and I held by the guerrillas have told village, The civilian population don't feel any amount of U.S. mil­ me, when qu�stioned why they par­ was evacuated under the noses of itary aid, any number of U.S. ad­ ticipate in such operations, that the enemy. I had prepared tran­ visor•. or any amount of training they're taught to kill women and quilizing cocktails made from Va­ is going to give the Salvadoran children because all women are po­ lium for the children to keep them army the capacity to.fight. tential factories for more guer­ quiet because their crying would I've seen prisoners of war as rillas and children are the guer­ give away their positions. The ci­ young as 15 years old and I've rilla seeds that need to be elimi­ vilian population fled into the never met one who was a high nated from their country, bills. The defenae force fought a school graduate, 'Many of them are illiterate. All of them describe 34 -- Cou.n.tVI.Spy -- June-Au.gM.t 1983 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7

being conscripted, and some of them forcibly, into the military. They participate reluctantly in those types of operations. fl SALVADOR When I asked why they don't de­ IS fjJ2IANOTHER. sert I repeatedly heard the same VIETNAM. . story: it is well known what hap­ . pens to the families of deserters, WHY THEY AREN'T They describe pictures of desert­ EVENSPEUED ers in their barracks with perhaps TUE SAM£, a photo of their dead families be­ low it with an inscription such aa "killed in a crossfire." The P0Ws speak of being able to buy their way out of patrols if you can af­ ford to. They speak of knowing of officers who occasionally sell arms or ammunition to the guer­ rillas. I just don't think that they have the morale to win any sort of military victory. The Salvadoran military has ex­ perienced a widespread demoraliza­ tion since the guerrillas started returning prisoners of war. The guerrillas did this because the prisoners of war that were being C'arol:lr returned when I first arrived were S,mpson {)l'!.U. being killed, While those deaths were blamed on the guerrillas, at least the loss of one full bat­ more destructive revolution, but other prisoners of war told us talion in the last year. Perhaps it cannot win the revolution for that they were killed because they more important than the deaths is the Salvadoran government.· were suspected of being collabora­ the fact that between June and De­ tors or they were accused of being cember about 250 soldiers surren­ CAPTUREV WEAPONS cowards for having surrendered in dered. That was in the whole coun­ the first place. In Guazapa, the try. And as many of the prisoners . HOOJ ha.ve you �een U.S. m.i.U­ prisoners of war are often guarded of war returned to their units and hvt.lJ

� AIV FROM THE UNITEV � teachings and the reality of peo­ standard Salvadoran government is­ ple's lives, Moat of the military sue. I see the numbers of weapons Vo you. get: the 6ee.ling that the leaders are Marxists. And the two the guerrillas fight with. For in­ U.S. govvinme.nt i.A

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�pokesperson for the FMUi or the FDR. I think they're objecting to U.S. foreign policy which has said "In Guazapa, the prisoners of war that, no, the government of El Salvador does not have to negoti­ are often guarded In homes, so ate or carry on a dialogue with anybody involved in this process. they see famllles, they see cllnlcs, Solidarity, in a concrete form, means a great deal to the people they see some of the elementary of El Salvador. You can imagine that when they are receiving daily schools. They return very "gifts" of bombs or rockets or ma­ chine gun bullets delivered by aircraft from the United States, different people - If they return. and then they receive the gift of medicine from people in the U.S. Many of them choose to stay." or Europe, that carries a very different message. It gives them courage to continue their strug­ gle. places where one geta aid for re­ things from the viewpoint of the construction, and rebuilding a peasants. The peasants and workers country: from the Eastern bloc and who go back and forth to the city MAKE A TAX-VEVUCTIBLE CONTRIBUTION from the Western bloc. And if they from the Guazapa Front explained TO BUY I.EVICAL SUPPLIES FOR EL are denied acceaa to the Western to me very apologetically that SALVAVOR. MAKE CHECKS PAYABLE TO bloc, if they become an enemy of they had voted. One reason, they SALVAVOREAN MEVICAL RELIEF FL/NV the U.S. by winning a military explained, was that not to have ANV SENV TO CHRES, P.O. BOX 1194, victory, that they will have to the national voter stamp in their SALINAS, CA 93902. turn to the Eastern bloc - which I.D. card was a certain death sen­ will then be used by the U.S. to tence, and that to be caught with­ further justify subversion of out this I.D. card, or to be their political process. Thia caught with the I.D. card without means that they would be faced a vote stamp, was considered a with the same sort of covert oper­ sign of guerrilla sympathies. ations that are working to desta­ Secondly, they told me that the TIie bilize the Nicaraguan revolution ballots were numbered and that al­ laa1dllle today. There are great fears of though there had been a plan to that. They do not necessarily wish tear the numbers from the ballots, to end up as enemiea of the United that that in fact did not qappen States. in the places where these voters ..... participated in the elections. Alnea·lcan A/.f.lESTY ANV ELECTIONS? Three days before the election, they said, Roberto d'Abuisson's Dnaa The. Alr.chb.lt.hop 06 San SalvadOII. ARENA Party had o6jacte$i to the ha6 -11a,i.d Jte.c.e.nt,l.y he. 6avoJf.6 an mutilation of the ballots by "amnu.ty'' 6M the. g�. tearing off the numbers, Well, I don't think an amnesty can each campesino or worker or citi­ have much meaning in a country zen that voted had to s,ign a piece where there's no rule of law, no of paper that had the number on due process, where the courts are the ballot that was issued to them not functioning and where the se­ next to their ltilme. So, they were curity forces, such as the 1reasu­ certain that peopl, would know how ry Police and the National Guard they voted. seem to kill at will. I certainly, for instance, as a Quaker and aa a Wcu .the.Jte. any voting boo.th .in physician who haa -intained a the. a/le.a we11.e. you. we11.e.? 11111 neutral role, would not dare to No, there was no participation set my foot in San Salvador. I by any of the controlled zones. A hilarious cartoon history feel I would be targeted instant­ of the good old U.S.A. ly, even though my role has been THE U.S. SOLIVARITY MOVEIJE,NT Estelle Grossman neutral. And I think any guerrilla By Carol,Rhoda who stepped forward under the "am­ Whitt e.66e.c.t do you. th.in� .:the. and Bob Simpson nesty" would be foolish. -6 95 a:tU, S. olidalu.J:Jj move.me.n.t ha-6 he11.e. $6. home. and .in Et Sa.lvado1t? "-k for it at your local Book•tore What about the. e.le.c.ti.onli that Well, the solidarity movement or order from• aJte. 1te.po.1Lte.dl.y planned 601t the. e.nd in the U.S. :l,s trying to convince Alyson Publications 06 1983? people that perhaps the biggest POBox 2783 Dept. B-1 · I think elections have no mean­ obstacle to aid in Central America Boston, Massacltusdts 02208 ing either, for the reason that I ia U.S. foreign policy. I don't (reduced rate■S7 .50 for po■tpaicl multiple copies) just mentioned. I was in El Salva­ think that the solidarity movement dor durina the last elections and here, which includes the church perhaps I could describe a few an� committees of solidarity, is a 31 -- Coun:te.JrSpy -- Jwie-Au.gu.6.t 79 83

Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 Salvadoran Refugees Testify: "It's a War Against the People"

i "Coun.teJu.n6U11.genc.y," "� op­ doesn't prevent them from falling, S.iJt., c.an you .te.lf. mt when eJt.a.-tlont." .in "zone.6 o 6 c.on6Uc.t'' - on the people. you le6.t El SalvadoJt.? tilo1,e ,te.Jl.rn,6 a.t: .U.me-6 .tend .to .to.ke Vo tiley a.t:.to.c.k .the gu� 2 I left on the night of on a IL/I.the11. .tec.hn.ic.a.l. and ab1,;t,r.a.c.,t OJr. .the uv.lli.an populauon? December 1st, 1982. a,i,Jr.. Whci.t .they mean .in Jt.e.o..i.,i._,ty .in They attack the civilians - How old tIJt.e you? El SalvadoJt. -<.-6 du,CM.bed bt tilue they're the ones who get it. I'm fifty-six. .tu,u.mon.iu by Salvado.lU1.n pe1I.6a.n.t.li How do .thue planu, de.ude WheJt.e. d-<.d you c.ome 6Jt.om? who wue 6oJtc.ed .to 6lee -&u.o Hon­ whe.Jr.e .to bomb? I came from San Vicente - from dU/1./I,6: The "human JL<.gh.t-6 c.eJtti- The explorers come first and an area called San Esteban Catari­ 6-<-ed" govvr.nmen.t 06 El SalvadoJr. -<.-6 give them a signal, na, Department of San Vicente, c.all.lUJ-<.ng ou.t a wM ag/UM.t UA own Wha.t dou t:h-<.-6 explMe.Jr. look Can you .tell me why you le.6.tf peo ple. 6M, people? Well, first of all we had to Thu,e Jte6ugeu, gave the-<.Jr. .tu­ Who knows. They say they're leave the country because we knew u.mon.iu .in tile Jr.e.6uge.e. c.amp.t, a.t looking for enemies. that the Armed Forces were coming Colomonc.agua, Zntibuc.a, HondU/1./I,6 V.id you loH me.mbw 06 yoUJr. into our area. Everything they 19 3. .in Jan uaJr.y 8 The -<.n.te.Jr.v.iewe.Jt.,6 6(Jlflil,y? found in their path they de-· Me. -<.n.teJLnational Jt.e.Ue.6 WOJrRe.Jt.,6 They're dead. My cousins and stroyed - homes, houses, animals,

As Chile approaches the 10th anniversary of the The current crisis of the Chilean economy is a bloody overthrow of the late President Salvador fundamental structural crisis of what has probably · Allende, it is in the throes of an economic crisis been the most radical free market and anti-statist which is far worse than anything ever experienced (i.e., anti-central government control) program of under the brief three-year reign of the pro- economic reform devised in the 20th century. socialist Popular Unity Government. Recent This experiment was inspired by Milton Friedman events, asserts a confidential memorandum from of the University of Chicago, assisted and· f i­ the International Monetary Fund (IMF}, ''have ad- nanced to the tune of at least $300 million in versely affected confidence at home, as well as loans by the IMF, executed by Friedman's Chilean abroad, in the authorities' ability to manage the disciples, the so-called "Chicago Boys," and pro­ economy.". . . tected by one of the most repressive armies in the In 1982, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) world. Chile's experience from 1975 to 1983 plunged by close to 13 per cent and unemployment provided a glimpse of the monetarist paradise into skyrocketed from eight to 25 per cent. These which the Fund would like to turn its wards in ·the depression statistics were probably unmatched by Third World - if it had its way. any other country in the world. But according to Referred to by their authors, wJth perverse the IMF, Chile's "most pressing immediate pr

was moved to comment: "The social costs of ing consumption by the upper classes or to specu­ enforced austerity were extremely high ••••" lative activities. Thus the geometrically expand­ The depression of 197.5, argued the Chicago ing service costs of foreign debt could not be paid Boys, was a necessary prelude to what they proud­ out of newly generated wealth but only out of ly pointed to as the halcyon years from 1977 to , newly contracted debt. Chile's private bankers, in 1982. GDP growth averaged eight percent per other words, were borrowing from one set of annum, pro mp ting Ronald Reagan to proclaim international banks to pay off another. Chile a model for Third World development, and The financial bubble finally burst in 1982, provoking Friedman's memorable statement that confronting the Chicago Boys with an undoubtedly the Chilean experiment was "comparable to the painful choice: to hew to long-cherished monetar­ , economic miracle of post-war Germany." ist beliefs or to stave off financial collapse The miracle, however, was a strange one: a through state intervention. In a classic statement high GDP growth rate coexisted with a high, of the Chicago Boys' belief in the ideal of the depression-level unemployment rate. Down to free, unregulated economy, Jose Pinera, the three percent in 197 3, Allende's last year, the young intellectual who has served as labor minis­ unemployment rate under Pinochet since 197.S has ter, once remarked: "To act against nature is never gone below 10.4 percent. This indicated a counterproductive and self-lo Barahona and Alvaro Bardon, had counterrevolutionary government to both achieve previously distinguished themselves as dogmatic economic growth and reconcentrate income. But anti-statists when they served as chiefs of when the international recession began to savage government economic ministries. To save the these markets beginning in 1981, "export-oriented banks, the Chicago Boys adopted a number of growth" became the Achilles heel of the monetar­ measures, including a scheme whereby the ist experiment. In a more balanced economy, Central Bank would ''buy up" bad debts; a prefer­ declining export demand can be offset by expand­ ential rate of exchange for debt service trans­ ing demand in the domestic market. But years of actions; and emergency lending from the Central following an iron policy of . keeping down real Bank. income - "demand restraint" - to combat inflation But while the Chicago Boys chose to depart had so gutted the internal market that it could from the straight path of monetarism, the IMF hardly sustain production. And by 1982, Chile was refused to go along, precipitating a conflict which in the midst of its second depression in eight is captured in the confidential IMF accounts of years - and its worst economic crisis since the the negotiations leading up to the granting of the Great Depression of the 1930s. $860 million "standby" credit in early January Under these circumstances of external reces­ 1983. The Fund registered displeasure at the fact sion and internal depression, the massive flow of that ''the reduction of private foreign debt facili­ foreign capital to Chile became a time bomb. tated by a strong expansion of Central Bank Most of this capital came in in the form of credit credit has resulted in a .•• loss of international to Chilean financial institutions from big inter­ reserves." The government technocrats, on the national banks; Citicorp, Wells Fargo, Bank of other hand, "strongly defended the introduction of America, and Chase Manhattan. By the end of the preferential rate as a necessary measure to 1981, Chile's private banks had contracted a mas­ forestaJl bankruptcy of a large segment of private sive external debt of $10 billion. Forty-four industry, commerce, and the financial system." percent of domestic credit extended by the pri­ The Fund finally had to lay down the law: "The vate sector in 1980 and 1981 was financed from staff ••• would stress the importance of tight these foreign borrowings. As the

Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 CIA, Coups and Cocaine Klaus Barbie: Global Nazi by Konrad Ege

Klaus Barbie is one of Hitler's Gestapo officers Gottlieb Fuchs, Barbie personally tortured pris- who got away. At least until this year. oners and killed French resistance leader Jean Barbie was a Nazi SS officer who was assigned Moulin: "I was there when Barbie beat Moulin on to combat French resistance to the German occu­ his head and body with a stick and kicked him pation. Immediately after the Nazis' defeat, he with his fe et••• Then he dragged him by his feet went to work in Germany for the U.S. intelligence down the stairs to the basement and left him agencies. The U.S. government hid him from the there. Barbie told me: 'If that dog isn't dead by French authorities, and then the CIA and the tomorrow, I'll beat him to death."' Moulin died. Vatican he1ped him to make his way to Bolivia Barbie managed to le ave France after the war where he remained active as a CIA agent. In and entered the U.S. occupied zo ne where he Bolivia, he participated in a military coup, and joined the U.S. authorities. He provided them worked for the Security Police. Barbie also set up with information about the French Communist his own paramilitary unit to provide protection Party in the Lyons area, and settled down com­ for Bolivia's cocaine traders. Italian authorities fortably in southern Germany, working for U.S. now charge that one of the members of Barbie's intelligence and for the "Gehlen Organization." group was recruited by rightwing terrorists to Reinhard Gehlen, who had been Hitler's man in blow up a railway station in Bologna, Italy, in charge of spying on the Eastern Front, had also 1980. In 1983, Klaus Barbie was extradited to been recruited by the U.S. immediately after the France. When his ties to the CIA became known war. Only a few years after· the Nazis were in the United States, President Reagan's Attorney defeated, he was put in charge of his own intelli­ General William French Sm ith, refused to investi­ gence apparatus, funded by the U.S. Gehlen later gate, claiming that prosecution was unlikely. became the chief of West Germany's CIA, the After a public outcry, Smith changed his mind. Bundesnachrichtendienst. Klaus Barbie is now in a French prison, await­ The French government repeatedly demanded ing trial for the "crimes against humanity" he that Barbie be extradited. The U.S. stalled, and committed in Lyons in the early 1940s as a Le Monde reports that in 1950, the St ate Depart­ Gestapo officer. This means that Barbie will face ment officially denied knowing Barbie's where­ charges relating to only a very small fraction of abouts even though he was then on the U.S. his crimes. And the individuals who abetted his government payroll, receiving $1,700 a month. In life of crime by saving him from the French 1951, the U.S. provided Barbie with a false pass­ courts after World War II - U.S. State Depart­ port under the name Klaus Altmann; the Inter­ ment, U.S. Army and CIA officials - remain at national Red Cross wrote him a letter of re­ large. commendation; and the Vatican assisted him in traveling to South America. Commenting later on From the Gestapo to the CIA the Vatican's support, Barbie said: "The Vatican contact person told me, we have one thing in Barbie joined the SS in 1935. He was first common, we are anti-Communists." assigned to the Bureau of Jewish Affairs in The Barbie settled down in Bolivia, where, accord­ Hague and Amsterdam, the Netherlands. In ing to a secret 1963 French government docu­ Amsterdam, he arrested hundreds of Jews and ment, he continued to work as an agent for the German refugees who had fled there before the CIA and the West German Bundesnachrich­ Nazi army occupied the Netherlands. Barbie rose tendienst. A former high-level official of the through the SS ranks and was transferred to the Bolivian Interior Ministry under the dictatorship Eastern Front to combat the Soviet resistance. of General Hugo Banzer (1971-78) confirmed to Apparently, he did his work well. In November the Miami Herald that Barbie routinely gave the 1942, he was promoted to Gestapo Chief in Lyons, Ministry information about communist activities France, the center of the French resistance. in Bolivia and other So uth American countries, There, Klaus Barbie arrested more than 14,000 and that these reports were "regularly delivered••• resistance fighters, participated in some 4,300 to the U.S. Embassy." murders and sent 7,591 Jews to the gas chambers Konrad Ege is co-editor of Counterspy magazine and a in Auschwitz. According to his translator, freelance journalist. 42 -- Coun:t.VtSpy -- June-Au.gu.6.t 7983 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7

Coups and Cocaine in Bolivia Garcia were upset that the Bolivian President Lidia Gueiler was preparing to appoint In 1951, the year Barbie arrived in Bolivia, a Hf:'rnan Siles Zuazo, a leftist politician, to be progressive government was gaining power there ; .-:me Minister. after a long struggle led by the Movement of the Klaus Barbie played a key role in the coup and National Revolution. The U.S. government im­ in the brutal repression of the miners, unionists mediately put pressure on Bolivia, demanding that and students who resisted the takeover. Accord­ the government disarm the workers and peasants ing to the Miami Herald, he worked closely with and create a "democratic army." That was Klaus Interior Minister Arce Gomez and the Servicio Barbie's chance: he became an advisor to this new Especial de Seguridad (SES), Bolivia's intelligence army. He was also put in charge of the Compania agency. The Herald also reported that Barbie was Transmaritima Boliviana, a corporation which the seen in an SES torture house, and that he interro­ Bolivian military used to buy arms worldwide. As gated prisoners in the Interior Ministry building. a Transmaritima official, Barbie visited the As Fiebelkorn described it, it was his group's United States at least four times in 1969 and 1970 "mission" during the coup "to open up leftist nests to buy arms. He also did business with West and clean them out." Germany and Israel, and reportedly even went to Several months after the July 1980 coup, the France, using a diplomatic passport. mission of the group changed. It turned to Barbie's star rose even higher when General destroying the operations of small-time cocaine Hugo Banzer staged a military coup in 1971. The dealers in Bolivia, so that General Garcia Meza German colony in Bolivia, Barbie included, assist­ could dominate the cocaine business. The Barbie­ ed in the preparations for the coup, and Banzer Fiebelkorn group disintegrated in 1981 as General immediately appointed Barbie "special advisor" to Garcia Meza faced international sanctions be­ his intelligence service. Barbie's career had come cause of his cocaine trade, and domestic pressure full circle: his job was to make Bolivia safe for its from unions and other political groups. The dictator, just as he had once made Lyons safe for country also suffered from a crippling financial Hitler. crisis brought on in part by the astounding corrup­ In the mid-1970s, Klaus Barbie worked as the tion of Garcia Meza's government. General Bolivian government's contact person with South Garcia Meza eventually was forced to step down. African whites who saw the writing on the wall His fall proved to be Barbie's undoing. The new and wanted to immigrate to Bolivia. Bolivia government of Siles Zuazo, after only a few opened consulates in Pretoria and Namibia and months in office, extradited him to France. drafted plans for two new cities for the settlers to inhabit. Barbie collaborated on this project with two Bolivian officials, Frederico Nielsen Reyes and Guido Strauss Ivanovic. Reyes is the In Bolivia ... the two of Spanish translator of Hitler's Mein Kampf, and Strauss, then deputy secretary of immigration, them recruited Klaus was one of Bolivia's top Nazi leaders. He stated Barbie's protege Joachim that white South African settlers would find living conditions in Bolivia easy and "won't find our Fiebelkorn for what was to Indians any more stupid or lazy than their Blacks." The immigration plan was aborted when Banzer become the bloodiest was forced to resign in 1978. Barbie wasn't devastated by his ally Banzer's terrorist operation in ouster. He had other close friends in the military, Europe since World War II: and by 1978 was working for Roberto Suarez who, according to the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency, the bombing of the train is one of the world's biggest cocaine traffickers. Barbie, with the aid of his friend and former station in the Italian city of Gestapo colleague, Hans Stellfeld, and Joachim Fiebelkorn, set up a security squad for Suarez. Bologna in August 1980. Fiebelkorn is a prominent West German neo-Nazi ��==�======� who had come to Bolivia via Paraguay. He opened a bar in Santa Cruz which turned into a regular Barbie, Fiebelkorn and the Bologna bombing hangout for the German Nazis in Bolivia. In 1980, Barbie's cocaine squad turned to poli­ General Garcia Meza's 1980 coup had run smooth­ tics: it aided the coup executed by General Luis ly thanks to Barbie, but also thanks to the Garcia Meza because, said Barbie, "we have to Argentine military advisors who had come to overthrow this government before it changes Bolivia to aid the takeover. They brought with Bolivia into a big Cuba." Barbie and General them two rightwing Italian terrorists who had CouYLtvr.Spy -- Ju.ne-Au9Mt 1983 -- 43

Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7

been living in Argentina: Pierluigi Pagliai and Stefano Delle Chiaie. In Bolivia, according to the · West German magazine Spiegel, the two of them recruited Klaus Barbie's protege Joachim CIA Hires Fiebelkorn for what was to become the bloodiest terrorist operation in Europe since World War II: the bombing of the train station in the Italian city of Bologna in August 1980. 85 people were killed. Nazis The Italian government is at present preparing The ·cIA's protection and employment of war . its case against three men who are charged with criminal Klaus Barbie was not an isolated case. the bombing: Fiebelkorn (who denies any involve­ After World War II, U.S. authorities in Germany ment); Maurizio Giorgi, a former agent of the showed little interest in punishing high · ranking Chilean secret police DINA; and Olivier Danet, a Nazi officials. The U.S. government had a new bodyguard of former French President Valery enemy: the Soviet Union, and Hitler's Nazi · Giscard d'Estaing. Stefano Delle Chiaie got away machine was experienced in fighting the Soviets. · and reportedly now lives in Argentina; Pierluigi Much of the recruiting of German Nazis and Pagliai was shot and killed when Bolivian police their collaborators in Eastern Europe was done by tried to arrest him in October 1982 in Santa Cruz. Frank Wisner while he headed the Office of Policy The order for the bombing reportedly came Coordination. The OPC was set up in 1948 in the from Lido Gelli, a banker and head of the secret State Department as the brainchild of George lodge P 2. This is according to testimony by Elio Kennan, who hoped that it would engage "in a Ciolini, a P 2 member who was present at the back-alley struggle against the Soviet Union." decisive April 11, 1980 meeting of the lodge. OPC's funds came from the CIA. Frank Wisner Licio Gelli, whose P 2 companions included many seemed to be the ideal person to head the OPC: of Italy's leading intelligence and military He was obsessively anti-communist and was ex­ . officials, wanted to change the government and perienced in undercover work • install a "strongman." To achieve this goal, writes Spiegel, the bombers of Bologna used a I I I L "reliable tactic of the European neo-fascists": Ill��� I l , i , I applying the "'strategy of tension' - committing . - -I� seemingly senseless atrocities such as the one in J:': I: Bologna to destabilize the democratic government and steer it into the desired direction." Barbie's comrade, Joachim Fiebelkorn, is at present being held in a West German jail. The alleged bombing mastermind, Licio Gelli, was arrested in Switzerland. Former bodyguard . Olivier Danet is imprisoned in France, and the ·�•t) �'. Italian authorities are holding Maurizio Giorgi. ��h�. ·• Their ally Klaus Barbie is awaiting trial in France. Mik.e Pe.teM, Vay.ton Vaily New-6 Barbie's trial, as well as those of his friend John Loftus, a former Justice Department Joachim Fiebelkorn and eventually of Licio Gelli investigator of Nazis living in the United States, constitute a great opportunity. They will reveal writes in 'The Belarus Secret (Knopf, New Yo'rk, . more information about Barbie's war crimes in France, and, equally important, about how Klaus 1982) that Wisner closely collaborated with under. new General Lucius Clay, the military governor of the Barbie's criminal career continued American zone in Germany. Wisner told Clay masters and with new allies: the CIA, the that he wanted to "re-create the SS underground Bundesnachrichtendienst, Bolivian dictators and networks in Eastern Europe, Byelorussia and the cocaine traders, and quite possibly even a right­ Ukraine." Loftus explains that "Wisner believed wing terror network in Europe determined to the Soviet Union would begin to disintegrate from reestablish a Hitler-style dictatorship. internal rebellions, rebellions which he intended Sources: "'Niemand wusste, wohin er ging': Die to assist, and, if necessary, instigate." neofaschistische Internationale der Bologna-Attentaeter," The people Wisner recruited - and brought into Spiegel (Hamburg), 1/31/83; George Stein, "The Nazi," the United States for training in spite of a strict Miami Herald, 1 /2/83; James Brooke, "Nazi bought arms in congressional prohibition against Nazis entering Dade for Bolivia, weapons dealers say," Miami Herald, 3/13/83; "Die Karriere des K. Barbie," die tat, (Frankfurt), the country - included men who had committed 2/18/83; Isabel Hilton and Tana de Zulueta, "Nazis who atrocious crimes in Hitler's service. They includ­ bankroll terrorists," Sunday Times (London), 2/6/83; Serge ed, for example, Emanuel Jasiuk, a native of Klarsfeld, "Les protections de Klaus Barbie," Le Monde, Byelorussia, an area in the extreme West of the (Paris), 2/16/83; New York Times, 3/8/83; ''Exorcising Old Soviet Union. When the Nazis invaded, he was • Ghosts," Time, 2/21/83; 44 -- Coun-tvr.Spy -- June-Au.gM.t 7983 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7

one of the first people to volunteer for the special ed, underground cells were to seize the SS units, the Einsatzgruppen, which were to kill government buildings and radio, and call for all Jews and opponents of the Nazi regime. the people to rise. Wi thin hours, Wisner's Loftus describes Jasuik's activities after he had "liberation armies" would be dropped in to been appointed mayor of the town of Kletsk by attack the scattered Soviet garrisons.••• After the SS: "One of his main tasks was to draw up lists the Soviets had been sufficently weakened, of Polish intellectuals and Communist sym­ North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) pathizers for the Germans. The Einsatzgruppen troops would be dispatched as a peacekeeping swept through Kletsk, rounded up hundreds of force ••• suspects at Jasiuk's direction and murdered Wisner's grand plan, of course, failed dismally. them." Jasiuk also arranged for the murder in a Many of the agents he parachuted into Eastern single day of the entire Jewish population of his Europe were captured or turned out to be double county. Specially selected German and Byelo­ agents: Soviet intelligence, writes Loftus, had russian squads gunned down more than 5,000 Jews. successfully penetrated the OPC. Obviously, It was this man whom Wisner chose to become a central figure in the recruitment of other Nazis to join the U.S. OPC units. Jasiuk moved to the United States and helped some 5,000 Byelorussian war criminals follow him. Many of these Nazis worked in Wisner's units to facilitate "uprisings" in Eastern Europe; others joined Radio Wisner authorized an Liberty and Radio Free Europe which were then largely funded and run by the CIA. operation designed to Until 19 .52, Wisner hid his operations even incite simultaneous from some agencies of the U.S. government. By that year, writes Loftus, he was spending more revolts against Soviet than half of the CIA's annual budget on his OPC. On March 12,19.55, the National Security Council authority in each of the finally issued a directive (NSC 5412/1) retro­ actively sanctioning Wisner's effort: major cities of Eastern In accordance with established policies, and to Europe, which were to the extent practicable in areas dominated or threatened by international communism, de­ be followed by a civil war velop underground resistance and facilitate co vert and guerrilla operations •••• among ethnic and Specifically, such operations shall include any covert activities related to: propaganda, polit­ religious minorities ical action, economic warfare, preventive di­ rect action, including sabotage, antisabotage, within the Soviet Union. demolition, escape and evasion and evacuation measures; subversion against hostile states or groups including assistance to underground re­ sistance movements, guerrillas and refugee liberation groups; support of indigenous and anti-communist elements in threatened Wisner also underestimated the strength of the countries of the free world, deception plans Eastern European governments. Unable to live and operations and all compatible activities with his failure, Wisner committed suicide. But a · necessary to accomplish the foregoing. heinous le gacy remains: Wisner and those Nazis employed by the United States government con­ In the early 19 .50s, the U.S. government also tributed to shaping the anti-Soviet cold war men­ had plans to invade the Soviet Union. President tality which the Reagan administration is now Truman had ordered a study to prepare for the using as a premise for its nuclear war plans. (A invasion, and "invasion routes had been planned number of Eastern European associations in the and a timetable set for the early 1950s." Wisner's United States which have Nazi connections are plan was similar: now grouped together in the Coalition for �eace He authorized an operation designed to incite through Strength.) And the Special Forces, or simultaneous revolts against Soviet authority Green Berets, infamous for their atrocities in in each of the major cities of Eastern Europe, Indochina, are a dir�ct outgrowth of Wisner's which were to be followed by a civil war special forces, for the remaining cadres of the among ethnic and religious minorities within OPC became the first Special Forces units. the Soviet Union. Once the revolt had erupt-

Cou.n-tuSpy -- June-Au.gU6t 1983 -- 45

Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 \ Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 Moonies Move on Honduras

Sun Myung Moon's Unification Church believes Honduras" (APROH, Assodation for the Develop­ that "Communism is a cancer. You can't live with ment of Honduras) to aid "democracy" and pro­ it. You have to destroy it." And communism is mote social progress. Bo Hi Pak also explained broadly defined in the Moonies' dictionary. The Unification Church theology and told his audience Sandinista government in Nicaragua, of course, is that it was a philosophy uniquely sui ted to counter communist; former U.S. Representative Donald communism. The participants at the meeting · Fraser is a communist because his subcommittee were also told to contribute $500 a month to investigated the Moon organization; and people APROH. supporting the Central American liberation move­ University director Ramos Soto urged the ments are communists, too. It is this "concern" business leaders to back the organization, and for Central America that has prompted Moon's especially to support General Alvarez be cause he top aide, Colonel Bo Hi Pak, to take his holy had proven to be an effective leader. Ramos crusade to Honduras. knew what he was talking about: Alvarez, with Bo Hi Pak went there first in November 1982 the help of several others at the meeting, had to visit· three major newspapers; the rightist La helped him to gain his university post by pressur- Prensa and La Tribuna, and the slightly more------� liberal El Tiempo. He told. the editors that he wanted to help counter the "disinformation" being Moon Organization Not 1spread about Honduras. There is an anti- \ Honduran campaign· in the United States, Bo Hi a Church Pak let them know, which charges that the Honduran government of President Roberto Suazo The Moon organization is not a church in the usual Cordova is repressive, is aiding the Salvadoran sense of the word. A 19-78 Congressional report army in its counter-insurgency campaign along called it a "tightly disciplined international political · the Honduran-Salvadoran border, and is allowing party." It also found that it "resembles a multi­ former members of the Nicaraguan National national corporation, involving manufacturing, inter­ Guard to maintain CIA--supported training camps national trade, defense contracting, finance and other business activities." close to the Nicaraguan border. For Sun Myung Moon, there is no distinction Bo Hi Pak announced that he had a new between religion and politics: "Separation between newspaper with which to counteract these "lies," religion and politics is what Satan likes most." and waved copies of the Washington Times to a Deception, called ''heavenly deception" is a central La Tribuna photographer. The Washington Times, doctrine of the Unificdtion Church. Moon says Satan which began publishing in the U.S. capital in May uses trickery against God, so the Church must use 1982, is fully owned b_y Moon's News World trickery to advance its work. This ''heavenly de­ Communications, Inc. The President of News ception" theory provides a "religious" justification for Moon to maintain his numerous front organizations. World Communications is Bo Hi Pak. (The Times Moon claims to be the true son of God. By pairing practices virulent rightwing reporting, and off members of the Unification Church (his children) features a number of writers who are former CIA at mass weddings, Moon says he is creating a divine officers or who have extensive intelligence ties. race. This divine race is destined to conquer the Dozens of people on the Times staff are members world. Moon claims that as soon as he controls seven of the Unification Church, and Moon has paid two nations, he will be able to dominate the world and visits to the Times, which Times-- editors have destroy Satan, i.e. all organizations and persons tried to keep secret.) opposed to Moon and his theocracy. In January Moon's agenda is clearly political. ·To achieve his 1983, Bo Hi Pak's Honduran cam­ goal of world domination - no less - he collaborates paign began in earnest. He met with General with and uses numerous front organizations (whose Gustavo Alvarez, the chief of the Armed Forces; members at times do not know they are working for President Suazo Cordova; Oswaldo Ramos Soto, Moon) as well as government agencies. Bo Hi Pak director of the National University in admitted in a 1978 Congressional hearing that he has Tegucigalpa; and the Honduran business elite. received cash payments from the Korean· CIA - not During a January 13 meeting, these leaders in­ for hi mself, though, but to channel it to organizations augurated the "Asociacion Pro Desarollo de involved in theanti-communist battle. 46 -- CoWLt.el!Spy -- Ju.ne-AugLUiZ 1983 ' Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7

ing the Supreme Court to oust the legally elected and collaboration with the Korean CIA is virtually university director. Getting Ramos into the unknown there and the government is feverishly directorship, Alvarez had told the business lead­ looking for ideological tools in its 'struggle to ers, was part of his plan of "recuperating" the uni­ discredit and destroy progressive movements in versity from the leftists. Alvarez also helped Honduras. Moon's anti-communist "church" with rightwing students take over the traditionally its vast financial resources apparently seems to progressive student union - he simply had the pro­ the Honduran government to be an ideal ally. gressive leaders arrested. But there is some resistance to the govern­ Several weeks after this kickoff meeting, Bo ment's effort to give Bo Hi Pak such a prominent Hi Pak arranged a five-day conference in San role in strengthening the Honduran rightists. The Pedro Sula to take his cause to a broader segment Catholic bishops are uneasy about the govern­ of the Honduran population: teachers, union lead­ ment's collaboration with a cult organization. ers, academics and small business people. All the The Va tic an has sent a special warning to. the expenses of the conference were borne by bishops, and Pope John Paul himself reportedly "CA USA International," the front organization Bo expressed concern about "cults" during his recent Hi Pak uses in Latin America. CAUSA, the visit to Central America. "Confederacion de Asociaciones para la Uni­ ficacion de las Sociedades Americanas" Sources: Information provided by the Honduran Infor­ (Confederation of Associations for the Unification mation Center (1151 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge MA 02138); Investigation of Korean-American Relations, Hearing before the Subcommittee on International Organizations of the Committee on International Relations, 9 5th Congress, 2nd Session, Parts 1 to 4, 1978; It has been fairly easy for Colin Danby, "Moon Dupes Honduran Rightists," unpub­ lished manuscript;"Moon Shines on Apartheid, "Washington Bo Hi Pak to establish a Notes on Africa, Summer 1982 (Washington Office on Africa, 110 Maryland Ave.,N.E. Washington, D.C. 20002); Moonie organization in "The Dark Side of Moon," Washington Tribune, June 4-17, 1982; Anne Nelson, "God, Man and the Rev. Moon," The Honduras. The Unification Nation, 3/31/79; Elizabeth Zanger, "Moonies: CARP," Counterspy, vol.5, no.4, Aug.-Oct. 1981. Church's record of fraud, deception and collaboration CHILE, nkom page 41 the signing of the IMF-Government agreement in with the Korean CIA is early January. Government intervenors were to take over five other banks and financial agencies. virtually unknown there. When the question arose, however, of how the gigantic $3.8 billion in foreign debt owed by the private groups would be repaid, some of the Chilean technocrats loudly reverted back to of the American Societies), is headquartered in Friedman's philosophy of "private gain, private New York City, and also organized a "Conferencia failure." This time, it was the IMF's turn to CAUSA" in Montevideo, Uruguay, in November depart from the tenents of pristine monetarism as 1982. it pressured the Pinochet regime to guarantee The San Pedro Sula conference was strictly a repayments to the big international banks. one-way process - heavy doses of Unification State intervention to save free market cap­ theory and anti-communist propaganda with no italism from itself: this is an ironic but perhaps questions allowed. Bo Hi Pak did most of the fitting climax to the IMF-Friedman experiment in talking at the conference; his topics ranged from Chile. Yet the conclusion of this tragedy still has "The Unification Concept of God and Man" to the to be played out. The most appropriate outcome "Unification Concept of History." Lynn Bouchey, would be one in which the people of Chile would Vice President of the Washington-based Council have a chance to choose a humane government for Interamerican Security, lectured on "Com­ and a compassionate economic program. ments about the Marxist Concept of History." A number of people wanted to leave the conference early after they realized what they had gotten themselves into, but were told that CAUSA would be keeping track of those who didn't stay for the whole affair. It has been fairly easy for Bo Hi Pak to establish a Moonie organization in Honduras. The Unification Church's record of fraud, deception Cou.nte.11.Spy -- June-Au.gM.t 79 8 3 -- 4 7

Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100!30006-7 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 Features

Political Prisoner Michael O'Rou rke: The Longest Held Immigration Detainee by Patricia Grace Thursday, May 21, 1981: An unidentified man to be looking into this matter at the same time attempts to deliver a package to the Philadelphia that he [Hupp] was holding the deportation 2 office of Immigration Judge Ernest Hupp. Hupp's matter." Hupp later claimed that if he had secretary refuses the package; the man flees. known that it was not the IR.A who was tailing Friday, May 22, 1981: Judge Hupp is driving him that May afternoon, hEj would not have ex­ home to northern Maryland from Philadelphia and cused himself from the case. becomes aware that he is being followed by two The damage, however, was done. The man men in a black car. He fears that he is in mortal who had stated his intentions to give a favorable danger. Frantic, he stops at the Millersville, ruling to O'Rourke was no longer in control of the Maryland police station for protection. Millers­ case. In his place was Judge Francis Lyons, a man ville police fail to intercept the black car. handpicked by the U.S. government to hand down Hupp tells his wife of the tailing incident, she a decision in accordance with its own designs. suffers a heart seizure. Hupp believes that hi s The results were predictable. In spite of a strong tormentor's are members of the Provisional Irish defense, O'Rourke's appeal was denied for arbi­ Republican Army. He connects this threat to the trary reasons by Judge Lyons on July 12, 1982. IRA because of his position as a Judge in the The case was then presented to the Board of immigration case of Michael O'Rourke, a former Immigration Appeals (BIA, the highest administra­ IRA member under deportation proceedings in the tive body within the immigration system) in United States. October 1982, but neither O'Rourke nor his lawyer The fear generated by the shadowing incident, James Orlow anticipate a favorable decision. Had his wife's heart seizure, and his media-biased Judge Hupp remained on the case, Michael opinion of the IRA as a "terrorist" organization O'Rourke would be a legal permanent resident in cause the elderly Hupp to write on May 29, 1981, the U.S. by now, based on his marriage to a U.S. to Acting Chief Immigration Judge Monsanto: "I citizen. Today, as he awaits the decision of the feel that I must r�cuse [excuse] myself in the BIA, O'Rourke remains within the walls of the above captioned [O'Rourke] matter. This decision Metropolitan Correctional Center in Ne w York is based upon the fact that I have in my opinion City - a facility for convicted felons. been unjustly intimidated and harassed and be­ lieve the hrrassment evolves from my presiding in "Treated Like Garbage" this case." On the day he steps down from the case, Judge Michael O'Rourke is a native of Dublin, Ireland, Hupp learns that it is not the IRA that, had been and a skilled mechanical fitter. In his early 20s, harassing him, but rather agents of the Immigra­ he became interested in the "troubles" in northern tion and Naturalization Service (INS). The INS Ireland, and travelled to Derry to investigate. officers supposedly were following up on a com­ Stopped on two occasions by British forces after plaint that Hupp had been leaving his office early entering northern Ireland, O'Rourke says that he on Fridays and was charging the government for was "treated like garbage": "I was asked a single the time. "It was just coincidental," claimed INS important question - what was my religion. I spokesperson, Verne Jervis, "that they happened replied 'Catholic.' As soon as I said this, I was 48 -- Cou.n.teJtSpy -- Ju.ne.-Au.gu.6-t 1983

Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 seized and detained and asked to explain why I City, where he remains to this day. He holds the was there, who I was going to see, what my dubious distinction of being the longest held de­ business was, where I had come from and how long tainee in immigration history. I was going to stay••• I saw a world torn apart, 4 presided over by occupational forces." Why O'Rourke Should Remain in the U.S. O'Rourke's coworkers in Dublin asked him to help fix a machine part after hours one evening The INS wants Michael O'Rourke to be deported after his return from Derry. He was asked to do because he overstayed his authorized visit of s� more and more skilled work for his mates, and in months. ; r.e INS does not necessarily want the summer of 1971, he and hi s colleagues joined O'Rourke return to Ireland. They do not care the Provisional IRA. He served as a mechanical where he goes as long as he does not stay here. expert until his arrest on August 28, 1975. After He has overstayed his visa (as have countless his seizure by C-3, a special intelligence branch other foreigners), and that is grounds for depor­ of the Irish Republic's Garda, O'Rourke was taken tation under the provisions of the Immigration and to Bridewell Barracks detention center, only to Nationality Act unless there are strong factors in find that his father had also been taken into the foreigner's favor which outweigh the overstay. custody as a means of forcing a "confession" from Michael O'Rourke has plenty of factors in his his son. O'Rourke was told that his father would favor, and Judge Hupp was going to base his be charged with possession of weapons materials favorable decision on them: and that he would die if convicted by one of • O'Rourke is a spouse of a U.S. citizen and Ireland's "Special Courts" which do not allow the therefore eligible for permanent residence. accused the right to a jury. Fearing for his • Living outside of the U.S. would impose a father's life, O'Rourke signed a statement of his hardship on the U.S. citizen spouse of Michael "confession" and was taken to Port Laoise Prison O'Rourke. near Dublin as a political prisoner. His father was • O'Rourke has demonstrated a well-founded released. fear of persecution should he return to Ireland. He has already been designated a political prison­ Escape er by the Republic of Ireland. There is no question that he would be arrested immediately In June 1976, the IRA ordered O'Rourke to par­ upon his return. Yet in denying O'Rourke's appeal ticipate in an escape attempt which involved the in July 1982, Hupp's successor, Judge Lyons, use of explosives. Planting "the only explosive denied the hardship to be placed on a U.S. that I have ever planted as an IRA member," citizen, and also denied the validity of O'Rourke's O'Rourke blew himself an� two others to freedom application for political asylum. O'Rourke, stated with no injuries to anyone, and went underground. Lyons, was not part of "an organized, identifiable, On February 16, 1978, under the name of Patrick discrete force openly at war with the State. At Mannion, he entered the United States as a visitor best he was a member of a clandestine secret with a passport legally obtained from the Irish group, whose energies were directed against the government in Dublin, and the U.S. Consul in authorities of Northern Ireland, not the _Republic Dublin. The Immigration inspector at John F. whose laws he violated. As such I conclude that Kennedy Airport in New York granted him six the offenses for which he wat convicted were for months legal stay in the United States. Acts of a criminal nature." In other words, Originally, O'Rourke planned to lay low in the Judge Lyons r_edefined the laws of the Republic of U.S., but a few months after his arrival he fell in Ireland to suit the needs of the U.S. government. love with and married Margaret Lieb of Philadelphia. · By failing to return to Ireland, Twisted Laws O'Rourke resigned himself from the IRA. O'Rourke's American dream was shattered on Thus, Michael O'Rourke, who is charged with the October 30, 1979, when he was arrested by FBI equivalent of a misdemeanor (overstay of autho­ agents, who turned him over to the Immigration rized time) has been held for three and a half and Naturalization Service on the following day. years in a cr iminal facility, virtually incom­ The U.S. attorney in Philadelphia told the media municado from his family and attorneys. On four that O'Rourke was being held in connection with occasions the attorneys requested that O'Rourke the July 1979 killing of Britain's Lord be released on bond to await the decision of his Mountbatten. Although this fallacious allegation deportation case. Four times the BIA denied such was later withdrawn, precious little mention of its release on bond (set at $500,000). The BIA argues withdrawal was made in the same media that had that O'Rourke would escape from the U.S. if he thrilled at the capture of one of Mountbatten's were released. killers. This logic poses an interesting question: If the Despite quick action by Margie O'Rourke and U.S. government is doing everything in its power James Orlow, O'Rourke was transferred to the to deport Michael O'Rourke, why is the govern- Metropolitan Correctional Center in New York Coun:t:VtSpy -- June-AugU6� 1983 -- 49 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 ment so afraid that he will leave the U.S.? "I in which that prosecution took place. It is, we British, through the submit, in and of itself a desecration of the don't want to see the American ideal and without regard to the due American government, pervert the American sys- process of law, substituting the forms for that tern of justice," said Attorney James Orlow re- process due. In this comment, I mean no cently at a panel discussion in Philadelphia re- disrespect to you or your able predecessor in garding the O'Rourke case. Yet, this seems to be the case, only that your offices are being what is happening. Despite an extradition treaty manipulated for certain unannounced advan- between the U.S. and Ireland (as well as the U.K.), tage which is in and o.f itself a perversion of neither of those foreign countries is making any the system of justice." move to have O'Rourke extradited. The case of Michael O'Rourke demands our Why should they? The U.S. - through the attention and concern ·for if the U.S. system of Immigration and Naturalization Service - is doing justice can be manipulated in a manner which the punitive work for them. Instead of serving his elimina1es justice for political ends, then justice sentence at Port Laoise, O'Rourke is serving it in within this country is weakened to a point where New York. And he is imprisoned there in a it can be rendered il'J1)otent to protect anyone. criminal prison with no distinction for political (For more information on this case, please write status. The U.S. government is doing to Michael. to Michael O'Rourke in care of this magazine.) O'Rourke what Ireland and Britain could not do to Footnotes: him - de-politicize and criminalize his member- ship in the IRA. l) Recusation from Deportation Proceedings in the Matter of Michael O'Rourke aka: Patrick Mannion Legal scholars, jurists and attorneys who are (A22 607 396). aware of the O'Rourke case expressed deep con- 2) Dr. Charles E. Rice; "Immigration Service Accused of cern. Orlow summarized this sentiment in his Harassing Federal Judge;" ldsh Echo; Dec. 25, 1982; May 4, 1982 appeal brief to Judge Lyons: P.5. 3) Ibid. This is perhaps the most difficult brief I have 4) Michael O'Rourke; Affidavit in Support of Motion For ever written. In major part it is because of a Reopening and Reconsideration of Release on Bond; commitment to law and to the constitutional 6/28/80; p.2. premises of the United States which we be­ 5) Ibid., p.7. lieve and submit, in the most earnest fashion, 6) Judge Francis Lyons; In the Matter of Michael have been violated by the U.S. government in O'Rourke, (Respondent) In Deportation Proceedings: the prosecution of this case and in the manner Denial of Appeal; July 12, 1982; pp. 12-13.

The Bronfman Family Whiskey Barons Smuggle Arms to South Africa by John Cavanagh

Perhaps it should come as little surprise that a capital pools in the non-Arab world, and includes family that raked in millions bootlegging whiskey the world's largest alcohol company - Seagram. from Canada to the United States during Prohib­ Until recently, it also owned one of the top ition should become a central agent in munitions munitions smuggling operations in North America smuggling to South Africa. Nor should it strike us - Space Research Corporation. as odd that the smuggled arms were shipped from In 1968, Space Research· Corporation-Quebec a secretive compound straddling that same was set up with little fanfare on 7,000 prime Canadian-U.S. border. acres in Highwater, Canada. On January 1, 1969, The family at issue is the Bronfman dynasty, Space Research Corporation-U.S. was incorpor- of the sometimes referred to as the "Rothschilds John Cavanagh ts a fellow of the In.stttute for Policy New World." Its empire, comprising over $1.5 Studtes in Washi ngton, D.C. He heads the IPS project on billion . in assets, represents one of the largest transnationalcorporation.,. SO -- Coun:teJLSpy -- June-Aug�.t 1983 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 ated on 1,000 acres 9.f directly adjacent land in North Troy, Vermont. While distinct legal enti­ ties, the two firms operated as one; not only geographically, but in every aspect of their pro­ Q,;-,,,._ •-- duction and sales. Presenting itself to the Inter­ national Boundary Commission as a non-profit organization, Space Research obtained permission $ttl9rtlttts to build a private road linking its Canadian labor­ atories with its Vermont test range site. Over this road, military equipment could daily traverse the border unencumbered by governmental super­ Seven exown vision or customs duties. f Since the Canadian government considered the AMERICAN WHISKEY operation to be entirely a U.S. concern, and the A BLEND U.S. considered the northern portion to be under ����6irdiue ala,,,t,, Canadian jurisdiction, exports from the Canadian side were technically from neither nation. The scope for illegal shipments was enormous. ••••••• 0 BLENDED & BOTTLED With the injection of millions of dollars in U.S. UNDER U.S. GO'tiRNMENTSUPERVISION defense contracts, Space Research became a BY JOSEPH E SEAGRAM & SONS LAWRENCEBURG,IND., RELAY, 110., world leader in ballistics technology. It developed 0 HSQ SO.z��t==: SANFRANCISCO. CA. • 200 Ill • Ml PIIOOf a new 155mm howitzer artillery system able to 7 Ill -l6 fire 40 percent farther than conventional �stems C�own, Seag�am'¢ leac:Ung b�and, and adaptable for firing nuclear warheads. NASA ¢ old ail ov� the wo�ld, inc.lucli.ng files, in 197 3, described Space Research's tee� SoU-th A6�c.a. nical capabilities as including "nuclear weapons." When the Canadian government withdrew funding Over the l 970s, major Space Research clients in 1967, Bull began the search for corporate included Taiwan, South Korea and Israel. sponsorship. 5, In 197 in defiance of a 1963 United Nations The circumstances surrounding Bull's intro­ arms embargo on South Africa, the CIA set up duction to the Bronf mans have not been disclosed. contacts between Space Research and the manu­ In 1968, Bull's land, buildings and assets were facturing arm of the South African military purchased by Great West Saddlery, a subsidary of (ARMSCOR) to supply arms to South Africa for 4 _ Edper; one of the two main Bronfman holding use in Angola. Agreements were signed, and companies. Named for two of the Bronfman clan between 1976 and 1978 at least $50 million in (Edward and Peter), Edper also brought in Arthur Space Research howitzer shells, cannons, ballistic D. Little (a frequent U.S. defense contractor) to testing equipment, demonstration projectiles a d _ � provide management and technical assistance in other equipment were shipped to �out� Africa ".'la return for 50 percent ownership of the new Space ports in Canada, Spain and Antigua. The ship­ Research Corporation. Soon after the purchase, ments flowed despite a second U.N. embargo on Space Research-Quebec even moved its head­ arms to South Africa imposed in 19 77, this one quarters to 2055 Peel Street, Montreal, the loca­ "binding" on all U.N. members. . . tion ot, Peter Bronfman's corporate operations While many details of the South Afr 1ca ship­ center. ments were uncovered by the British Broadcasting The Bronfmans' wizardry in generating profits Corporation and published in the Vermont press,6 from the U.S.-Canada border was well tested long very little has been disclosed concerning the com­ before the takeover. When Prohibition clamped plex ownership history of Space Research. Walls down in the United States in 1920, the Bronfman's of secrecy have shrouded this aspect of the mun­ empire was corfined to a small distilling com­ itions compound: corporate complicity in the il­ pany; by 1933, when the American experiment legal shipment of arms. with abstinence ended, the family controlled Seagram, which was soon to be one of the largest Frorh Booze to Guns distilleries in the Un ited States. The recipe for success was simple: a mastery of both land and The story began in the 1960s, when a Canadian _ ocean-based smuggling on small craft, ships, cars engineer by the name of Gerald V. Bull, with . and truCfs, that generated millions of profits financing from the Canadia� govern_ment,. bwlt up annually. a multimillion dollar proJect which pioneered In the years following World War II, when technology for hurling objects into space from Seagram was being built into the wor Id's biggest massive cannons. Bull's official rationale was alcohol empire, then-head of the family Sam that he was developing satellite launchers, but the Bronf man shuttled weekly between Montreal and military pqtential of his technology was obvious. Coun.tellSpy -- Ju.ne-Augiµ� 1983 -- 51 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7

New York, juggling his official residence in order was at �he forefront of almost all fund raising for to minimize income tax payments. The family Israel m Canada. As a prominent Canadian that bought Space Research in 1968 knew how to Broadcasting Corporation writer-broadcaster put it, work that border to its fullest potential. "The Canadian Jewis� Congress almost became a 0 While the Bronfmans sold their shares of Space Seagram subsidiary." In keeping with family Research-Quebec to a family trust controlled by tradition, Sam's son Edgar, current Olairman of Bull in 1973, they retained control over Space Seagram, now heads the World Jewish Congress. Research-U.S. The only ownership chart for the This political and financial support of Israel corporation ever leaked was a confidential pro­ has been supplemented by heavy financial invest­ spectus (obtained by the Quebec Centre Inter­ ment there, including full ownership (through the national de Solidarite Ouvriere) for an attempted other major Bronfman holding company, CEMP) of Space Research takeover of a Canadian propel­ Israel Supermarkets, Ltd. Acquisition of Space lants plant. Research only deepened Bronfman-lsraeli collab­ o�ation: Bull's sophisticated long-range ammuni­ SPACE RESEARCH CORPORATION ORGANIZATIONAL tion was sold in large quantities to the Israeli CHART 7977 mi�itary, enabling them to reach Egyptian instal­ Sociate Giltaur MDP directors lations from the Mitla Pass fl Sinai, and General• Corporation EDPER and employees Damascus from the Golan Heights. Since Israel (U.\/ has long been one of the major arms and technol­ , .. ,r . o�y suppliers to South Africa, it is entirely pos­ PU Space'7" . " Spa e sible that Space Research products (including nu­ (Belgium) RaaNrch ---- -Research (U.S.) clear technology) have been shipped through Israel l ,.... �, to South Africa• Government Complicity JRa■earch ..Ra■V-L. urch Electronic■ (Int'l, (Quebec) (Barbados). Space Research's Mr. Bull, even with his powerful Belgium) Bronf man backers, would have faced considerable This organizational chart indicates that in difficulty shipping large amounts of munitions to South Africa nt January 1977, the Bronfman holding company without substantial governme assistance. As meticulously documented by the Edper controlled Space Research-U.S., which in turn ran a subsidiary in the Caribbean island of House Subcommittee on Africa, the CIA played Barbados. Several of the 1977 and 1978 South the key role in connecting buyer with seller. This was Africa shipments were partially run by the further substantiated by John Stockwell, CIA th Barbados subsidiary, which oversaw a highly se- Angola Task Forff Director at the time of e initial cretiv·e "testing range" on nearby Antigua. Shells contacts. In 1972, Senator Barry ldwater facilitated Space Research's sub-' from Canada and Florida were shipped by Space 'Go Research to Antigua, where they were transferred sequent crimes by sponsering a rare private act of to vessels bound for South Africa. Space Congress that conferred retroactive citizenship Research ''bought" the Antiguan government for on B�l� in order �o legitimize his access to highly c assified materials. Security were $.500,000 a year, and received in return complete l n clearances also ­ customs clearance on all its shipments and the granted to numerous other company per sonnel. right to �t up � te,ting range protected by its own security service. Further, as 1982 testimony by State Depart- ment The chart also disclosed a third operation, personnel demonstrated, the U.S. govern­ located in Europe's ment never set up procedures to implement the Space Research International, On most i"1)ortant arms market - Brussels. This arms embargo against South Africa. the branch was half owned by a major Belgian explo- contrary, in one case, the State Department's Office of Munitions Control made it considerably sives manufacturer (PRB), in turn owned by the _ easier for Space Research to ship artillery shell holding company Societe Generale. This holding company, one of the largest and most secretive in forgings to South Africa with a minimum of legal risk. has extensive holdings in mining ventures Europe, Only after irrefutable evidence of illegal arms across Africa. In July 1977, after the chart was shipments surfaced did the Justice Department completed, South Africa's ARMSCOR secretly press charges. The sentence: Bull and a colleague purchased 20 percent of Space Research's stock. four months in a minimum security prison in The Bronfman's interest in Space Research spent 198 , and the case was shelved. Washington's clearly extended beyond swindling customs cof- 0 role in the affair was left virtually untouched, and fers out of a few extra receipts. One primary no mention was made of the central position concern was to use the acquisition to further the assumed by Bronfman capital in Space Research. family's crusade for Israel. Sam Bronfman, undis- Se.e. puted leader of the family until his death in 1971, BRONFMAN, page. 59 52 -- Coun.teJtSpy -- Jwte.-Au.gw,t 79 83 Approved For Re_lease 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7

Interview with Polisario Front Representative U.S. Backs Morocco's Saharan War by Martha Wenger

1 In an arid corner of northwest Africa, the libera­ 1 useful triangle. 11) Morocco's King Hassan covets tion movement of the nomadic peoples of Western these mineral reserves which could be added to Sahara is fighting U.S.-trained and equipped his own country's deposits to enhance his position Moroccan soldiers to determine the future of this as a major exporter of phosphate. former Spanish colony. The war began seven The U.S. stake in the region is the highly years ago when the Polisario Front launched its useful role King Hassan has carved out for himself campaign for an independent Western Sahara supporting U.S. interests and toeing the anti­ against the forces of the King of Morocco, who communist, anti-Libya Reagan line among hi$ claims sovereignty over the territory. African neighbors and hi s fellow Arab nations. Of Western Sahara is a poor and sparsely popu­ great importance as well is King Hassan's per• lated area with but one prize of interest to mission for U.S. Rapid Deployment Forces air­ outside powers: rich phosphate deposits and a port i craft to use Moroccan air bases in 11emergency • from which to export them. (These deposits are situations. U.S. 6th Fleet warships have, for concentrated in a small enclave known as the years; had unrestricted access to Moroccan ports. U.S. military aid to Morocco is, simply, King WESTERN SAHARA Hassan's pay-off for services rendered. Most of that aid - with full U.S. knowledge and consent - is poured directly into Morocco's war in the Western Sahara. (U.S. funds are generously supplemented by another friend, Saudi Arabia.) Yet in seven years of war, the Polisario forces have gained control over 90 percent of the terri­ tory in question. Fewer than 20,000 guerrillas today keep 80,000 Moroccan troops dug in behind a 280-mile defense line known as the "sand wall," guarding the useful triangle1s towns and aban­ doned phosphate mines from Polisario incursions. The war has divided the Saharawi people into three populations: one-third live under Moroccan military occupation in the triangle; about 150,000 live in refugee camps in Algeria; and the rest remain on their land in the Polisario controlled Western Sahara, which in 1976 was proclaimed the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR). MAURITANIA Fifty-four nations have recognized the SADR, and the Organization of African Unity (OAU) ad­ mitted it as a full member state last year. Morocco, in turn, immediately launched a boycott of the OAU and has sabotaged several subsequent 0 Ouamno attempts at convening OAU summits.

- Railway A surprise meeting between the President of Algeria, a longtime Polisario ally, and Morocco's King Hassan on February 26, 1983, may be a ___ The 1976-79 Moroccan­ Mauritanian partitK>n line signal that the King wants to lessen his depen­ o 40 80 120 180 200 mis ff1l1> no dence on the U.S. and move toward regional Saltpa 0 40 80 120 180200 km detente. Algeria has affirmed that this thaw in 111" 1:ZO --...-._ River r SoWl.c.e.: T any H odgu, H-Ui.tolt.ic.a.f. V-i..c..t,,i..onaJty Martha Wenger is a member of Cowtterspy's advisory board 06 Wute.JLJi Saha!ta, Sc.all.e.CJz.cw Pll.U.6, and assistant to the editor of MERIP Reports magazine. "lJe,tuc.he.n, N.1., 7982. Cou.n..tVt.Spy -- Ju.ne-Au.g�.t 1983 -- 53 ·

Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 relations does not affect its stance on the during DP.cember, January and February of 1983. Western Sahara issue. While Algeria is willing to act as an intermediary with the King on Western What kind of military aid is the U.S. giving the Sahara, it will not pr�sume to speak on Polisario's Moroccan government? behalf. To date, King Hassan has refused even to Last year, Morocco got $30 million in military recognize Polisario representatives, let alone ne­ aid, this year they will get $100 million. For next gotiate with them. Polisario Front leaders have year the administration is requesting $90 million. warned that the war will continue until the day What about weapons sales? Hassan agrees to meet them at the negotiating table. Over the last three years, the new items which have appeared in the Moroccan arsenal from the Counterspy's Martha Wenger interviewed the U.S. are TOW and Chapparal missiles, more Polisario Front's representative at the United sophisticated F-5 fighter jets, electronic counter­ Nations, Madjid Abdullah, in March 1983. measures to equip the F-5s, more helicopters and the OV-10 counterinsurgency aircraft. All of this The New York Times and other U.S. papers have is intended to be used against .the Polisario Front. reJ)Orted recently that the war in Westem Sahara I think 90 percent of the U.S.-supplied am muni­ has died down. You were there in January 1983. tion and planes for the last seven years has been What did you see? going to use in Western Sahara. It's really not true at all that the war is over. The Moroccans also have tanks behind the When the war started in 1975, the Moroccans sent wall, armored cars and personnel carriers, howit­ 15,000 troops to Western Sahara thinking that zers, cannons, machine guns of all kinds, and of they could secure the whole territory of 285,000 course the Westinghouse radar equipment which square kilometers. Year after year they had to can sometimes detect our movements from 15-20 pour in more troops. Seven years later, the kilometers away. Since May 1982, they also have Moroccans are facing exactly the same number of U.S.-supplied duster bombs which they are using Polisario troops and the area they control has widely. [See Counterspy, Dec. 1982-Feb. 1983, p. shrunk to one-tenth of the territory. This is the 37.] last stage of the war. You saw and brought back photos of empty dis­ Every two years or so, the Moroccans have had penser casings from those cluster bombs which to change their strategy. One was columns of had been exploded in the Westem Sahara. troops going in sear:ch of guerrillas, like the plan just announced for El Salvador. Those columns It's a horrible weapon. The Moroccans were were trained by the U.S., South Africa and dropping them from too high which maybe was France. They renounced that strategy within six limiting the efficiency. But the little bomblets months, in 1980. Then they tried large fortresses they disperse could explode hours after they are - 5,000 to 8,000 troops in one big fortress in a dropped. They have used them everywhere they city. Before that they had the strategy of a think there is a concentration of population, of "thousand points": in each little outpost in troops, or a base in Western Sahara, far away 1 Western Sahara they put between 15 and 200 from the wall. On civilians too. There were soldiers. That didn't work either. So the last civilians hit. They are used for intimidation. strategy is the wall, a military defense line to After the Moroccans had retreated behind the preserve Moroccan control over the most im­ wall, people had started to revive their nomadic portant part of Western Sahara. Its objective is life, but with the duster bombs, people have fled to minimize troop losses and to raise morale. south, even into Mauritania or Algeria, to get far The advice from the U.S. was to put all the away from them. The kinds they are using are troops on the same line with their backs to CBU-58s and CBU-7 ls. Morocco, only confronting the Polisario from one You said that the U.S. advisors are training direction. That also hasn't worked. The King Moroccan troops. Are they out there in Westem himself said four weeks ago that the morale of Sahara, on the wall? the soldiers is very low. Even worse, the Moroccans cannot leave their· defense sites Very frequently. We know that they are super­ because that would leave part of the wall unde­ vising the war - the wall itself was an American fended. A large part of the Moroccan soldiers idea. At any given time there are at least 35 U.S. have not left their trenches for a very long time. advisors in Morocco. Their work is to deal with They are on permanent 24-hour alert. the war, how the Moroccans can win; training new The Polisario shelling and attacks on the wall commandos like the ones in El Salvador. They have a big impact because the Moroccans are in visit Western Sahara from time to time and they large concentrations, all behind the wall. We provide the Moroccans with sensitive information have information that there have been a lot of about the movements and base locations of the casualties, particularly from attacks launched Polisario Front gathered from satellites. I don't 54 -- Coun-t.vr.Spy -- Ju.ne.-Au.gu.t>.t 7983

Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 know which planes or satellites they are using, but Yes. We have encouraged them to resume nomad­ the American technology and also the physical ic life: this is an easy way to survive. We don't presence of the advisors is a very important part want them to form communities which make them of the battle, and the gathering of information easy targets for the Moroccan planes. So they about our side. Because the U.S. is supplying move from one place to another for security information, the Moroccans have not needed to reasons. use the OV-10 counterinsurgency and the C-130 transport aircraft to make reconnaissance flights There are no towns of any size in that area? over the liberated territories in the last two Not at all. The populated towns are inside the years. Moroccan-controlled area, the "triangle." The Tell us about the living conditions of the Saharawi other towns were bombarded so many times with people. napalm and phosphorous that we encouraged people to be self-reliant and to go back to nomad­ Life hasn't changed much in the refugee camps in ic life. Of course, they are in contact with the Algeria. The conditio.ns are very harsh. There guerrillas who have their bases in Western Sahara has been a drought .for the last four or five years. and who provide them with food and medicine. But the morale of the people is very high. The people are well organized and we have started What kind of society does the Polisario Front hope many development projects, within Western to create in an independent Westem Sahara? Sahara and from the camps. We are providing our I think we have already achieved a large part of schools, our hospitals and even some of the aca­ the Polisario Front's program, particularly in demies - the women's military school - with health, education and agricultural production. vegetables coming from Western Sahara and from The people are organized, not only in the refugee the camps. We also have a large herd of camels camps but also under the Moroccan occupation. and gc;,ats to provide milk for the hospitals and The Polisario Front, the Saharawi Republic, is child �are centers. Last winter there was a non-aligned. We have a nationalist-socialist shortage of blankets - the temperature reached orientation. below freezing for the first time in years. We The Last winter Organization of African Unity (OAU) has split provided heating wood to the people. over the but we have met the basic admission · of the Saharawi Arab was a very hard winter, Democratic Republic needs for everyone. (SADR) as a full member state in February 1982. . Morocco has led a The people who are in Polisario-controlled boycott of the OA U which caused the November Westem Sahara are Nomads? 1982 summit, set for Tripoli, Libya, to fail for the See WESTERN SAHARA, page 59

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South Africa's War on the World Council of Churches

Derrick Knight, Beyond the Pale: showing up in the coffers of such postscript treats the U.S. "moral The Christian Political Fringe, rightwing groups as the Christian majority" groups and suggests that Caraf Publications Ltd., London, League of Southern Africa, with under Reagan, South Africa no Jong­ 1982. offices in Britain and contacts in er needs to conduct covert propa­ the U.S. ganda campaigns in the U.S. After Derrick Knight's Beyond the Pale The propaganda themes were old aJl, John Sears, a longtime paid lob­ has become highly relevant for U.S. rightwing standards, with a partic­ byist for South Africa, was one of readers. In a richly detailed if uJar South African twist: the Marx­ Reagan's 1980 presidential campaign sometimes disorganized report, ist threat to white Western civiliza­ managers. Knight traces the origins and inter­ tion, the danger of multi-racialism, However, Knight's case that locking directorates of "Christian the horror of the "terrori$t" threat South African money bolstered the political fringe" groups in Britain to South Africa, and the takeover of 1970s anti-WCC campaign . raises and elsewhere -- groups that in the the churches by Jeftwing subversives serious questions about the similar 1970s orchestrated a propaganda (''the Archbishop of Canterbury be­ current debate in the U.S. Ar� we campaign against the 40 million ing a Soviet agent and aU bishops perhaps witnessing a more subtle strong international ecumenical communists, and behind them Jay organization, the World Council of the Marxist World Council of Churches (WCC). The charges made Churches run by the KGB.") during that campaign are strikingly The book which became the simiJar to those recently repeated in ''bible" for these groups is The the controversial Reader's Digest Fraudulent Gospel, by Bernard Knight's case that South and 60 Minutes reports on the W CC Smith of the British Christian African money bolstered and its U.S. affiliate, the National Affirmation Campaign. Its original the 1970s anti-World Council of Churches. cover is a gruesome photo with the Knight's thesis is that between caption, "27 Black Rhodesians Council fo Churches 1974 and 1978 a Christian underworld massacred by WCC-financed terror­ campaign raises serious - a "small, untypical, unrepresenta­ ists in Eastern Rhodesia in questions about Itive number of slightly dotty clergy December 1976." Smith charges (as the and their friends... whose bizarre did 60 Minutes and the Reader's similar current debate In notions have hitherto found no wide Digest) that "Christian churchgoers" the U.S. Are we perhaps support" - was used as an (often are ''unwittingly giving financial wiJJing) tool in a ruthless propa­ assistance to communist-backed witnessing a·more subtle ganda campaign funded by white terrorist organizations in Africa" and sophisticated South African politicians. via the WCC. version of the 19701 The campaign was secret and the Knight examines the British objective was to manipulate pub­ Christian fringe organizations at model? lic opinion in Britain and else­ length, tracing their many links with where • It attempted to buy such rightwing company as the control of influential areas of World Anti-Communist League, the the international media and de­ anti-Jewish British Israelites (who and sophisticated version of the veloped a strategy to try and believe that Anglo-Saxons are the 1970s •model? The evidence is not destroy the broad-based "chosen" people), the racist, fascist yet in, but some curious Jinks bear Christian consensus against British National Front, and other watching. apartheid. It took on the World - pro-apartheid groups. (Knight's For example, according to Steve Council of Churches as a main revelations hit some sensitive Askin in the National Catholic Re­ target, and caJled upon likely nerves: even before the book was porter, the Institute on Religion and and unlikely allies to help. published, several rightwing groups Democracy (IRD), a prominent The money came from a secret slush sued for libel. For Jack of money to source of anti-WCC charges, got fund dispensed by the South African pursue the defense, Knight had to $300,000 of its total $533,002 bud­ Department of Information (later settle out of court. The censored get from that notorious funder of exposed in a massive scandal tagged portions, noted in the text by bJank rightwing causes, the Scaife Found­ "Muldergate'?. It was laundered spaces, were printed in Counterspy's ation. Meanwhile, the Muldergate through front corporations before Feb.-Apr. 1982 edition.) A lengthy scandal investigation has confirmed 56 -- Cou.n:.t:vr.Spy -- June-Au.gu.6.t 1983

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that in 19 7 5, the South African Commission paid a visit to the IRD of opposition to racist policies, government gave U.S. businessman offices in August of 1982." The would be taken. John McGoff miUions of dollars with Commission was appointed by the The IRD-South Africa link is not which to try to buy the Washington government to investigate the anti­ proven. But to anyone who has read Star or the Sacramento Union to apartheid South African Council of Beyond the Pale, these curious con� serve as a pro-South Africa mouth­ Churches (a wee affiliate). Six nections signal a need for careful piece in the U.S. McGoff's partner months later, the head of South scrntiny. in the deal? John Me Hon Scaife, Africa's security police was urging says Knight. The same Scaife who the Eloff Commission to bar the Beyond the Pale is available from runs the foundation that funds IRD. SACC from receiving any money Christians Against Racism and Another intriguing incident: from foreign sources (such as the Facism (CARAF), Publications Leon HoweU reports in Christianity WCC). He was quite confident that Officer, Vicarage Flat, Carr Street, and Crisis that "two members of the this action, which might sound the Leigh, Lancashire, England; t.3.50 Republic of South Africa's Eloff death kneU for a courageous voice plus shipping. Inflating the Assessment of Soviet Strength

Robert P. Berman and John C. continental Ba!Hstic Missile (ICBM) forward deployment of its strategic Baker, Soviet Strategic Forces: took place in 1957, and a decision to missiles in Cuba probably offered Requirements and Responses, The dramatically build up the Soviet the USSR its only means of quickly Brookings Institution, Washington, missile arsenal was made in 1959. It improving its strategic position o.c., 1982. came in response to the "serious relative to the United States." challenge posed by Western regional In the 1960s and 1970s, the Soviet Strategic Forces might well nuclear forces and the prospect of Soviet ICBM force was improved 1be one of the most important books considerably with the objective "to on milltary issues to be published by achieve nuclear parity with the an "establishment think tank" in United States." The 1980s, claim years. Robert Berman and John the authors, might bring about a Baker disprove much of the Reagan Robert Berman and John "reevaluation of Soviet strategic administration's rhetoric about the Baker disprove much of force posture," in part because the "offensive" nature of the Soviet nuclear weapons the United States strategic buildup. They document the Reagan and its allies will deploy over the that the development of the Soviet administration's rhetoric next few years "could significantly Union's missile and bomber arsenal about the "offensive" upgrade the threat to the surviv­ is primarily a response to threats ability of Soviet land-based missile posed by U.S. nuclear weapons sys­ nature of the Soviet forces." tems. This process began im­ strategic buildup. Ironically, when they discuss the mediately after World War II, the motivating force behind the Soviet authors write, when the Soviets hop­ nuclear buildup, Berman's and ed to "offset" the "American mono­ Baker's argument becomes contra­ poly on nuclear weapons" by main­ dictory. First, they provide evi­ taining a large army. The U.S. dence that the Soviet arms buildup government, however, used an "in­ growing U.S. intercontinental was usually geared toward catching flated... assessment of Soviet forces." up with a U.S. lead in weapons de- strength" to rapidly increase its nu­ The Soviets were the first to velopment, and state that gaining clear weapons arsenal. launch a sateUite using an SS-6 parity with the United States has In the early 1950s, the Soviet rocket booster but this SS-6 failed been one of the most important ob­ Union made its first serious effort to fulfill its task as an ICBM. After jectives of the Soviet government. "to integrate strategic defense only a few years, the United States But they go on to say that the forces into the Soviet strategic pos­ had taken a decisive lead in the Soviet government believes it is ture." At the same time, the U.S. production of ICBMs. By 1961, possible to prevail in a nuclear war. threat to the Soviet Union had mul­ write the authors, "the Soviet lead- Berman and Baker even claim that: tiplied: "The number of U.S. and ership undoubtedly realized that its The Soviet approach to strategic NATO forward-based systems cap­ planned strategic posture was in- doctrine contrasts in many ways able of nuclear strikes against the adequate to meet the evolving with that of the United States Soviet homeland had increased by American strategic threat." Soviet and other Western nuclear 1955 to more than 500," and the leaders realized they were vulner- powers.... Posing the threat of Eisenhower administration had able to a suprise attack, and, as unacceptable losses••• , the West- begun "to emphasize American will­ Berman and Baker explain it, they ern concept attempts to dissuade ingness to rely on the U.S. nuclear responded by attempting to base the enemy from initiating nu- advantage to deter communist nuclear missiles on Cuba. The few clear war. If war should break threats around the world." ICBMs based in the USSR were no out, the Western powers would The first Soviet test of an Inter- match for the U.S. force, and "this continue to seek survival by Cowt-tel!Spy -- Ju.ne-Au.gw,:t 1983 -- 57

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means of deterrence by attempt­ (i.e. win) a nuclear war. If Berman trine specifically calls on U.S. ing to end the war through and Baker do not believe these forces to gain the capabiJi ty to threats to escalate the conflict statements they must disprove ''prevail" in a prolonged nuclear war. to increasingly higher levels of them. They do not. On the other This omission and the faulty con­ destruction, The Soviet Union hand, they ignore the ample evi­ clusion drawn as a consequence has attempted to obtain ad­ dence that it is the U.S. government diminish t!1e value of Soviet ditional insurance by striving for that is planning to "prevail" in a Strategic Forces. It is still a book the capability not only to dev­ nuclear war. Although the Reagan to read, though, if only because it astate the enemy's homeland, administration's Defense Guidance thoroughly debunks many of the but also to prevail militarily in for Fiscal Years 1984-88 was pub­ Reagan administration's most the event of a world war. lished before Soviet Strategic strident statements about the Soviet Soviet government officials deny Forces went into print, Berman and "menace." that their objective is to prevail in Baker fail to report that this doc-

REFUGEES, o�om page 39 said the same things to us there When they drink, they start -� the 25th of April the Armed that they said in our village, So shooting and in one of these they Forces came in and they said that they wouldn't let us leave town killed my son. I saw him. It's when we returned to the houses for any reason. If we left to get really sad to lose your son. There ·that they'd be destroyed. firewood or look for something we was nothing �o do but come here. So whvr.e have you Uved 4-<..nce needed for the family they said we When d-<..d thlt, happen? AplUi.? were going out to contact the December 10, 1982. Different places in the same guerrilla. So they grabbed a lot How old w� yo� Mn? area, when we were going to flee of people and they disappeared. Ten years old. we planned ahead and we went out They probably killed them. The Who luil.ed h-<..m? to find food to bring with us. people they caught outside of town The Armed Forces. When we got there we found the we never saw again. I realized W� � -<..n the 4ame place Jo- place destroyed, there were no what was going on and I knew we coaLti.queJ people there - the people came couldn't stay there where there Yes. was no guarantee of safety. So we How d-<..d they full h-<..m? back little by little to live we there because they even destroyed decided to see how could es­ I never saw it. The boy was all our clothes. cape. probably out getting firewood and And thl6 pll.O.ctice 06 bwmi.ng They killed children there, they probably saw him and fired at ho� u and du:U.oy-<..ng tfu.ng4, do sometimes shooting them - the him, or maybe they were firing at they 4t,i_,U do U? children would appear dead. Since another man and hit him. The Well sure, just this August I had one older kid with me, I point is they killed him. Some there was another repression. But figured some day they would kill neighbors of mine went there. 'each time it gets worse because him too. I left that town and I V-<..d you 4ee �plane attaclu the little that's left from the came here looking for refuge. dwu.ng � p�t yeM? earlier invasion gets destroyed V-<..d you come alone o� wUh Yes. When we were still living this time. So the people were yo� 6am<..ly? in the village it was horrible. left completely without shelter, I came alone. They bombed and machine-gunned us on the run and starving. V-<..d the membeM 06 yo� 6aml­ with the planes. ly d-<..e? What fund o 6 planu Me they? My wife is dead. And they I hear that they call them A killed my child in a shoot-up. 37s. There were helicopters too. PVlhaP4 you can tell me when you le6t El Salva­ dM.? 3 Sure. I left on the 20th of December, 1982. What Vepa/!..tment d-<..d you come 611.0m? Morazan. What pa/!..t 06 Mo/1.0.zan? From Jocoaitique. Why d-<..d you leave thvr.e? Well, it was because of the great repression which is being done by the Army. First, I lived in a little village and the planes came and the Army wouldn't let us stay there. They threatened us. They said we were guerrilla colla­ borators and a whole lot of other things. Even though you're not in­ volved, they still come at you with this attitude. Then we fled to the town of Jocoaitique trying to get some protection from the Army. They were there and they start'ed to repress us again. They c.ro,.,. said we were collaborators; they s,,..p\on 58 -- CounteJLSpy -- June-Augutit 1983 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7 Approved For Release 2010/06/14: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100130006-7

H cw do they op vi.a.:te wilh thu e As far as I'm concerned, I can and tell them to stop intervening a 371:,? see no change. I've just come from here. Like I said, the children They operate mostly on the civ­ Jocoaitique, and like I said in are the ones who suffer. The only ilian population be�ause that is the beginning, that's why I left thing I ask is that these institu­ what they do. The people that suf­ there; there's been no change. The tions should speak on behalf of fer the most from the machine-gun­ longer you're there the tougher the Salvadoran people, because ning are the civilians. Those are they get on you as a civilian. You just like we suffered, they're the ones who get it the worst. The have got no right to leave or any­ still suffering over there out of old people. thing. fear of the Armed Forces. That's civilians. Children, So you. .6 ay the 1tep1te..61.,,j__on c.on­ Those are the ones who die. all. Hew do theu know whe1te the peo­ tinu.u the .6ame? A1te the people a61ta,j__d to c.JtOJ.,.6 ple Me? Everything is the same. There's the bo1tde1t ,j__n,to Hondu.JtM to .6eek how they do it - been no change. 1te6u.ge? I don't know Anyfung eu e? some method that they have. But Yes, everyone is afraid. That's they drop the bombs. I guess they I only want to say that this is why we came through the hills. can see the people. I don't know; the reason I came here. I've heard Why Me the peop.fe a61ta,j__d tu look 60Jt 1te6u.ge? but it's the people who suffer. that there are humanitarian orga­ Have uou. .6een any c.hange oJt nizations here who help us, the If they catch you on the road, ,j__mpltovement ,j__n the A1tmed FOJtc.e.-6? Salvadoran peasants. The civilian they kill you. DIJ./t,{,ng the.-6e a.:ttac.k-6, do they .6how population is suffering over ? Who k,j__U� you.? moJte '1.e..6pec.t the..6e day1., 60Jt the there. Somebody should talk to the The soldiers. If they find you human '1.,{,ghu o 6 the people? government of the United States they kill you.

BRONFW\N, nkom page 52 WESTERN SAHARA, nkom page SS This case only underscores the ease with which lack of a quorum. What role has the U.S. govern­ multinational corporations can make a mockery of ment played in this dispute? government embargoes. This is particularly true when the government where the corporation is I know that the U.S. Charge d'Affairs in Addis OAU headquartered sees its interests as coinciding with Ababa, Ethiopia was very active during the ministerial conference there in February 1982, those of corporate capital. The Bronfmans found trying to prevent the admission of the willing parters in the governments of the United SADR or to create a boycott. Some African governments St ates, Canada, Antigua, Israel and South Africa. were not able to cable instructions to their repre­ Further efforts to stem the flow of embargoed sentatives in Addis Ababa because goods must address the role of those governments of the shortage of time. But the U.S. government who have been partners in crime, as well as the took charge: they contacted the presidents or foreign ministers increasingly sophisticated techniques multi­ of those countries in their capitals, national corporations have devised to shift arms, took written them and sent them through their and other goods and capital around the globe. cables from very quick channels to the U.S. Embassy in Addis Footnotes: Ababa. The Charge himself was handling l) Jerome Robinson, "The Space Research Institute," messages to their representatives at the OAU Ve rmont Life, Vol. XXIV, No. 3, Spring 1970, p. 12. ministerial council meeting, in view to getting 2) Comite Quebec-Afrique of the Centre International them to pull out. We also know about countries de So!idarite Ouvriere, Space Research Corporation that had a lot of economic pressure put on them (pamphlet), March 1980, p. 2. 3) Mark Abley, "Adventures in the Arms Trade: A by the U.S. to boycott the summit in Tripoli. Canadian Saga," Canadian Forum, April 1979, p. 10. Can you say which countries were pressured? 4-) United States, House, Subcommittee on Africa of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, Hearing on I can't really. It's very sensitive. A new summit Enforcement of the United States Embargo Against of the OAU is set to take place from June 7 to 11, South Africa, March 30, 1982, pp. 55-66. 1983, in Addis Ababa. The same ministers and the 5) Michael T. Klare, "Evading the Embargo: Illicit U.S. same presidents are still there. So they may Arms Transfers to South Africa," Journal of Inter­ betray themselves and su bmit to the pressure, but national Affairs, Vol. 35, No. 1, Spring/Summer 1981, pp. 23-24-. I think that they may change their minds and go 6) See 1978-1980 articles in the Burlin ton Free Press to the summit because they feel that the OAU (by Sam Hemingway and William Scott Malone and and Africa are closer to their hearts than the U.S. the Herald (by Steve Snider, Louis Berney and Colin The SADR will participate as a full member Nickerson). state and contribute in any way possible so that 7) Cf supra, 113, p. 6. the summit can take place. It is the hope of all 8) Peter Newman, Bronfman Dynasty (Toronto, 1978). 9) Cf supra, 112, p. l 0. Africans to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the 10) Cf supra, 118, p.4-7. OAU in joy and unity. 11) Ibid., p.24-5. 12) Cf supra, 114-, pp.62-63. 13) Jim Schley, "Gun Running: Vermont to South Africa," River Valley Voice, Vo!.l, No. 4-, July/August 1981. Cou.nteJtSµu -- June-AugMt 7983 -- 59

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