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66-3392 KOGINOS, Emmanuel Theodore, 1933— the PANAY INCIDENT: PRELUDE to WAR. the American University, Ph.D„ 1966 History
66-3392 KOGINOS, Emmanuel Theodore, 1933— THE PANAY INCIDENT: PRELUDE TO WAR. The American University, Ph.D„ 1966 History, modern Please note: Author also indicates first name as Manny on the title page. University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan Copyright by EMMANUEL THEODORE KOGINOS 1966 THE PANAY INCIDENT: PRELUDE TO WAR by y $anny)T^Koginos Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Signatures of Committee: f A Vk 0 Chairman: O* lOctMr**- /~) y\ 7 ■ * Graduate Dean: Date: 2 7./9CS- Thewf^Mna?nnUnnVerSity AMERICAN UNIVERSITY Washington, D. C. LIBRARY ffOV 8 1965 WASHINGTON. D.C. TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE i CHAPTER Page I. Diplomatic Background .......... 1 II. The Crisis ............. hi III. The Settlement ........ 101 IV. The Ludlow Referendum............ 150 V. Naval Expansion ............. 190 VI. Conclusion........................... 2k2 BIBLIOGRAPHY....................... ....250 APPENDICES ........................................ 267 PREFACE The Panav incident in retrospect was the most dramatic single event in Japanese-American relations during the 1930's. i-.-. The attack upon the American gunboat in December, 1937 by Japanese forces contributed greatly to the general deterior ation and eventual breakdown in American-Japanese diplomatic relations. Though the immediate impact of the incident did not result in any radical departure from America's isola tionist position, it did modify American opinion in respect to foreign and domestic affairs. Indeed, pacifist influ ence was to reach its highest crest during the Panav epi sode. At the same time, the crisis vividly dramatized America's unwillingness to pursue a more positive policy in the Far East. -
Open Research Online Oro.Open.Ac.Uk
Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs British ships and West China, 1875-1941: With special reference to the Upper Yangtze. Thesis How to cite: Blue, Archibald Duncan (1978). British ships and West China, 1875-1941: With special reference to the Upper Yangtze. The Open University. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 1977 The Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Version: Version of Record Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21954/ou.ro.0000f7cc Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk BRITISH SHIPS AND WEST CHINA, l8?3 ~ 19^1 With special reference to the Upper Yangtze A DISSERTATION Submitted for the Degree of Bachelor of Philosophy to the Open University by Archibald Duncan Blue March 1978 (J ProQ uest Number: 27919402 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent on the quality of the copy submitted. in the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 27919402 Published by ProQuest LLC (2020). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. Ail Rights Reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. -
The US Asiatic Fleet's Gray-Zone Deterrence Campaign Against Japan, 1937–40
Naval War College Review Volume 72 Article 9 Number 3 Summer 2019 2019 “They Were Playing Chicken”—The .SU . Asiatic Fleet’s Gray-Zone Deterrence Campaign against Japan, 1937–40 Hunter Stires Follow this and additional works at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review Recommended Citation Stires, Hunter (2019) "“They eW re Playing Chicken”—The .SU . Asiatic Fleet’s Gray-Zone Deterrence Campaign against Japan, 1937–40," Naval War College Review: Vol. 72 : No. 3 , Article 9. Available at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol72/iss3/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Naval War College Review by an authorized editor of U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Stires: “They Were Playing Chicken”—The U.S. Asiatic Fleet’s Gray-Zone De “THEY WERE PLAYING CHICKEN” The U.S. Asiatic Fleet’s Gray-Zone Deterrence Campaign against Japan, 1937–40 Hunter Stires he United States is facing a significant strategic challenge to its interests, al- lies, and leadership of the liberal world order from an increasingly wealthy, Twell-armed, and assertively nationalistic China� Whether through the seizure of maritime features and the construction of artificial island fortifications in the South China Sea, the aggressive use of maritime law enforcement to articulate and impose its nationalistic territorial claims on its neighbors, or attempts to re- strict military and civilian freedom of navigation in international waters, Chinese forces are working to undermine and revise the political and geopolitical status quo in East Asia�1 These subtly assertive steps, which stop short of open warfare, constitute a category of activity known to contemporary military thinkers as gray-zone aggression�2 Current U�S� policy makers and the forces at their com- mand struggle to find effective countermeasures Hunter Stires is a fellow at the John B. -
70Th Anniversary of the China Marines “1945—2015” 12 - 25 OCTOBER 2015 BEIJING - TIENTSIN - Peitaiho - XIAN - CHINWANGTAO - TSINGTAO Shanghai (Post Tour 26—29 Oct)
70th Anniversary of the China Marines “1945—2015” 12 - 25 OCTOBER 2015 BEIJING - TIENTSIN - PEITAiHO - XIAN - CHINWANGTAO - TSINGTAO Shanghai (post tour 26—29 Oct) The Great Wall rises out of the Bohai Sea (Yellow Sea) during our return to China! China Marines forming up 65 years later at the former III Amphibious Corps HQ where, at left, Gen Rockey accepted the Japanese Surrender in 1945. 13198 Centerpointe Way Ste. 202 Woodbridge, VA 22193-5285 703-590-1295 * [email protected] * www.miltours.com Thousands of Marines, soldiers and sailors China Marine Ed Finnstrom served in China since the start of the Yangtze Patrol returns to the Linsi Coal Mine in 1854. Those “Old” China Hands, prior to World War he guarded in ’45-’46 with II, gave birth to the legends of “China Duty.” When daughter Erika & one thinks of the Boxer Rebellion or American forces son-in-law Scott. in China before World War II it is of the Marines at Shanghai and Peking and the U.S. Navy's gunboats assigned to the Yangtze Patrol and South China Pa- trol. Movies like the San Pebbles and 55 Days at Pe- king tend to reinforce this perception of history that the Marines did the shore duty while the Navy did the sea duty. U.S. Marines from Dan Daly, Chesty Puller, Roy Geiger Smedley Butler and future commandants George Barnett, Thomas Holcomb & John Russell. Less known are the facts that the U.S. Army fielded the 9th, 14th & 15th Infantry as well as the 5th Field Artillery & 6th Cavalry Regiments to the China Relief Expedition during the Boxer Rebellion and the 15th Infantry provided a 1,000 soldier garrison at Tientsin (now Tianjin) from January 1912 until March 1938. -
Admiral Thomas C. Hart and the Demise of the Asiatic Fleet 1941 – 1942
East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 5-2014 Admiral Thomas C. Hart And The eD mise Of The Asiatic Fleet 1941 – 1942 David DuBois East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the Asian History Commons, Military History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation DuBois, David, "Admiral Thomas C. Hart And The eD mise Of The Asiatic Fleet 1941 – 1942" (2014). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 2331. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2331 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Admiral Thomas C. Hart And The Demise Of The Asiatic Fleet 1941 – 1942 A thesis presented to the faculty of the Department of History East Tennessee State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in History by David DuBois May 2014 Dr. Emmett M. Essin III, Chair Dr. Stephen G. Fritz Dr. John M. Rankin Keywords: Admiral Thomas C. Hart, U.S. Navy WWII, Asiatic Fleet, ABDA, USS Houston, Battle of the Java Sea ABSTRACT Admiral Thomas C. Hart And The Demise Of The Asiatic Fleet 1941 – 1942 by David DuBois Admiral Thomas C. Hart And The Demise Of The Asiatic Fleet 1941 – 1942 is a chronicle of the opening days of World War II in the Pacific and the demise of the U.S. -
The Background and Development of the 1871 Korean-American Incident: a Case Study in Cultural Conflict
Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 5-17-1974 The background and development of the 1871 Korean-American incident: a case study in cultural conflict Robert Ray Swartout Jr Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Diplomatic History Commons, Military History Commons, and the United States History Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Swartout, Robert Ray Jr, "The background and development of the 1871 Korean-American incident: a case study in cultural conflict" (1974). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 2424. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.2421 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS O:F Robert Hay Swartout, ,Jr. for the Master of Arts in History presented l\Iay 17, 197,1. Title: The Background and Development of the 1871 Korean-American Incident: A Case Study in Cultural Conflict APPROVED BY MEMBERS OF THE THESIS COMMITTEE: Berm::rd V. Burke '.Basu Dmytrys~"lyn This study is an attempt to combine the disciplines of Asian history and United States diplomatic history in analyzing the 1871 Korean-American Incident. The Incident revolves around the Low-Hodgers eA.-pedition to Korea, and the sub- sequent breakdown of peaceful negotiations into a military dash of arms. To describe the Incident as merely another example of American "im- perialism, '' or as a result of narrow-mindad Korean isolationism, is to over- simplify its causes and miss the larger implications that can be learned from it. -
Yangtze Patrol
Page 22 Universal Ship Cancellation Society Log January 2012 Edgeworth Tobacco, in which he praised this product and Yangtze Patrol stated that all of his shipmates continually looked forward to USS PALOS (PR 1) receiving new supplies from the States because they would know that their Edgeworth would be included! Randy Pence (8929) 541 Hale Circle SW Albuquerque, NM 87105-0309 USS PALOS (PR 1) Displacement 204 tons Length 165’ 6” Named after the port from which Columbus sailed for Beam 24’ 6” the New World, USS PALOS was laid down based upon Draft 2’ 5” suggestions made by Admiral Dewey of Manila Bay fame. Speed 12.25 knots With four rudders and a very shallow draft, she was custom Compliment 47 Officers/crew made for the river upon which she would spend her entire Armament Two 6-pounders service life, the Yangtze. Just a little over a month from her Six .30 caliber commissioning date, PALOS became the first US flagged Lewis machine guns ship to reach Chungking, an inland port 1300 miles upriver (the approximate distance between Minneapolis and New Orleans). On occasion, she would steam another 200 miles PALOS was first designated Gunboat 20 upon her west of Chungking to the town of Suifu, and then proceed for commissioning on 24 June 1914. This was changed to PG 16 an additional 90 miles up the Min River to evacuate non- on 17 July 1920. Her final designation, PR 1, occurred on 15 Chinese nationals from marauding bandits. June 1928. From her commissioning to 1917, PALOS cruised the USS PALOS’ post office first opened on 1 July 1914, upper river. -
Publications of the U,S, Government Paul H. Till
PUBLICATIONS OF THE U,S, GOVERNMENT PAUL H. TILL For many years the U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO) regular- ly mailed to anyone who requested it a bi-monthly list of Selected US Government~ Pub~b~f~ns. This practice was totally discon~- ~d a couple of years ago because of the costs. When the list was sent out regularly, many military collectors received it and found on it various prints, books, and other publications of interest and usefulness, such as Meda.l~. of Honor Recipients 1863-1978 and the Army Lineage Series, w-~h--~he-~-~Jrchased for t-h~r--l-i~raries. Now that this regular list is no longer sent out it is somewhat of a hit or miss operation in finding out what publications are available. If one writes to the GPO to inquire about a specific item, gener~lly a current list will be sent back. It is this commentator’s opinion that any collector who receives such a list should review it and forward to the Editor all the details of any government publication which might be of interest to military coll~ctors. The necessary details are the GPO’s stock or serial number for the publication, its name, and the price. Thus, de- spite th9 disappearance of the regular list, many would be infor- med of publications of interest. Having received the August/ September 1982 list and other information from the GPO in res- ponse to a recent request, this commentator submits the following publications which may be of interest to collectors: Army Lineage Series; Infantry: Part II Army National Guard. -
Introduction: Shanghai War Issues and Personnel
jordtext.qxd 1/16/01 1:00 PM Page 1 Introduction: Shanghai War Issues and Personnel Shanghai in early 1932, prior to the war, was a place of opportunity and frustration—a bustling new city peopled mainly by those seeking their fortunes and those who had failed. Hundreds from upriver trudged in daily or disembarked from crowded steamers looking for work. The cata- clysmic ›ood of 1931 had left human ›otsam, and those who died of star- vation on the streets during the night were carted away so as not to offend the nouveau riche in limousines. Foreign communities in the International Settlement, such as the thousands of Japanese and much smaller numbers of Westerners, were also there to make pro‹ts, by whatever means neces- sary. This was a do-or-die competitive environment both in the foreign concessions and Chinese Shanghai. Since the world war, ambitious new Chinese industrialists had to price their commodities lower than those of the more advanced Japanese zaibatsu branches that had sprung up, pro- tected by extraterritorial rights and treaties and capital reserves in Osaka and Tokyo. Along Shanghai’s glittering Bund on the waterfront of the Huangp’u River, the solid of‹ce buildings of Mitsui, Japanese banks, and warehouses of large Japanese cotton mills such as Kanebo and Nagai Wata jostled cheek to jowl with the Bank of China and the Wing On mills and department store. The background for the Sino-Japanese con›ict involved the following mix of issues and characters. After 1928, with its anti-Japanese boycott, the new era of the Kuom- intang’s national government at Nanking saw the zealous leadership translate their hot anti-imperialism into calls for a revolutionary diplo- macy in which the new China would assert itself against the evils of unequal treaties. -
Gunboat Diplomacy on the Yangtze
Gunboat Diplomacy on the Yangtze By Richard K. Kolb, VFW, April 1991 Between the world wars, duty in exotic China captured the nation's popular imagination, yet service there was punctuated by international incidents that often placed U.S. Marines and sailors in harm's way. Figure 1 ‐ The USS August was hit by shrapnel on August 20, 1937 while moored off Pootung Point, Shanghai, during the Sino‐Japanese War. One sailor was killed and 18 wounded. U.S. Navy Photo. In left hand corner appears the Yangtze Service Medal. War‐tom China during the "Roaring '20s" and depression‐ridden '30s was an exciting place to most Americans. Far away and mysterious, the Celestial Empire was brought to America vicariously through stories by writers such as Marine Capt. John W. Thomason, Jr., forever linking China with the nation's military. Perpetually convulsed by civil war, this ancient land, which was dissected by foreign powers, was constantly the target of outside intervention. Though the isolationist U.S. generally refrained from fighting, it was, on occasion, inexorably drawn into the warfare. Warlords made China ‐ from the Yangtze River Valley to Manchuria ‐ a battleground for their armies. Bandits were always plying their trade, and the Nationalists and Communists battled for control of the country across its entire face. The most explosive element added to this mix was the Imperial Japanese Army, determined to direct the destiny of all of East Asia. At various times, all these factions threatened the safety of U.S. citizens in China. More than 10,000 Americans resided there, many running the 350 firms based in China by the late '30s. -
Yangtze Patrol: American Naval Forces in China: a Selected, Partially-Annotated Bibliography
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Calhoun, Institutional Archive of the Naval Postgraduate School Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Dudley Knox Library Publications Bibliographies 1998-09 Yangtze Patrol: American Naval Forces in China: A Selected, Partially-Annotated Bibliography Hanson, Mike http://hdl.handle.net/10945/6983 Yangtze Patrol: American Naval Forces in China A Selected, Partially-Annotated Bibliography Compiled by Mike Hanson Dudley Knox Library Naval Postgraduate School September 1998 With thanks and appreciation to Maxine Reneker and Greta Marlatt who allowed me to begin investigating the fascinating literature of the United States Navy in China. mvh “Like Chimneys in Summer” The thousands of men who served on the China Station before World War II have been all but forgotten, except in the mythology of the military. In the sea stories and barracks tales of soldiers, leathernecks, and old salts, China hands have been depicted as swaggering, larger-than-life men. China hands gained repute as the best professional military men and also the best at drinking and womanizing. Why have these men been overlooked? Part of the reason is that most of the troops served in the peacetime military. Most Americans would probably agree with the British statesman, William Cecil, who wrote: ‘Soldiers in peace are like chimneys in summer.’ From Dennis Noble’s preface to his 1990 scholarly monograph on American military men in the Far East, The Eagle and the Dragon: The United States Military in China, 1901-1937. Table of Contents Introduction ……………………… i Books / Monographs …………….. -
September 1977
SEPTEMBER 1977 A A T These sailors aboard USS Constellation in Baltimore harbor show that tradition is never dead-it merely rests, waiting to be called upon. And called it was, with the recent decision made by CNO to return enlisted men-E-I thru E4 to the bell-bottomuniform. For more on this uniform change see page 18. "GOING LIKE SIXTY" AT 81 Electronics wizard is NRL plankowner 8 PLOTTING YOUR COURSE BY SATELLITE Shooting the stars is only a backup 12 SILVER JUBILEE Paae 4 I. The Queen's cup of tea RING IN THE BELLS A look at the new'old'uniforms 22 SAILORS OF THE YEAR 'Accepting the award for all' 24 AN ANCIENT BIRD'S ONE-WAY FLIGHT Sikorsky finds a nest to rest 28 DISASTER -A BEHIND-THE-SCENE LOOK Notifying nextof kin inan emergency 33 THE NAVY'S STAMP ON HISTORY Couriers record seagoing heritage 38 FROM SEAMAN TO ADMIRAL Reflections on a 40-yearcareer 40 LEARNING TO SMILE ATGROWLS Rough-running motors help trainengineers for the fleet Chief of Naval Operations: Admiral James L. Holloway Ill Staff: LT BillRay Chief of Information: Rear Admiral David M. Cooney JOC Dan Guzman Dir. Print Media Div. (NIRA): Lieutenant Commander G. Wm. Eibert JO1 John Yonemura Editor: John F. Coleman JO1 Jerry Atchison Production Editor: Lieutenant John Alexander JO1 (SS)Pete Sundberg LayoutEditor: E. L. Fast PHI Terry Mitchell Art Editor: Michael Tuffli 502 Dan Wheeler 502 Davida Matthews J03 Francis Bir Edward Jenkins Covers Elaine McNeil Front cover: A member of Queen Elizabeth 11's Royal Horse Guard stands watch in London.