DOCSLIB.ORG

Letter from a Young Boy Following the Panayincident

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Letter from a Young Boy Following the Panayincident Social Education 72(2), pp 62–68 ©2008 National Council for the Social Studies Teaching with Documents Letter from a Young Boy Following the Panay Incident Trevor K. Plante and Lee Ann Potter On December 22, 1937, a Japanese boy from the Shin Kozen Primary School continued to maintain that the attack had delivered a letter and a ¥2.00 donation to the American consulate in Nagasaki, Japan. been unintentional. The formal apology His letter, originally written in Japanese, was translated into English and forwarded reached Washington on Christmas Eve. to Joseph C. Grew, the American ambassador in Tokyo. His letter read, “The cold Although Japanese officials maintained has come. Having heard from my elder brother that the American warship has sunk that their pilots never saw any American the other day I feel very sorry. Having been committed without intention beyond flags on the Panay, a U.S. Navy court doubt, I apologize on behalf of the soldiers. Please forgive. Here is the money I saved. of inquiry determined that several U.S. Please hand it to the American sailors injured.” The letter, featured in this article, flags were clearly visible on the vessel was addressed “To the American sailors,” and was signed only, “One of the pupils during the attacks. Four days before of the Shin Kozen.” The boy did not provide his name in the letter, nor did he reveal the apology reached Washington, the it when visiting the consulate. Japanese government admitted that its army strafed the Panay and its survivors The American warship he referred attack from Japanese naval aircraft. On after the Japanese navy airplanes had to in his letter was the USS Panay, a the Panay, three men were killed, and bombed it. The Japanese government flat-bottomed craft built in Shanghai, forty-three sailors and five civilians were paid an indemnity of more than $2 mil- China, specifically for river duty. The wounded. Survivors were later taken on lion ($2,214,007.36) to the United States USS Panay served as part of the U.S. board the American vessel USS Oahu on April 22, 1938, officially settling the Navy’s Yangtze Patrol in the Asiatic Fleet, and the British ships HMS Ladybird and Panay incident. which was responsible for patrolling the HMS Bee. Immediately after the Panay bomb- Yangtze River to protect American lives It was a nervous time for the American ing, a lesser-known aspect of the story and property. On December 12, 1937, ambassador to Japan. He feared the started to unfold. In the days following Japanese aircraft bombed and sunk the Panay incident might lead to a break in the Panay incident, Japanese nationals, American navy gunboat. diplomatic ties between Japan and the including the young boy from Nagasaki, After invading China in the summer of United States. Grew, whose experience began sending letters and cards of sym- 1937, Japanese forces moved on the city in the Foreign Service spanned more than pathy to the American embassy in Tokyo, of Nanking in December. Panay evacu- 30 years, remembered the Maine, the and to American consulates elsewhere in ated the remaining Americans from the U.S. Navy ship that blew up in Havana the country. Ambassador Grew wrote city on December 11, bringing the num- Harbor in 1898. The sinking of the that: ber of people on board to five officers, Maine had propelled the United States never before has the fact that there fifty-four enlisted men, four U.S. embassy into the Spanish-American War; Grew are ‘two Japans’ been more clearly staff, and ten civilians. The following day, hoped the sinking of the Panay would emphasized. Ever since the first while upstream from Nanking, Panay not be a similar catalyst. news of the Panay disaster came, and three Standard Oil tankers, Mei The Japanese government took full we have been deluged by delega- Ping, Mei An, and Mei Hsia, came under responsibility for sinking the Panay but tions, visitors, letters, and contri- S OCIAL EDUCATION 62 butions of money—people from all Some of the girls enclosed postcards the money to the Japanese government. walks of life, from high officials, of beautiful Japanese places and scenes, The former sailors turned down this sug- doctors, professors, businessmen while others sent Christmas cards and gestion and chose instead to send their down to school children, trying holiday wishes. One girl included a donation to the Navy Department in to express their shame, apologies, drawing of a Christmas candle burning Washington. and regrets for the action of their bright with holly at the bottom. Several After being turned down by the Navy, own Navy. of the girls included their ages, which Hashimoto approached the naval attaché ranged from eight to thirteen. Some of at the American embassy in Tokyo with In addition, “highly placed women, the letters were written on intricately a check for 300 yen. The attaché, Capt. the wives of officials, have called on decorated stationery. Each envelope was Harold Bemis, informed Ambassador Alice [Grew’s wife] without the knowl- identically addressed: “To the Family Grew that a Mr. K. Hashimoto had edge of their husbands.” The ambassador of the ‘Paney’ [sic] C/O U.S.A. Navy brought in a contribution from the noted, “that side of the incident, at least, Department, Washington, DC U.S.A.” Ex-U.S. Navy Enlisted Men’s Association is profoundly touching and shows that at While each letter seems to be penned of Yokohama. Bemis further told the heart the Japanese are still a chivalrous individually, the envelopes appear to ambassador that Hashimoto requested people.” These signs of sympathy arrived have been addressed by the same person, that the names of the former sailors be just as the ambassador was receiving word possibly their teacher. withheld from the Japanese authorities of possible atrocities being committed by Three months later, a naval officer sent and public. The donor feared that his Japanese forces in China. a reply to the principal of St. Margaret’s group’s motives might be misconstrued While most letters of sympathy were School, thanking the girls for the cards because of their connection with the U.S. sent to the embassy in Tokyo, a few and letters. The officer noted, “The kind Navy but had no objection to their names were sent to the Navy Department in thoughts of the little girls are appreciated, being published in the United States. Washington, D.C. One noteworthy group and it is requested that you inform them Several American consulates were of letters received by the Navy was from of this acknowledgement.” Although receiving money, too, including the 37 Japanese girls attending St. Margaret’s the girls’ letters were addressed to the consulates at Nagoya, Kobe, Nagasaki, School in Tokyo. The letters, each writ- families of the Panay victims, it does and Osaka, in Japan; Taihoku, Taiwan; ten in English and dated December 24, not appear that they made it any further Keijo (Seoul), Korea; Dairen and Harbin 1937, extended their apologies for the than the Navy Department. in Manchuria; Capetown, South Africa; sinking of the Panay. By coincidence, Other letters from Japanese individu- and São Paulo, Brazil. These contribu- the girls’ letters are dated the same day als and organizations contained gifts of tions were eventually forwarded to the that the Japanese government’s formal money along with expressions of regret. American embassy in Tokyo, where other apology reached Washington. The letters These donations caused a problem for the letters and cards of sympathy and apology are very similar in content. The typical Navy Department. One letter from 10 continued to pour in. While the ambas- letter reads: Japanese men expressed their sympathy sador attempted to turn away many of the Dear Friend! This is a short let- over the Panay incident and included donors, he explained to the secretary of ter, but we want to tell you how a check for $87.19. The men claimed state, “On the other hand, the donations sorry we are for the mistake our to be retired U.S. Navy sailors living are all of trivial amounts so that sentiment airplane[s] made. We want you in Yokohama, and the letter, written by is chiefly involved in the problem and to forgive us I am little and do Kankichi Hashimoto, stated “this little to return the donations might give rise not understand very well, but I monetary gift is the instrument through to a misunderstanding of our attitude.” know they did not mean it. I feel which we hope to be able to further con- Grew kept all money received related to so sorry for those who were hurt vey our sympathy with the bereaved fam- the Panay incident in the embassy safe and killed. I am studying here at ilies of the members of the Panay.” The until the State Department could find St. Margaret’s School which was Navy returned the check but informed a solution. built by many American friends. the gentlemen that the U.S. ambassador State Department officials were con- I am studying English. But I am in Tokyo had received a number of simi- cerned that accepting any money from only thirteen and cannot write lar letters and gifts and that a commit- the Japanese people might interfere very well. All my school-mates are tee was being formed in Japan to accept with the official indemnity the Japanese sorry like myself and wish you to such donations. The donors were almost government had already agreed to pay. forgive our country. To-morrow is back to square one.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 66-3392 KOGINOS, Emmanuel Theodore, 1933— the PANAY INCIDENT: PRELUDE to WAR. the American University, Ph.D„ 1966 History
    66-3392 KOGINOS, Emmanuel Theodore, 1933— THE PANAY INCIDENT: PRELUDE TO WAR. The American University, Ph.D„ 1966 History, modern Please note: Author also indicates first name as Manny on the title page. University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan Copyright by EMMANUEL THEODORE KOGINOS 1966 THE PANAY INCIDENT: PRELUDE TO WAR by y $anny)T^Koginos Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Signatures of Committee: f A Vk 0 Chairman: O* lOctMr**- /~) y\ 7 ■ * Graduate Dean: Date: 2 7./9CS- Thewf^Mna?nnUnnVerSity AMERICAN UNIVERSITY Washington, D. C. LIBRARY ffOV 8 1965 WASHINGTON. D.C. TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE i CHAPTER Page I. Diplomatic Background .......... 1 II. The Crisis ............. hi III. The Settlement ........ 101 IV. The Ludlow Referendum............ 150 V. Naval Expansion ............. 190 VI. Conclusion........................... 2k2 BIBLIOGRAPHY....................... ....250 APPENDICES ........................................ 267 PREFACE The Panav incident in retrospect was the most dramatic single event in Japanese-American relations during the 1930's. i-.-. The attack upon the American gunboat in December, 1937 by Japanese forces contributed greatly to the general deterior­ ation and eventual breakdown in American-Japanese diplomatic relations. Though the immediate impact of the incident did not result in any radical departure from America's isola­ tionist position, it did modify American opinion in respect to foreign and domestic affairs. Indeed, pacifist influ­ ence was to reach its highest crest during the Panav epi­ sode. At the same time, the crisis vividly dramatized America's unwillingness to pursue a more positive policy in the Far East.
    [Show full text]
  • Open Research Online Oro.Open.Ac.Uk
    Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs British ships and West China, 1875-1941: With special reference to the Upper Yangtze. Thesis How to cite: Blue, Archibald Duncan (1978). British ships and West China, 1875-1941: With special reference to the Upper Yangtze. The Open University. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 1977 The Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Version: Version of Record Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21954/ou.ro.0000f7cc Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk BRITISH SHIPS AND WEST CHINA, l8?3 ~ 19^1 With special reference to the Upper Yangtze A DISSERTATION Submitted for the Degree of Bachelor of Philosophy to the Open University by Archibald Duncan Blue March 1978 (J ProQ uest Number: 27919402 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent on the quality of the copy submitted. in the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 27919402 Published by ProQuest LLC (2020). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. Ail Rights Reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC.
    [Show full text]
  • The US Asiatic Fleet's Gray-Zone Deterrence Campaign Against Japan, 1937–40
    Naval War College Review Volume 72 Article 9 Number 3 Summer 2019 2019 “They Were Playing Chicken”—The .SU . Asiatic Fleet’s Gray-Zone Deterrence Campaign against Japan, 1937–40 Hunter Stires Follow this and additional works at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review Recommended Citation Stires, Hunter (2019) "“They eW re Playing Chicken”—The .SU . Asiatic Fleet’s Gray-Zone Deterrence Campaign against Japan, 1937–40," Naval War College Review: Vol. 72 : No. 3 , Article 9. Available at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol72/iss3/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Naval War College Review by an authorized editor of U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Stires: “They Were Playing Chicken”—The U.S. Asiatic Fleet’s Gray-Zone De “THEY WERE PLAYING CHICKEN” The U.S. Asiatic Fleet’s Gray-Zone Deterrence Campaign against Japan, 1937–40 Hunter Stires he United States is facing a significant strategic challenge to its interests, al- lies, and leadership of the liberal world order from an increasingly wealthy, Twell-armed, and assertively nationalistic China� Whether through the seizure of maritime features and the construction of artificial island fortifications in the South China Sea, the aggressive use of maritime law enforcement to articulate and impose its nationalistic territorial claims on its neighbors, or attempts to re- strict military and civilian freedom of navigation in international waters, Chinese forces are working to undermine and revise the political and geopolitical status quo in East Asia�1 These subtly assertive steps, which stop short of open warfare, constitute a category of activity known to contemporary military thinkers as gray-zone aggression�2 Current U�S� policy makers and the forces at their com- mand struggle to find effective countermeasures Hunter Stires is a fellow at the John B.
    [Show full text]
  • US Navy and Coast Guard Vessels, Sunk Or Damaged Beyond
    Casualties: U.S. Navy and Coast Guard Vessels, Sunk or Damaged Beyond Repair during World War II, 7 December 1941-1 October 1945 U.S. Navy Warships Mine Warfare Ships Patrol Ships Amphibious Ships Auxiliaries District Craft U.S. Coast Guard Ships Bibliography U.S. Navy Warships Battleship (BB) USS Arizona (BB-39) destroyed by Japanese aircraft bombs at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, 7 December 1941, and stricken from the Navy List, 1 December 1942. USS Oklahoma (BB-37) capsized and sank after being torpedoed by Japanese aircraft at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, 7 December 1941. Aircraft Carrier (CV) USS Hornet (CV-8) sunk after being torpedoed by Japanese aircraft during the Battle of Santa Cruz, Solomon Islands, 26 October 1942. USS Lexington (CV-2) sunk after being torpedoed by Japanese aircraft during the Battle of the Coral Sea, 8 May 1942. USS Wasp (CV-7) sunk after being torpedoed by Japanese submarine I-19 south of Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, 15 September 1942. USS Yorktown (CV-5) damaged by aircraft bombs on 4 June 1942 during the Battle of Midway and sunk after being torpedoed by Japanese submarine I-168, 7 June 1942. Aircraft Carrier, Small (CVL) USS Princeton (CVL-23) sunk after being bombed by Japanese aircraft during the Battle of Leyte Gulf, Philippine Islands, 24 October 1944. Aircraft Carrier, Escort (CVE) USS Bismarck Sea (CVE-95) sunk by Kamikaze aircraft off Iwo Jima, Volcano Islands, 21 February 1945. USS Block Island (CVE-21) sunk after being torpedoed by German submarine U-549 northwest of the Canary Islands, 29 May 1944.
    [Show full text]
  • 70Th Anniversary of the China Marines “1945—2015” 12 - 25 OCTOBER 2015 BEIJING - TIENTSIN - Peitaiho - XIAN - CHINWANGTAO - TSINGTAO Shanghai (Post Tour 26—29 Oct)
    70th Anniversary of the China Marines “1945—2015” 12 - 25 OCTOBER 2015 BEIJING - TIENTSIN - PEITAiHO - XIAN - CHINWANGTAO - TSINGTAO Shanghai (post tour 26—29 Oct) The Great Wall rises out of the Bohai Sea (Yellow Sea) during our return to China! China Marines forming up 65 years later at the former III Amphibious Corps HQ where, at left, Gen Rockey accepted the Japanese Surrender in 1945. 13198 Centerpointe Way Ste. 202 Woodbridge, VA 22193-5285 703-590-1295 * [email protected] * www.miltours.com Thousands of Marines, soldiers and sailors China Marine Ed Finnstrom served in China since the start of the Yangtze Patrol returns to the Linsi Coal Mine in 1854. Those “Old” China Hands, prior to World War he guarded in ’45-’46 with II, gave birth to the legends of “China Duty.” When daughter Erika & one thinks of the Boxer Rebellion or American forces son-in-law Scott. in China before World War II it is of the Marines at Shanghai and Peking and the U.S. Navy's gunboats assigned to the Yangtze Patrol and South China Pa- trol. Movies like the San Pebbles and 55 Days at Pe- king tend to reinforce this perception of history that the Marines did the shore duty while the Navy did the sea duty. U.S. Marines from Dan Daly, Chesty Puller, Roy Geiger Smedley Butler and future commandants George Barnett, Thomas Holcomb & John Russell. Less known are the facts that the U.S. Army fielded the 9th, 14th & 15th Infantry as well as the 5th Field Artillery & 6th Cavalry Regiments to the China Relief Expedition during the Boxer Rebellion and the 15th Infantry provided a 1,000 soldier garrison at Tientsin (now Tianjin) from January 1912 until March 1938.
    [Show full text]
  • Nanking Massacre”
    On the 75th Anniversary of the Fall of Nanking There was a Battle of Nanking but there was no "Nanking Massacre” Campaign for the Truth of Nanking The “Nanking Massacre," which was imprinted on the people's mind through the Tokyo Tribunal, has long been tormenting the Japanese people. Now that it has been revealed to be a sheer lie—political propaganda jointly fabricated by a conspiracy of China, Europe and the United States--let us proclaim to the world the truth of the “Nanking Massacre”. To those brave Japanese officers and soldiers who fought in the Battle of Nanking. Society for the Dissemination of Historical Fact 1 There was a Battle of Nanking but There was no “Nanking massacre” Published by Society for the Dissemination of Historical Fact Shin Sakuma Bldg., 3F 2-13-14, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0003 Japan Copyright c. 2012 by Campaign for the Truth of Nanking Original Japanese Edition Published by Campaign for the Truth of Nanking English translation rights c. 2013 Owned by Society for the Dissemination of Historical Fact All rights reserved, including the rights of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Printed in Japan. Note: Japanese, Chinese and Korean personal names have been rendered surname first, in accordance with customs in those countries. 2 Table of Contents Introduction Part I Introductory part: What is the “Nanking Massacre”? 1. On opening of the Panel Exhibition “There was a Battle of Nanking, but there was no Nanking Massacre” 2. Do you know about the “Nanking Massacre”? 3. Nagoya City Mayor Kawamura’s courageous statement 4.
    [Show full text]
  • They Were Hn Nanjjuns
    THEY WERE H N NANJJUNS The Nanjing Massacre Witnessed by American and British Nationals SUPING LU # m *. * & us . * t HONG KON G UNIVERSIT Y PRES S Hong Kong University Pres s 14/F Hing Wai Centre 7 Tin Wan Praya Roa d Aberdeen Hong Kon g © Hong Kon g University Pres s 200 4 ISBN 96 2 209 685 9 (Hardback ) ISBN 96 2 209 68 6 7 (Paperback) All rights reserved. No portion o f this publication ma y be reproduced or transmitted i n any form o r by any means, electronic o r mechanical, including photocopy, recording , o r any information storag e or retrieval system, without permission in writing from th e publisher . Secure On-line Orderin g http ://www.hkupress. org British Librar y Cataloguing-in-Publication Dat a A catalogue record fo r this book is available from th e British Library . Printed and bound by United League 8k Graphic Printing Co. Ltd., in Hong Kong, China Hong Kon g University Pres s i s honoured tha t X u Bing , whose ar t m explores the complex themes o f language across cultures, has written the Press' s nam e i n hi s Squar e Wor d Calligraphy . Thi s signal s ou r commitment t o cross-cultural thinkin g and the distinctive nature o f our English-language books published in China . WI "At first glance , Square Word Calligraphy appears to be nothing more unusual tha n Chines e characters , bu t i n fac t i t i s a new wa y o f rendering Englis h word s in the format o f a square s o they resembl e Chinese characters.
    [Show full text]
  • THE BLUE BONNET Competition Avy Permits
    THE BLUE BONNET Page Three KOLEESHUN HON DE Frum de flagship bridge de Hadmral avy Permits Veteran HOSHUN Saw de hacksident in poisen, Of 71 To Keep Post Saw de frater hit de \vursheep, Tru de wotter went de warship, Saw de two sheeps hit each odder. Stanley Baker, 71 years old, al­ Tru de moonlite in de heefnink, Saw de warsheep seenk de frater. ready is the oldest sailor in active Tru de moonlite on de wotter, Gafe a cry like dees de Hadmral, service in the Navy and he may re­ Halso here and dere a starlite. "Ware it ees my steff, I'm eskink." main in service as long as he wishes. Hefertink vas werry trenkwil, Say de Ho. D., "Bonksasuzual." A native of South Dennis, Mass., Kame de dawn in early mornink Baker first enlisted at San Francisco, Steggered hop de fleg lootenant, As is frikwent on de hoshun, March 2, 1892, and with the exception "Sand a seegnal, sand a massage Halso sometimes in de mofies. of seven years-from 1901 to 1908­ Hon de raddio, by de weezual, has served continuously in the Navy. All ad wunz in konsternation By de hendflegs, by de wccgweg. As chief storekeeper at the ew­ r.~eenut Gafe a cry, "Sal Ho!" de lookoud. Sand de seegnal now dees port Torpedo Station, Baker's chief "Ware away?" de Ho. D. esk him. Frum de flegship to de wurshecp official duty is making out payroll . "Two points frunt from hoff de port Frum de Hadmral to de Keptin, His enlistment ordinarily would ex­ bim, Sand dees signal as diracted." pire June 1, but his commanding Offi­ Tree points back from hoff de port r:::on de wursheep hall vas qviet, cer, Capt.
    [Show full text]
  • American Missionary Eyewitnesses to the Nanking Massacre, 1937-1938
    · · · Yale Divinity ·School · Library Occasional Publication No. 9 YALE DIVINITY SCHOOL LIBRARY Occasional Publication No. 9 AMERICAN MISSIONARY EYEWITNESSES TO THE NANKING MASSACRE, 1937-1938 Edited by Martha Lund Smalley Preface by Tien-wei Wu Introduction by Beatrice S. Bartlett Yale Divinity School Library New Haven, Connecticut 1997 Copyright, 1997 Yale Divinity School Library CONTENTS List of illustrations....................................................................................................................... .i Preface .......................................................................................................................................iii Introduction ................................................................................................................................v Sketches of the missionaries Miner Searle Bates ...........................................................................................................2 John G. Magee .................................................................................................................3 George A. Fitch ...............................................................................................................4 Lewis S. C. Smythe.......................................................................................................... 5 W. Plumer Mills................................................................................................................ 6 Robert 0. Wilson............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Admiral Thomas C. Hart and the Demise of the Asiatic Fleet 1941 – 1942
    East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 5-2014 Admiral Thomas C. Hart And The eD mise Of The Asiatic Fleet 1941 – 1942 David DuBois East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the Asian History Commons, Military History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation DuBois, David, "Admiral Thomas C. Hart And The eD mise Of The Asiatic Fleet 1941 – 1942" (2014). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 2331. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2331 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Admiral Thomas C. Hart And The Demise Of The Asiatic Fleet 1941 – 1942 A thesis presented to the faculty of the Department of History East Tennessee State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in History by David DuBois May 2014 Dr. Emmett M. Essin III, Chair Dr. Stephen G. Fritz Dr. John M. Rankin Keywords: Admiral Thomas C. Hart, U.S. Navy WWII, Asiatic Fleet, ABDA, USS Houston, Battle of the Java Sea ABSTRACT Admiral Thomas C. Hart And The Demise Of The Asiatic Fleet 1941 – 1942 by David DuBois Admiral Thomas C. Hart And The Demise Of The Asiatic Fleet 1941 – 1942 is a chronicle of the opening days of World War II in the Pacific and the demise of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Oil for the Engines of China
    Oil for the Engines of China: The Standard Oil Company and the Early Mechanization of China, 1927-1953 YONGLE XUE Department of History, Georgetown University Thesis Advisor: Professor David Painter Honors Program Co-Chairs: Professor Howard Spendelow, Professor Carol Benedict Thesis Reader: Professor Micah Muscolino May 5, 2014 I authorize the Lauinger Library to make this thesis available to the public. Yongle Xue May 9, 2014 Table of Contents Acknowledgements..........................................................................................................................1 Notes on Language and Terminology..............................................................................................2 Map of China, 1945.........................................................................................................................4 Introduction......................................................................................................................................5 Chapter 1 Historical Background, the Pre-1927 Years..................................................................15 Chapter 2 Oil in the Nanjing Decade, 1927-1937..........................................................................21 i) Rising Demand for Oil ii) Standard’s New Strategies iii) Awareness of Oil Self-Reliance iv) Initial Chinese Challenges to Foreign Oil Chapter 3 The Black Blood in War, 1937-1945............................................................................50 i) Impacts of Japanese Invasion on Standard ii) Standard’s
    [Show full text]
  • The Background and Development of the 1871 Korean-American Incident: a Case Study in Cultural Conflict
    Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 5-17-1974 The background and development of the 1871 Korean-American incident: a case study in cultural conflict Robert Ray Swartout Jr Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Diplomatic History Commons, Military History Commons, and the United States History Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Swartout, Robert Ray Jr, "The background and development of the 1871 Korean-American incident: a case study in cultural conflict" (1974). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 2424. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.2421 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS O:F Robert Hay Swartout, ,Jr. for the Master of Arts in History presented l\Iay 17, 197,1. Title: The Background and Development of the 1871 Korean-American Incident: A Case Study in Cultural Conflict APPROVED BY MEMBERS OF THE THESIS COMMITTEE: Berm::rd V. Burke '.Basu Dmytrys~"lyn This study is an attempt to combine the disciplines of Asian history and United States diplomatic history in analyzing the 1871 Korean-American Incident. The Incident revolves around the Low-Hodgers eA.-pedition to Korea, and the sub- sequent breakdown of peaceful negotiations into a military dash of arms. To describe the Incident as merely another example of American "im- perialism, '' or as a result of narrow-mindad Korean isolationism, is to over- simplify its causes and miss the larger implications that can be learned from it.
    [Show full text]