THEY WERE H N NANJJUNS The Nanjing Massacre Witnessed by American and British Nationals

SUPING LU

# m *. * & us . * t HONG KON G UNIVERSIT Y PRES S Hong Kong University Pres s 14/F Hing Wai Centre 7 Tin Wan Praya Roa d Aberdeen Hong Kon g

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Hong Kon g University Pres s i s honoured tha t X u Bing , whose ar t m explores the complex themes o f language across cultures, has written the Press' s nam e i n hi s Squar e Wor d Calligraphy . Thi s signal s ou r commitment t o cross-cultural thinkin g and the distinctive nature o f our English-language books published in China .

WI "At first glance , Square Word Calligraphy appears to be nothing more unusual tha n Chines e characters , bu t i n fac t i t i s a new wa y o f rendering Englis h word s in the format o f a square s o they resembl e Chinese characters. Chinese viewers expect to be able to read Square Word Calligraphy but cannot. Western viewers, however are surprised to find they can read it. Delight erupts when meaning is unexpectedly revealed." — Britta Erickson, The Art of Xu Bing Contents

Acknowledgments vi i

Introduction 1

Chapter 1 Wester n National s i n the Falle n Nanjin g 1 1

Chapter 2 Englis h Medi a Coverag e o f the Nanjin g Massacr e 1 9

Chapter 3 Th e International Committee , th e Nanjin g Safet y 4 3 Zone, an d Relate d Document s

Chapter 4 Persona l Record s o f Americans i n Nanjin g 8 7 Chapter 5 America n Diplomati c Recor d and U.S. Naval 17 5 Intelligence Report s

Chapter 6 Japanes e Attacks o n American National s 20 3

Chapter 7 Damag e an d Losse s to American Propert y an d 22 1 Interests Chapter 8 Britis h Diplomatic Documents an d Damage to 24 9 British Propert y

Epilogue 27 3

Appendix 1 Wester n National s Wh o Staye d o r Visited 28 3 Nanjing, 1 3 December 193 7 - Mid-Marc h 193 8 Appendix 2 Majo r Englis h Medi a Publication s o n the Nanjin g 28 6 Massacre, December 193 7 - Octobe r 193 8

Appendix 3 Nanjin g Massacre-relate d Document s i n Harold 28 8 John Timperley's What War Means: Japanese Terror in China, 193 8 VI CONTENTS

Appendix 4 Lis t o f Documents fo r the Nanjing Safet y Zone : 29 1 Japanese Period ; American Serie s Regarding the Japanes e Occupation o f Nanjing ; University Serie s Regarding the Japanes e Occupation o f Nanjin g

Appendix 5 Nanjin g Massacre-relate d Document s i n Shuhs i 29 5 Hsu's The War Conduct of the Japanese, 193 8 Appendix 6 Lis t o f Documents i n Shuhs i Hsu's Documents 29 6 of the Nanking Safety Zone, 193 9 Appendix 7 Document s Use d a s Enclosures i n James Espy' s 29 8 Report, "Condition s a t Nanking/ 7 Januar y 193 8

Appendix 8 Document s Use d a s Enclosures i n James Espy' s 30 0 Report, "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interests i n Nanking," Februar y 193 8

Appendix 9 Movement s o f the Britis h Gunboats , Lowe r 30 3 Yangtze River , Late December 193 7 - Lat e Marc h 1938 Appendix 1 0 Writte n Statemen t b y Miner Searl e Bates, - 30 4 Transcripts o f Court Testimon y b y Mine r Searle Bate s

Appendix 1 1 Affidavi t b y Georg e A. Fitch 31 4

Appendix 1 2 Transcript s o f Court Testimon y b y John G . Magee 31 6

Appendix 1 3 Affidavi t b y James H. McCallum 33 2

Appendix 1 4 Writte n Statemen t b y Lewi s S . C. Smythe 33 3

Appendix 1 5 Writte n Statemen t b y Robert O . Wilson; 33 5 Transcripts o f Court Testimon y b y Robert O . Wilson

Notes 34 3

Index 393 introduction

No sooner had victorious Japanese troops marched into China's capital , Nanjing, o n 1 3 Decembe r 1937 , tha n atrocitie s wer e committe d t o civilian residents and disarmed Chinese soldiers in and around the city. The world' s attentio n wa s draw n t o th e inciden t know n a s the "Rap e of Nanking " o r th e "Nanjin g Massacre " no t onl y becaus e o f it s enormous scale , but als o du e t o th e fac t tha t i n th e falle n cit y ther e were twenty-seven western nationals, five o f whom were American an d British correspondents . Th e report s b y thes e journalist s gav e instan t prominence t o the even t eve n when th e massacre was in progress. For the followin g months , Englis h medi a aroun d th e worl d continue d th e coverage o f the incident with materials smuggled out through diplomati c channels b y American missionarie s stil l trappe d i n the city . In 1946 , several o f the American missionaries either testified a s the prosecution's witnesse s i n th e cour t o f th e Internationa l Militar y Tribunal fo r th e Fa r East , o r submitte d writte n statement s t o th e Tribunal. However , th e material s the y presente d ar e but th e ti p o f a n iceberg. A larg e numbe r o f eyewitnes s account s remaine d hidde n i n private an d personal collections . The rol e played by Westerners i n th e city and their experiences were not adequately researched until recently. Iris Chang' s boo k Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II, and the publicity give n to John Rabe's Nanjing diarie s by his granddaughter, Ursul a Reinhardt, a t the end o f 199 6 aroused publi c interest to revisit the event and stimulated academi a to re-examine th e incident an d issue s surroundin g it . I n recen t years , ther e ha s bee n a tendency i n academi a t o g o back i n time , i n searc h o f origina l sourc e materials lef t behin d b y eyewitnesse s fro m neutra l countries . With the passage o f time, Westerners who experienced the Nanjin g Massacre hav e departe d on e b y one . F . Tillman Durdi n wa s probabl y the last to leave us. He passed away on 7 July 1998 , at the age of ninety- 2 THEY WERE IN NANJING one. Fortunately , man y o f thei r eyewitnes s account s wer e kep t an d collected b y majo r universitie s an d churc h historica l societie s acros s the U.S . Som e wer e discovere d i n thei r personne l file s i n thes e institutions, some were among personal files donated by their families , while other s were found i n the archives o f their friend s wh o had kep t correspondence wit h them . Amon g thes e archiva l materials , th e American missionaries ' letters , diaries , report s an d othe r document s kept in Yale Divinity School Library's China Mission Collection notabl y stand out. Altogether fourteen America n missionaries were in Nanjin g when th e massacr e too k place . Yale' s Chin a Missio n Collectio n alon e possesses eyewitnes s account s b y nine o f them . Martha L . Smalley took the lead in publishing the original massacre accounts. Sh e edited a collection, American Missionary Eyewitnesses to the Nanking Massacre, i n whic h a fe w o f eac h o f th e nin e missionaries' material s wer e selected . Smalley' s collectio n wa s subsequently expande d by Kaiyuan Zhang into a much thicker volume, Eyewitnesses to Massacre: American Missionaries Bear Witness to Japanese Atrocities in Nanjing. I n this volume, Zhan g collecte d mos t of the primary sources attributable to the nine missionaries. In addition, he publishe d a fe w page s o f diar y excerpt s b y Albert N . Stewar d wh o did no t underg o th e massacr e perio d i n Nanjing , bu t returne d t o th e city a t th e en d o f 1938 . His diarie s recor d the destructio n h e sa w an d the storie s he heard afte r hi s arrival . Timothy Broo k mad e anothe r effor t t o publis h material s b y massacre witnesse s wit h hi s edite d book , Documents on the Rape of Nanking. Broo k chos e t o reprin t Documents of the Nanking Safety Zone, edite d an d publishe d b y Shuhs i Hs u i n Shangha i i n 1939 , an d further supplemente d Hsu' s collectio n wit h Rober t O . Wilson' s diar y letters t o his wife , Marjorie , fro m 9 December 193 7 to 7 March 1938 , along with some documents related to the Tokyo military tribunal. The number o f Wilson' s diar y letter s collecte d b y Broo k surpasse s tha t o f the collections in Yale Divinity School and Stanford University's Hoove r Institution. Apparently, he had contacted Wilson's widow, Marjorie, an d obtained th e letters fro m th e family' s collection . Aside from what has been published by the above scholars, however, quite a few Englis h primary source s concernin g the Nanjin g Massacr e remain unpublished. Georg e A. Fitch's family donate d his personal file s and established the Fitch Family Archives at Harvard-Yenching Library , and W. Plumer Mills's family archives are kept in the South Carolinian a Library at the University o f Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, whil e Mills's personne l file s ar e kep t a t th e Presbyteria n Historica l Societ y INTRODUCTION 3 in Philadelphia . Th e Disciple s o f Chris t Historica l Societ y Librar y a t Nashville, Tennessee, boasts another valuable collection o f missionar y eyewitness materials . The majo r par t o f Jame s H. McCallum's files , a substantial amount o f Lewis S . C. Smythe's documents, many o f Minnie Vautrin's origina l archives , alon g with par t o f M. Searl e Bates's paper s and som e o f Grac e Bauer' s material s ar e well preserve d there . Huber t L. Sone' s majo r collectio n an d som e o f Cliffor d S . Trimmer's file s ar e kept in the Methodist Church Archives in Madison, New Jersey. Charles H. Riggs's materials ar e housed a t the Congregationa l Missio n Librar y in Boston and Harvard's Haughton Library . Some o f John G. Magee and Ernest H. Forster's files ca n be found at the Episcopal Church Archive s in Austin , Texas . Quit e a fe w letter s writte n b y Bates , Smythe , McCallum, Sone , an d Mill s t o th e America n Embass y a t Nanjin g ar e kept in the U.S. National Archives. Even within Yale' s China Missio n Collection, a lot o f valuable materials have not been published. For some reason, Zhang' s collectio n doe s no t includ e ove r a doze n importan t letters Mill s wrot e t o hi s wif e an d daughter s fro m 3 Januar y t o 2 3 December 1938 . Mills's letter to Lieutenant-Colonel Hirota on 2 March 1938, an d hi s lette r t o friend s o n 1 7 April 1938 , alon g with man y o f Bates's famil y letter s an d severa l o f Forster' s letters , ar e no t selecte d either. Als o absen t fro m th e publicatio n ar e many o f Vautrin's letter s to friends an d a substantial portio n o f her diaries , including severa l o f her diar y entries , i n whic h sh e recorde d tha t sh e ha d obtaine d th e number o f victims fro m th e Re d Swastika Society' s burying record. I n these documents , Vautri n als o mentioned tha t sh e had witnesse d th e Red Swastik a member s buryin g victi m bodies , an d discusse s wit h friends abou t the massacre site s with ten s o f thousands bodies strew n around i n a Nanjing subur b alon g the Yangtz e River . In addition, Smythe's War Damage in the Nanking Area December 1937 to March 1938: Urban and Rural Surveys i s anothe r importan t source material. Correspondents Durdin and A. T. Steele also left behin d their files, not to mention the news dispatches and media reports which, obscure wit h th e passag e o f sixty-fiv e year s an d scattere d i n differen t corners aroun d the world, deserv e to be rediscovered an d reacquainte d with. Most o f all, there is a tremendous amount o f valuable document s in th e America n diplomati c an d nava l archives , an d i n th e Britis h diplomatic an d admiralt y file s tha t need s t o be hunted down . This boo k i s anothe r attemp t t o searc h an d displa y eyewitnes s accounts o f th e massacr e an d othe r origina l material s relate d t o tha t event, though in another manner and on a broader scale than in previous publications. While it is not a collection o f primary sources, it recounts, 4 THEY WERE IN NANJING with clos e relianc e o n origina l documents , wha t wa s seen , hear d an d experienced b y America n an d Britis h national s i n th e falle n cit y o f Nanjing. Their experiences are told through original diaries, letters, wire dispatches, reports, diplomatic telegrams, naval intelligence information , and other documents, which have been unearthed from various source s around the world. With highlights o f their accounts woven along with analysis, thi s volume intend s no t onl y t o hel p reader s ge t acquainte d with English primary materials on the topic in a comprehensive fashion , but also to discuss issues which have not yet been adequately dealt with. There has been a simple issue that ha s long baffled scholar s in th e field: accurate information abou t this small group o f Westerners in th e fallen Nanjing. An attempt has been made to reconstruct the list o f the twenty-seven Wester n national s alon g wit h thei r ful l names , nationalities, affiliations, occupations , and the duration o f their stay in the city . I n earl y Januar y 1938 , nine consula r official s affiliate d wit h the American , British , an d Germa n Embassie s arrive d i n Nanjin g t o resume their respective diplomatic duties. Some o f them staye d longe r than others, and more were coming to release those who were schedule d to depart. In January and February, Dutch, French and Italian diplomat s made brief visit s to Nanjing t o check upon their properties in the city . Others, includin g U.S . and Britis h nava l officers , als o visited th e city . Subsequently, th e lis t extend s t o includ e fifty-on e Wester n national s who eithe r staye d o r visited Nanjin g fro m 1 3 December 193 7 to mid - March, 1938 . This effor t serve s to provide accurate information abou t those who were in the city as a key indicator fo r identifying an d verifying origina l witness materials . Mor e importantly , i t ma y rende r assistanc e t o interested researchers for uncovering new source materials in the future . It i s not impossibl e that som e scholar may happen to find Iv a Hynds' s personal files in a dark corner in the special collection o f a Los Angeles area university's library , an d Grac e Bauer's materials may surfac e i n a Baltimore area local historical society. John M. Sheehan, the captain o f USS Oahu, an d J . F . Armstrong, th e commandin g office r o f HMS Bee, might have left behind some private records o f what they had seen along the Yangtz e shorelin e outsid e Nanjing . The origina l Englis h medi a coverag e o f the Nanjing Massacr e wa s published fro m mid-Decembe r 193 7 to October 193 8 in places rangin g from Chicago , New York City, San Francisco, and London to Hong Kong, Beijing, Shangha i an d othe r places . The medi a report s ca n b e roughl y divided int o tw o categories : thos e tha t wer e reporte d b y th e fiv e American and British correspondents, and those that were based on the INTRODUCTION 5 eyewitness account s b y th e America n missionarie s i n th e city . In th e late 1930s , thes e report s provide d timel y coverag e o f th e Nanjin g Massacre and, with vivid eyewitness accounts, attracted attention fro m the genera l public and world leaders alike. It i s not a n exaggeratio n t o say that it was English media coverage that placed the Nanjing Massacr e under the spotlight on a global scale; however, after s o many years, these reports see m t o hav e fade d int o histor y an d ar e forgotten. Whil e eac h of the major Englis h media reports is analyzed in this volume, a list o f major Englis h medi a publication s o n th e massacr e i s attache d a s Appendix 2 . The Nanjing Safet y Zone, inspired by Father Jaquinot's Safety Zon e in Shanghai, played an indispensable role in providing shelter, food an d protection fo r the thousand s o f Chines e refugee s trappe d i n the falle n city. The original materials preserved in Yale's China Mission Collectio n and other sources retrieved from the American diplomatic archives well document th e origin , organization , developmen t an d activitie s o f th e International Committe e fo r th e Nanjin g Safet y Zone , a s wel l a s it s role in the establishmen t an d function o f the Safet y Zone . The activitie s o f the Nanjin g Safet y Zon e ar e best exemplifie d b y the Safet y Zon e documents . However , th e prominen t statu s an d publicity o f the Safet y Zone documents would not have been achieve d without th e effort s o f H . J . Timperley, Manchester Guardian's Chin a correspondent, an d Chines e politica l scientis t Shuhs i Hsu . These tw o individuals worke d almos t simultaneously , thoug h fo r separat e boo k projects, to publish the atrocity reports documented by the International Committee an d othe r eyewitnes s account s b y th e America n missionaries. Timperley's What War Means: Japanese Terror in China made its debut i n London i n Jul y 1938 , while Hsu's The War Conduct of the Japanese appeare d in print in Shanghai at approximately the same time. Hsu continued his endeavor by compiling, editing and publishing in 193 9 Documents of the Nanking Safety Zone. Thi s is considered th e most complet e collectio n o f documents produce d b y the Internationa l Committee, eve n thoug h Hs u faile d t o locat e an d includ e forty-si x o f the 44 4 atrocity cases , namely , case s 114-143 , 155-164 , an d 204-209 , into his collection. These missing cases, which had been well preserved and archive d b y the American diplomat s i n 1938 , have been retrieve d from the U.S. National Archives and are reprinted along with cases 445- 470 in thi s volume . If the English media report s an d the Safet y Zone documents mad e their publi c appearanc e ove r sixt y year s ago , man y o f th e persona l accounts b y th e America n missionarie s wer e no t publishe d unti l 6 THEY WERE IN NANJING recently. Whil e som e o f th e account s stil l remai n unpublished , othe r source material s hav e jus t bee n discovered . Thes e valuabl e origina l sources have been used to recount the extraordinary experiences o f each of thos e America n missionarie s i n th e falle n city , thoug h th e autho r has exercise d cautio n t o refrai n fro m repeatin g what ha s alread y bee n published. Eac h o f the storie s display s their personal observations an d experiences fro m uniqu e perspectives. For instance, on top o f his well- known diaries , Fitch' s famil y letters , newl y retrieve d fro m Harvard - Yenching Library , hel p construc t hi s accounts ; man y o f Bates' s unpublished famil y letters , letter s t o th e America n an d Japanes e Embassies an d othe r document s kep t a t Yale , Nashville , an d th e National Archives further enhanc e his abundant record ; Mills's letter s to hi s wif e for m th e cor e element s o f hi s stories ; Smythe' s surve y provides enoug h sourc e material s t o mak e hi s experienc e uniquel y different fro m others; and the newly unearthed surgical list o f over thirty bloody case s formulate s Wilson' s observation s fro m a medica l professional's viewpoint . After th e wors t o f th e massacr e wa s over , a n America n consula r group landed a t Nanjing o n 6 January 1938 . They were the first foreig n officials allowe d to enter the city since the Japanese captured it. Thre e days later, British and German diplomats followed th e Americans' suit . One o f th e diplomats ' majo r dutie s wa s t o repor t regularl y t o thei r superiors what had happened in the fallen city . The American consula r representatives worke d diligentl y t o protec t America n interest s an d cabled reports back to the Department o f State almost o n a daily basis and, a s a result, accumulate d a mountain o f treasure presently house d in the U.S. National Archives. These diplomatic documents and reports, which cove r a wide variety o f area s ranging from detaile d description s of Japanes e atrocities , violatio n o f America n property , refuge e relie f work, t o socia l an d economi c condition s i n th e city , dul y reflec t American diplomats ' activities , an d th e tu g o f wa r the y ha d bee n wrestling with their Japanese counterparts to protect American interest s and t o maintain minimu m humanitaria n decenc y fo r th e Chinese . It is widely known that during the massacre many Chinese civilian s were murdere d an d wome n molested . Bu t what i s les s know n i s th e fact tha t American citizen s in Nanjing als o had to live under constan t threat fro m th e Japanese . Som e o f th e American s wer e eve n slapped , attacked, robbed , an d abused . Out o f fourteen America n missionaries , twelve experience d abus e i n on e for m o r another . Charle s H . Rigg s seemed t o have sustained the most. He was slappe d and hit o n severa l occasions. INTRODUCTION 7

The mos t blatan t inciden t happene d t o Joh n M . Allison , th e to p American diplomat in town, who was slapped by a Japanese sentry when he was investigatin g a rape cas e that occurre d o n American premises . The Alliso n Incident , whic h hi t th e headline s o f man y majo r Englis h newspapers i n the U.S. , the U.K. , an d Chin a i n earl y 1938 , joined th e USS Panay bombin g t o becom e anothe r sourc e o f diplomati c frictio n between th e U.S . and Japan , thoug h i t ende d with a Japanese apology . The Thomson Inciden t i s another exampl e in which a n America n citizen fell victim to Japanese abuse. A Japanese sentry slapped J, Claude Thomson, a chemistry professor a t the University o f Nanjing, when h e stopped and searched Thomson's rickshaw in a public street in Nanjing . However, the Japanese authorities denied the slapping had ever happened when Alliso n lodge d a strong protest ove r the incident . The incident , which occurre d in mid-June 1938 , well suggests the pattern o f Japanese soldiers' behavior an d that th e brutality, which culminate d durin g th e massacre days , stil l lingered . The most prevailin g issue that concerne d the American diplomat s was damag e an d losse s t o American propert y an d interests. America n institutions an d citizen s i n Nanjin g suffere d a tremendous amoun t o f damage owin g t o th e Japanes e captur e o f th e cit y an d ensuin g destruction. Unauthorize d entr y an d violatio n case s o n America n property wer e a constant , i f no t a daily , phenomenon . Whe n th e American premise s wer e broke n into , thei r content s wer e eithe r destroyed o r looted . A s a result , compensatio n claim s file d b y th e American citizen s kep t comin g t o the American Embass y i n Nanjing . For severa l months , th e America n diplomat s busie d themselve s wit h investigating propert y damag e cases , verifyin g th e valu e o f losses , presenting th e case s to local Japanes e authorities, an d negotiating an d bargaining with them s o that claimant s coul d be informed o f the su m of their compensation . The British diplomats , though not a s aggressive a s their America n counterparts, als o regularly reported the conditions in Nanjing t o thei r superiors. Their description s abou t th e atrocitie s wer e not a s detaile d as the American ones , but they als o faced quite a few property damag e and los s cases . Unfortunately, du e to th e Britis h diplomati c reportin g system an d the filing principles o f the British Foreig n Office , ther e ar e not a s many origina l sourc e materials accessibl e i n th e Publi c Recor d Office (th e British National Archives), as there are in the U.S. National Archives. According to the U.S. reporting system, at least back in the 1930s , when Allison sent a telegram to the American Consul-General Clarenc e 8 THEY WERE IN NANJING

E. Gauss a t Shanghai , o r to American Ambassado r Nelso n T Johnso n at Hankou, he always copied the message back to the Secretary o f State Cordel Hull. Most o f the time, Allison communicated directl y with th e Secretary o f State . Thi s syste m guarantee d a complet e se t o f communication message s t o be kept i n Washington, D.C . Unlike the Americans, the British Consul at Nanjing (H . I. Prideaux- Brune, and later E. W. Jeffery) never reported directly back to the Foreign Office i n London . Mos t o f th e time , th e Consu l communicate d onl y with R . G. Howe, Charge d'Affaires o f the British Embassy at Shanghai , because the Ambassador, Si r Knatchbull-Hugessen, was wounded by the Japanese when he was traveling in his car from Nanjin g t o Shanghai in August 1937 . Howe would make the decision a s to which o f Nanjing' s messages woul d b e forwarde d t o London . Sometimes , h e copie d th e Nanjing Consul' s telegrams to the Foreign Office, but , more often tha n not, h e summarize d wha t Nanjin g reporte d int o concis e message s t o be transmitte d t o London . Consequently , withi n th e Foreig n Offic e archives, ther e ar e n o telegram s directl y fro m Nanjing , an d onl y messages fro m Shangha i ca n b e found . Whe n th e Foreig n Offic e declassified it s ol d files , no t al l the telegrams were ope n t o the publi c in the Public Record Office. An attempt to search for documents in th e archives o f the British Embassies in Shanghai and Nanjing prove d to be fruitless a s well. It is possible that these archives were lost or destroyed during the evacuatio n fro m Chin a afte r th e Pear l Harbor attack . Fortunately, becaus e the British consular grou p di d not have radi o facilities ashor e when they landed at Nanjing, the y had to rely on naval radio facilities o n the British gunboats fo r cablin g out messages. Man y of th e Nanjin g message s wer e retrieve d fro m th e Britis h Admiralt y archives. But a check upo n th e numbers o f the telegram s reveal s tha t quite a few o f the message s ar e still missing . The existin g Nanjin g telegram s an d document s indicat e tha t th e British suffere d enormou s propert y damag e an d losses in th e cit y a s a result o f Japanese atrocities . Britis h businesses occupie d a lion's shar e of China's market , havin g establishe d themselve s fo r nearl y a centur y since Britain opened the door to China during the Opium Wa r in 1840 . There were quite a few British companies and firms operating in Nanjin g with a larg e numbe r o f Britis h subject s workin g there . Whe n genera l destruction, looting and burning occurred in the city, their property had no chanc e o f escapin g damag e an d losses . Compensatio n claim s ove r property damag e filed b y the British subjects streame d into the Britis h Embassy in Nanjing . A s late a s October 1938 , over a dozen new case s were filed at the British Consulate-General a t Shanghai, waiting for the Nanjing Consu l to present t o the Japanese local authorities i n the city . INTRODUCTION 9

Although th e Britis h diplomat s generall y too k a conciliator y approach t o th e Japanes e ove r atrocit y issues , the y wer e extremel y concerned about getting British merchants to come back to resume their business. Loca l economi c condition s an d financia l informatio n wer e other majo r topic s i n diplomati c reports . Meanwhile , th e Nanjin g Consul worked aggressively with the Japanese to obtain permission fo r British business representative s t o visit Nanjing . Besides diplomati c presenc e insid e th e city , th e America n an d British gunboats were constantly anchore d in the Yangtz e of f Nanjing . Four British gunboats, HMS Aphis, HM S Bee, HM S Cricket, an d HM S Scarab rotate d betwee n Nanjing , Shangha i an d Wuh u port s t o delive r equipment, supplie s an d mail. The American gunboa t US S Oahu als o traveled between th e three ports, performing simila r duties. When th e Japanese attacke d Nanjing , al l th e America n an d Britis h gunboat s vacated th e Nanjin g waters . HM S Ladybird, whic h wa s bombe d an d damaged by the Japanese at Wuhu on 5 December 1937 , and USS Oahu, which hurried downstream t o rescue USS Panay survivors , arrived an d anchored severa l mile s abov e Nanjin g a t aroun d 4:3 0 p.m . o n 1 5 December an d departe d fo r Shangha i th e nex t morning . HM S Bee reached Nanjing no later than 1 8 December and stayed around until 2 2 December. Th e gunboa t returne d fiv e day s late r o n 2 7 December an d did not leav e until 2 9 January 1938 . Meanwhile, US S Oahu arrive d i n Nanjing waters on 31 December an d proceeded the next day to the sit e where Panay sank . The American gunboat returned o n 6 January 193 8 to land the American diplomati c official s an d went bac k to the Panay salvage operatio n o n 9 January . Th e operatio n wa s complete d o n 1 2 January. US S Oahu cam e bac k t o ancho r alongsid e HM S Bee and remained a t th e anchorag e til l earl y February . Both American and British naval officers reporte d activities aroun d Nanjing. Th e commanding office r o f HMS Bee, J . F. Armstrong, kep t a monthly recor d o f his observations outsid e Nanjing , whil e the captai n of USS Oahu, Joh n M. Sheehan, did his reports on a weekly basis. Again, the America n nava l intelligenc e report s provid e mor e detaile d information tha n d o the Britis h Admiralt y report s o f proceedings. Bu t both are valuable primary documents, in particular, Sheehan' s detaile d reports abou t hi s observation s whe n h e was allowe d t o ente r Nanjin g on a number o f occasions , thoug h h e wa s unde r clos e surveillanc e o f Japanese gendarmes . After th e war was over, the International Militar y Tribunal fo r th e Far East was established in Tokyo. Several of the American missionarie s agreed eithe r t o submi t writte n statement s o r t o testif y a s th e 10 THEY WERE IN NANJING prosecution's witnesse s agains t Iwan e Matsui, under whose comman d the Japanes e troop s attacke d an d capture d Nanjing , an d committe d atrocities i n an d aroun d th e city . I n 1946 , Bates , Magee , an d Wilso n appeared i n cour t i n Toky o t o testify , an d Bates , Fitch , McCallum , Smythe, an d Wilson submitted written statements . Their testimonies , which wer e give n nin e year s afte r th e Nanjin g Massacr e too k place , are generally i n agreemen t wit h wha t the y ha d written dow n i n thei r private record s durin g th e massacr e days . Thes e missionarie s wer e consistent with their accounts and descriptions o f what the y had seen , heard an d experienced . Du e t o th e fac t tha t thes e ora l an d writte n testimonies ar e generally categorized a s afterthoughts, the y are kept i n the appendices . In the 1930s , the romanizatio n o f Chines e character s appeare d t o be anything but standardized. Different peopl e romanized the same term in different ways . Sometimes even the same person romanized the same name differently . I n som e cases , th e romanizatio n i s beyon d an y reasonable assuranc e t o trac k bac k t o it s origina l Chines e form . Subsequently, dealin g wit h th e variou s alternation s o f Chines e romanization i s n o smal l task . I n orde r t o maintain unifor m Chines e romanization withou t compromisin g th e authenticit y o f origina l materials, Pinyin has been adopted in the author's account, with a fe w exceptions o f persona l names , whil e romanizatio n i n quotation s ha s been retaine d i n it s origina l form . Epilogye

Sixty-six year s hav e elapse d sinc e th e Nanjin g Massacr e occurred . I n 1948, the International Militar y Tribuna l fo r th e Fa r East reache d th e verdict that ove r 200,000 civilians and prisoners o f war were murdere d in Nanjin g an d it s vicinit y durin g th e firs t si x weeks o f th e Japanes e occupation,1 bu t controversie s ove r issue s surroundin g th e massacr e have lon g existed . Outcrie s wer e mainl y voice d b y som e Japanes e scholars wh o challenge d th e Tribunal' s judgment . Som e dispute d th e sentence o f Iwane Matsui who was hanged in 194 8 for his alleged failur e in controllin g th e troop s unde r hi s comman d i n Nanjing . Som e questioned th e buria l record s an d th e number o f massacr e victim s i n connection t o Nanjing' s population . Other s simpl y claime d tha t th e Nanjing Massacre never happened, and it was but a Chinese fabrication . The Japanes e challenges , whil e invitin g rebuttal s fro m academi a in China , stimulate d wave s o f researc h interes t ove r th e Nanjin g Massacre in the West, where it had remained a relatively dormant topi c until th e mid-1990s . Repeate d attempt s wer e mad e t o searc h fo r eyewitness account s lef t behin d b y national s o f neutra l countrie s i n the hop e tha t thei r origina l record s migh t she d ligh t o n th e murk y picture veile d b y the controversies . In December 1996 , a news report i n The New York Times 2 caugh t the author's attention. Ursula Reinhardt, a granddaughter o f John Rabe, a German businessman and Chairman o f the International Committe e for the Nanjin g Safet y Zone , publicized he r grandfather' s diarie s fro m the massacre days . Having spent ove r a dozen years in Nanjing o n th e campus Minnie Vautrin calle d "Ginling," the author responde d t o th e news wit h a n inklin g tha t ther e wa s a group o f American s wh o ha d lived throug h thos e difficul t month s i n Nanjin g a s well. Mos t o f th e Americans wer e wel l educated , an d i t wa s unlikel y tha t the y woul d not hav e kep t writte n record s abou t suc h a n experience , whic h bor e 274 THEY WERE IN NANJING deep in their minds an d would remain i n their memory fo r the rest o f their lives . However, fiv e decade s afte r th e massacre , th e searc h fo r thei r eyewitness materials proved to be a daunting and strenuous task, i f not a missio n impossible . Th e identitie s o f thes e American s ha d becom e blurred wit h th e passag e o f time , no t t o mentio n th e uncertaint y o f whether th e materials coul d have survived those turbulent years , and , if they had , the y would undoubtedl y b e scattered i n differen t corners . This ambitiou s researc h projec t wa s starte d b y browsin g throug h old Englis h newspaper s publishe d i n th e U.S. , the U.K. , an d China . A list o f Westerner s i n th e falle n Nanjing , whic h wa s publishe d b y The North-China Daily News o n 24 December 1937 , helped to identify th e foreigners wh o wer e trappe d i n th e cit y an d ha d witnesse d wha t ha d happened, though further effort s wer e made to refine the list and assure the accurac y o f it . Armed with a list fro m a newspaper ove r sixty years ol d and wit h state-of-the-art Interne t technology , th e autho r wa s abl e t o pursu e a massive searc h worldwide, a long journey which has proven to be both painstaking an d rewarding. On a number o f occasions, the retrieval o f one batc h o f material s le d t o th e discover y o f mor e document s elsewhere. Ove r th e years , the autho r visite d the Librar y o f Congress , the Harvard-Yenchin g Library , th e Yal e Divinit y Schoo l Library , th e National Archive s i n Washingto n D.C , th e Nationa l Archive s I I a t College Park , Maryland , th e Nationa l Librar y o f Chin a i n Beijing , th e Second Historical Archives o f China in Nanjing, th e Nanjing Massacr e Memorial Museum , th e Britis h Library , th e Publi c Recor d Offic e (th e British Nationa l Archives ) i n London , an d th e Disciple s o f Chris t Historical Societ y at Nashville, Tennessee. At the same time, throug h mail o r e-mail , th e autho r contacte d th e Sout h Carolinian a Librar y a t the University o f South Carolina, Columbia, Sout h Carolina, the Hoover Institution a t Stanfor d University , th e Unite d Methodis t Churc h Archives at Madison, New Jersey, the Archives o f the Episcopal Churc h at Austin , Texas , th e Presbyteria n Historica l Societ y i n Philadelphia , and Harvard' s Houghto n Library . These visit s an d correspondenc e yielde d a n enormou s amoun t o f original materials, documents, and records. From different perspective s and locations, these eyewitness accounts record what the writers wen t through, sa w an d hear d i n tha t doome d city . Readin g throug h the m provides a unique vantage point to examine the Nanjing Massacr e at a close range, both in distance and in time. The reign o f terror, atrocities , destruction, and various incidents and people involved are brought back to life in their descriptions . The day-to-da y diarie s and diary letters, in EPILOGUE 275 particular, re-creat e the atmosphere o f extreme horror that pervaded i n and around the city walls. Reading them sent a chill through the spine. These eyewitnes s record s als o provide substantia l account s abou t the different aspect s o f social life as a result o f the Japanese occupatio n and atrocities : th e abrup t disappearanc e o f municipa l function s an d services, the struggling o f wretched refugees, th e lack o f food and dail y necessities, th e non-existenc e o f an y commercia l activities , an d th e inadequate medica l facilities . Th e nationa l capita l wa s turne d int o a ghost tow n overnight . Onc e prosperous, bustling district s wer e eithe r engulfed i n flames o r reduced to ashes and rubble. What remained wa s fear fo r any imminent dange r that might caus e harm o r even cost one' s life. A venture outdoor s migh t produc e fata l consequences . Many o f the eyewitness accounts were private records, written dow n for no other purpose than fo r the writers themselves, or for their famil y and friends . Hence , the y faithfull y revea l detail s o f th e event s an d incidents tha t th e writer s ha d live d through . Man y decade s later , th e vivid description s i n thes e eyewitnes s material s hel p reader s t o mak e sense o f a n incredibl e experienc e tha t non e o f u s wil l eve r have . Therefore, thes e origina l record s ar e o f significan t valu e to us, as wel l as to scholars and researchers o f future generations, - they can help us to understand th e inciden t i n a way no othe r source s can . To a large extent , thes e eyewitnes s account s hel p t o clarif y som e aspects o f the controversia l issues , i f not solv e them. I n light o f thes e materials, the fabrication theor y seems to lose much o f its ground. It is absolutely unlikel y tha t ove r te n America n missionarie s woul d "fabricate" th e sam e type s o f atrocitie s i n thei r privat e an d persona l records. The missionaries witnessed the events o f the Nanjing Massacr e as they unfolded, an d their accounts present the massacre in blood an d tears, thoug h M . Searl e Bate s declare d tha t "Th e tota l sprea d o f thi s killing was so extensive that no one can give a complete picture o f it." 3 According to James H. McCallum, "N o da y goes by without its report s of robbery , rap e an d injur y t o civilian s b y bayonet s o r shooting." 4 Meanwhile h e pointed ou t t o his friend :

However there is one thing I note in so much o f the publicity which may b e misleading . Repeatedl y th e remar k i s mad e "Th e rap e o f Nanking," "The Japanese troops got out o f control in Nanking," "What happened i n Nanking". The facts probabl y are that i n many respects conditions in Nanking were much better than in any o f the territory around here. What happened here happened in all the cities between here and Shanghai and in Wuhu and every little village and town and hamlet tha t ha s bee n occupie d b y Japanes e troops . Onl y ther e wer e 276 THEY WERE IN NANJING

foreigners her e wh o reporte d an d objecte d an d tol d th e stor y t o th e whole world. 5

In anothe r letter , McCallu m reiterate d hi s poin t tha t wha t ha d happened in Nanjing had also occurred in other places, and as "compared with Soochow , Changchow , Wusi h an d al l suc h neighborin g place s Nanking is and always has been in a favorable position. The worst tha t we had to say about Nanking is no different fro m tha t which happene d everywhere an d n o doub t i s stil l happenin g al l around." 6 Lewi s S . C . Smythe share d his view. I n a report, Smyth e stated ,

We lived through this terror in Nanking and many claimed it was due to th e fac t Nankin g wa s th e capital . Bu t a s report s hav e com e ou t from othe r places : Wuhu, Hangchow , Nantao , Soochow , Chinkiang , Wusih, Nantungchow , Ihchen , Luchowfu , Hsuchow , Hwaiyuan , i t i s the same sordid story. 7

Witnesses an d thei r experience s indicate d tha t no t onl y di d th e Nanjing Massacr e tak e place , but tha t atrocitie s ha d als o occurre d i n other area s occupie d b y Japanese troops . Their argument s wer e proven t o be credibl e by evidenc e provide d by other American missionaries in those locations. Archibald Alexander McFadyen, a n America n medica l missionar y i n Xuzho u (Hsuchow) , China, was the father o f Archibald Alexander McFadyen, Jr. , one o f th e three American diplomat s wh o lande d a t Nanjing i n January 1938 . He reported in July 193 8 to Frank Pruit Lockhart, American Consul General at Shanghai, the Japanese atrocities in Xuzhou after it fell to the Japanese in Ma y 1938 . The behavio r o f th e Japanes e troop s ther e followe d th e same pattern a s in Nanjing :

The Japanese entered the city from the west — their route marked by burned villages, murder, an d rape. As they marched through the city, every door was broken ope n and the houses were looted 100 % — the only exception being the houses that fle w a foreign flag . Few women, outside ou r refuge e camp , escape d bein g rape d durin g th e firs t an d second days of the Japanese occupancy. Many of the victims were girls of fro m twelv e t o fiftee n year s o f age , an d ou r contraceptiv e clinic s were kept busy. Both young daughters o f our hospital electrician were repeatedly rape d the first night . The secon d da y roving bands o f two or thre e arme d soldier s ofte n force d entranc e int o ou r missio n compound, where the women were housed; and their usual demand s were wine, women, cigarettes , and matches — in the orde r given. .. . On th e thir d o r fourth da y afte r th e tow n ha d been thoroughl y EPILOGUE 277

looted by the Japanese, they began systematically to burn the business section o f the city. More than half o f the business section was burned — thus th e lootin g was covere d up and many o f the dea d cremated . About th e twentieth da y after th e cit y fell , we sa w two Japanes e artillerymen o n horses , chasin g a youn g woman . Th e husban d an d father o f the woman ran to our gate, where we had a guard, and begged them t o protec t th e woman . Th e guar d di d nothin g a t th e tim e bu t the woma n escaped . Tha t nigh t th e tw o Japanes e artilleryme n cam e back and bound the woman's husband, father, uncle, and two neighbors;

and too k the m int o a she d wher e the y bayonete d them ; the n the y raped the woman an d too k her with them . .. . In th e men s hospital , w e treate d a young man whos e nec k ha d been cu t mor e tha n a third o f th e wa y throug h an d i n addition , rag s soaked in gasoline had been burned o n his back. He was the only on e that escape d with hi s life , out o f 8 2 that wer e caugh t i n his village . This statemen t i s written no t fo r publicatio n bu t t o infor m ou r government o f what i s going on out her e under Japanes e occupation . The leopard does not chang e his spots neither doe s the Japanese arm y improve it s reputation a s it penetrates inland. 8

While reporting the atrocity case in Xuzhou to the Secretary o f State , Lockhart pointe d ou t tha t "th e org y o f looting , raping , drinkin g an d murder whic h marke d th e entr y o f th e Japanes e force s int o Nankin g was duplicate d a t Hsuchow . I t seem s reasonabl e t o assume , therefore , that, whateve r ma y b e the cause , suc h tendencie s ar e characteristic i n the Japanes e Army, an d become credibl e to foreigner s onl y when ther e are foreigner s presen t o n th e scene." 9 As t o the issu e that th e Japanes e Commander faile d t o contro l th e troops in Nanjing, numerou s account s by the Americans provid e clues . James Esp y reporte d tha t th e mai n concer n o f the America n resident s in Nanjin g was :

"To have the Japanese authorities ge t their soldiers under contro l an d put a n en d t o th e horror s an d atrocitie s no w occurring" . Or , th e meaning o f such a statement may be more specifically give n as: In the name o f humanity, th e Japanese authorities shoul d put a n en d t o th e disorderly conduct o f their soldiers, stop the killing, looting and burning and restore norma l condition s o f civilia n lif e t o the city. 10

Espy even suspected that orders were given to Japanese soldiers to engag e in killing and othe r atrocitie s a s he mentioned i n his report, "Whethe r carte blanch e wa s give n t o thes e soldier s t o d o anythin g the y lik e o r whether th e Japanes e armie s go t completel y ou t o f contro l afte r the y 278 THEY WERE IN NANJING entered the cit y has not been fully explained." 11 Huber t L . Sone wrote in a letter :

The Japanese have taken no prisoners to hold as prisoners — surrender or capture ha s mean t almos t inevitabl e death . But eve n worse than thi s wholesale slaughter , has been the othe r irresponsible an d uncontrolled condition s t o which th e people o f th e city have been subjected. The soldiers have swarmed al l over the city , looting, robbing , rapin g wome n b y da y an d b y night , torturing , murdering th e people on the least pretext an d often o n apparently n o pretext a t all , destroyin g an d burning. Nothin g an d n o on e wa s safe . And apparentl y littl e o r n o effor t ha s bee n mad e b y th e militar y t o control thei r troops. 12

W Plume r Mills told his wife, Nina, that after the city was occupied, Japanese soldier s wer e turne d loose, 13 an d h e repeatedl y "urge d th e necessity fo r promp t an d adequat e measure s fo r th e contro l o f th e troops."14 Whe n hi s protests produce d n o result , Mill s wa s "force d t o the conclusio n tha t th e Japanes e Arm y eithe r canno t o r wil l no t effectively contro l it s troops." 15 Bate s made similar requests. After h e reported atrocit y case s t o th e Japanes e Embassy , h e appealed , "W e earnestly hop e tha t disciplin e ma y b e restore d amon g th e troops." 16 Bates als o reporte d tha t h e ha d see n Japanes e soldier s "wer e scolde d for being caught by officers i n the act o f rape, and let go without a tie ; others made to salute an officer followin g robbery," 17 an d he ascertaine d that "Ther e was n o indication o f real effor t t o control Japanes e troop s until th e visi t o f Genera l Amay a t o Nankin g o n Februar y 6 , 1938." 18 The British Consul in the city, H. I. Prideaux-Brune, mentioned severa l times in his dispatches the apparent lack o f control. On 21 January 1938, he reported, "Ther e have been no sign s o f any attempt t o develop civi l administration o r to provide securit y fo r Chines e lif e an d property." 19 A few days later he indicated that "Militar y lawlessness continues du e to lack o f an y centralize d control." 20 Even Japanese Foreign Minister, Kok i Hirota, di d not deny the lack of control in Nanjing. I n a note to American Ambassador, Josep h Clar k Grew, on 1 2 February 1938 , Hirota indicated that "I n Nanking variou s cases hav e bee n foun d whic h ar e considere d a s havin g occurre d o n account o f inadequate contro l i n tha t city." 21 In a lette r t o Alexande r Paul , Smyth e mad e a commen t abou t Matsui's rol e i n controllin g hi s troops . Accordin g t o Smythe , Matsu i did no t bothe r t o disciplin e hi s soldier s unti l tw o week s afte r th e Department o f Stat e release d a forma l protes t file d b y th e America n missionaries an d American diplomati c representative : EPILOGUE 279

The onl y regre t tha t I have hear d Searl e expres s abou t thi s winte r i s that h e fear s w e mad e a seriou s mistak e i n no t openin g u p wid e o n publicity jus t a s soo n a s we go t contac t wit h th e outsid e world . O n the whole, when we have done any o f it, it has done much more goo d than damage . It was not until a dispatch o f Allison's was released b y the Stat e Departmen t i n Washingto n th e latte r par t o f Januar y tha t anybody coul d ge t an y interest i n improvin g condition s aroun d here . Two weeks later General Matsui came up here and told his soldiers to behave themselves . Nothin g bu t publicit y mad e hi m d o it . No , th e Japanese have gotten away with murder here and little the world knows about it ! I t i s no t onl y a matte r o f makin g a fus s abou t wha t ha s happened, bu t wha t i t ca n d o in orde r t o ge t highe r up s i n Toky o t o take an interest in improving the Army's treatment o f Chinese civilians in othe r area s tha t the y conquered. 22

It wa s widel y circulate d tha t th e remova l o f Iwan e Matsu i fro m the commandin g pos t wa s largel y du e t o th e atrocitie s committe d i n Nanjing a s a news repor t indicates :

With th e recal l o f Genera l Iwan e Matsui, commande r i n chie f o f th e Japanese Expeditionar y Forc e in Centra l China , an d hi s replacemen t by Genera l Shunrok u Hata , i t wa s hope d tha t th e disciplin e i n th e Mikado's arm y woul d b e tightened . Ther e i s reaso n t o believ e tha t such a result wa s the motivation fo r th e chang e in command. 23

These eyewitnes s account s provid e informatio n concernin g th e number o f massacr e victim s a s well . However , th e Americans ' information, whic h t o a larg e exten t wa s obtaine d throug h indirec t means, appear s to be fragmentary an d varies according to their differen t sources. Thi s wa s becaus e thes e American s wer e extremel y bus y an d preoccupied wit h relie f work ; moreover , the y wer e not allowe d b y th e Japanese t o g o ou t o f th e cit y gate s freely , an d bot h th e majo r mas s executions an d buria l activitie s wer e carrie d o n i n th e suburbs . Robert O . Wilso n go t hi s informatio n mainl y fro m hi s patients , many o f who m wer e mas s murde r survivors . I n a lette r t o hi s wife , Wilson gav e th e followin g account :

The Re d Swastik a Societ y ha s fo r th e las t mont h bee n feverishl y burying bodies from al l parts o f the city outside the zone and from th e surrounding countryside . A conservativ e estimat e o f th e numbe r o f people slaughtered in cold blood is somewhere about 100,000 , including of cours e thousan d o f soldier s tha t ha d throw n dow n thei r arms . A few pitifu l survivor s o f many o f the mass murders manage d to get t o the hospital t o tell thei r tale. 24 280 THEY WERE IN NANJING

Minnie Vautrin obtained her information firs t through conversation s with Chines e friend s wh o ha d travele d throug h th e suburbs . Sh e recorded in her 1 1 April 193 8 diary that there were still thousands an d thousands o f dead bodies on both sides o f the Yangtze and many bloated ones floatin g dow n th e rive r — soldier s an d civilians. 25 O n 1 5 April, Vautrin visite d th e headquarter s o f th e Swastik a Societ y an d learne d that from abou t the middle o f January to 1 4 April, the society had buried 1,793 bodie s foun d i n th e city , an d 39,58 9 outsid e th e cit y walls. Sh e specified tha t thes e figures di d not includ e Xiaguan an d Shan g Xin H e where the loss o f life was tremendous.26 McCallu m indicated in a letter to hi s wif e tha t abou t "1,50 0 bodie s wer e burie d outsid e Hansimen , the bunch o f men w e trie d t o save , without success, " an d two "othe r bunches, on e o f 10,00 0 beyond the HoChi i n Hsiakuan an d another o f 20,000 a little further dow n the river, al l soldiers who must have been trapped whe n the y trie d t o ge t ou t o f Nanking." 27 Smythe , however , provided hi s information i n the followin g manner :

It took the Red Swastika most o f the spring to bury the bodies o f the killed, and they reported burying over 30,000 bodies one-third o f which were civilians. That figure was on condition you did not go too far up or down the river front wher e there were more bodies.28

John G . Magee revealed simila r information, thoug h he indicated tha t several organization s wer e involved i n burying the victims, an d man y bodies were buried by relatives an d friends :

The head o f the Chines e Benevolen t Association 29 tha t has done the major par t o f th e burying told m e that betwee n Januar y 23rd , whe n they bega n work, t o March 19th , they ha d buried 32,104 bodies an d that they estimated a similar number remained yet to be buried. Some other organizations did some burying as well, while many were buried by friend s an d relatives . Fo r instance , th e caretake r o f ou r Churc h Cemetery about a mile outside one o f the gates, told me that between 2,000 and 3,000 people had been killed outside that gate and that they had been buried by the local people.30

The Re d Swastik a Societ y wa s finance d an d inspecte d b y th e International Committe e i n it s buria l work. 31 Naturally , i t wa s convenient fo r these Americans t o obtain burial data from th e society . So far, no written record has been discovered to show that they collected data fro m othe r organization s o r group s tha t wer e als o involve d i n burying th e dead . Apparently , i n spit e o f th e Re d Swastik a Society' s EPILOGUE 281 busy work , ther e wer e stil l a larg e numbe r o f bodie s tha t remaine d unburied. Afte r Vautri n learne d tha t th e Re d Swastik a Societ y ha d buried 39,589 o n 1 5 April, she heard on 22 April that ther e were "stil l many, man y unburie d bodie s alon g th e rive r ban k i n a horribl e condition, and many corpses floating down the river. Most o f the corpse s still had their hands wired behind their backs."32 Vautrin also recorded in he r 2 Apri l 193 8 diar y tha t "Dr . Rose n report s tha t ther e ar e stil l many unburie d bodie s o f Chines e soldier s ou t i n th e Nationa l Park, " and h e "hope s tha t som e grou p o f Chines e wil l becom e intereste d i n burying them." 33 Bate s indicated that there were large numbers kille d whose number s the y ha d no way o f checking :

Professor Smyth e an d I concluded , a s a result o f ou r investigation s and observation s an d checkin g o f burials , tha t twelv e thousan d civilians, men, women and children, were killed inside the walls within our ow n sur e knowledge. There were many others kille d within th e city outsid e ou r knowledg e whos e number s w e hav e n o wa y o f checking, and also there were large numbers killed immediately outside the city , o f civilians . This i s quit e apar t fro m th e killin g o f ten s o f thousands o f me n wh o wer e Chines e soldier s o r ha d bee n Chines e soldiers.34

According t o Chines e sources , th e Re d Swastik a Societ y burie d 43,123 bodies, Chong Shan Tang buried 112,267 , the Red Cross Societ y buried 22,371 , th e Nanjin g Municipa l Governmen t burie d 3,000 , th e Xiaguan Distric t Governmen t burie d 3,240 , an d a privat e grou p organized an d funde d b y tw o lumbe r merchants , Shen g Shizhen g an d Chang Kaiyun, buried 28,730; other organizations and groups were also involved in burying the dead. 35 I t was chiefly to the Chong Shan Tang's data tha t som e Japanes e scholar s raise d doubts . Thes e America n an d British eyewitnes s accounts , however , rende r littl e assistanc e i n clarifying the issue, as Bates stated, "There certainly were more killing s than these , bu t thei r circumstance s li e outside o f my knowledge , an d therefore I do not estimate their number,"36 an d the "number o f bodies carried away in the river, and the number o f bodies buried in other ways, we canno t count." 37 Th e controversia l clou d tha t shroud s th e victi m data issu e will not b e lifted unti l furthe r evidence , including Japanes e official records , civil or military, concerning the massacre and the burial activities, ar e made available . Even thoug h thes e American an d Britis h eyewitnes s account s ar e unable t o hel p clarif y al l th e controversia l issue s surroundin g th e Nanjing Massacre , the y ar e reliabl e an d consisten t first-han d 282 THEY WERE IN NANJING descriptions b y national s fro m neutra l countries . Wit h thei r faithfu l accounts, they help reconstruct the events and recreate the atmosphere, so as to render a better understanding o f that incident , which seems s o remote to present-day generations. For that alone, they are extraordinary and invaluable, an d will undoubtedly enhanc e further researc h studie s in the field . Notes

CHAPTER 1

1. H . J. Timperley, What War Means: Japanese Terror in China, London : Victor Gollancz Ltd. , 1938 , p. 208-210. 2. Report of the Nanking International Relief Committee, November 1937 to April 30, 1938, p. 53. This publication i s found i n Folde r 868 , Box 102 , Record Grou p 10 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 3. "Al l Americans Saf e i n Capture d Nanking, " The Boston Evening Globe, 15 December 1937 , p. 13. 4. "Nav y Report s Foreigner s Saf e Withi n Nanking, " The Boston Evening Globe, 1 5 December 1937 , p. 12 . 5. Th e spellin g o f her last name shoul d be "Bauer. " 6. Th e spelling o f her last name shoul d be "Vautrin" rather than "Vantrim. " 7. "Foreigner s Saf e i n Nanking," The North-China Daily News (Shanghai) , 24 December 1937 , p. 6 8. Thi s is a list published in a news report by Hallett Abend in The New York Times, 2 5 December 1937 , p. 1 and 5 . The title o f the report is "Tsinan i s besieged: Japanese are reported across Yellow River at two places." Simila r lists were also published in The New York Times, 1 0 December 1937 , p. 4, and in The Los Angeles Times, 1 3 December 1937 , p. 5. Except for variations in spellin g o f some o f the names an d that th e 1 0 December lis t include s Steele and Menken, th e three lists are mostly the same . 9. Th e origina l piec e i s kept i n Folde r 2 , Bo x 263, Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 10. Ernes t H. Forster, letter to his wife, Clarissa , 3 January 1938 , Folder 5, Box 263, Recor d Grou p 8 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 11. Enclosur e No. 15- A to "Condition s o f American Propert y and Interests i n Nanking," 2 8 February 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 393.115/233), Box 1821, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File , Record Group 59, the Nationa l Archives II , College Park, MD . 12. "Wester n National s i n Nanking at the Time o f Japanese Entry, Decembe r 13th, 1937, " Folder 862, Box 102, Record Group 10 , Special Collection, Yale Divinity Schoo l Library . 344 NOTES FOR PAGES 16-18

13. Ibid . 14. Georg e Atcheson, No . 7 2 Telegram, 1 1 March 1938 , (Department o f Stat e File No. 12 3 AT 2/327), Bo x 350, Record Grou p 59 , and John M . Allison , No. 7 4 Telegram, 1 3 March 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 12 3 AT 2/ 329), Bo x 350, Record Group 59 , the National Archives II. 15. Joh n M. Allison, No. 28 Telegram, 2 p.m., 1 9 Januaryl938, (Department o f State Fil e No . 124.932/564) , Diplomati c Posts , China , Volum e 217 2 (Nanking 1938 , Volume XIII), Record Group 84 ; No. 11 4 Telegram, 6 p.m., 13 June 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 893.5151/477) , Microfilm Se t LM63, Rol l 136 , Record Grou p 59 ; and No. 13 1 Telegram, 1 1 a.m., 9 July 1938, (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No. 793.94/13415) , Microfil m Se t M976 , Roll 54 , Record Grou p 59 , the National Archive s II . 16. J . M. Sheehan, "US S Oahu Weekl y Intelligence Summary fo r Week Endin g 16 January 1938, " File A8-2/FS#3, Box 195 , Record Grou p 38, Records o f the Offic e o f the Chie f o f Naval Operations , Genera l Correspondenc e o f Naval Intelligence, 1929-42 , the National Archives , Washington, D.C . 17. Senio r nava l office r a t Nanjing , th e Telegra m t o Britis h Rea r Admira l Yangtze, 1 4 January 1938 , ADM116/3882, Yangtz e Records, January'"1938, Public Recor d Office , London . 18. Joh n Rabe , Good Man of Nanking: The Diaries of John Rabe, Ne w York : Alfred A . Knopf, 1998 , p. 162 . 19. J . M. Sheehan, "US S Oahu Weekl y Intelligence Summary fo r Week Endin g 30 January, 1938, " File A8-2/FS#3, Box 195 , Record Group 38, Records o f the Offic e o f the Chie f o f Naval Operations , Genera l Correspondenc e o f Naval Intelligence , 1929-42 , th e Nationa l Archives , an d Senio r Nava l Officer a t Nanjing , Cyphe r Message , 3 0 Januar y 1938 , ADM116/3882 , Yangtze Records, January 1938 , Public Record Office , London . 20. Joh n M. Allison, No. 53 Telegram, 3 p.m., 1 0 February 1938 , (Departmen t of State File No. 793.94/12384); Microfilm Se t M976, Roll 50, Record Grou p 59, the National Archive s II. 21. J . M. Sheehan, "US S Oahu Weekl y Intelligence Summary fo r Week Endin g 13 February 1938, " File A8-2/FS#3, Box 195 , Record Group 38, Records o f the Offic e o f the Chie f o f Nava l Operations , Genera l Correspondenc e o f Naval Intelligence, 1929-42 , the National Archives, and Ernest H. Forster , letter t o his wife , Clarissa , 1 2 February 1938 , Folder 5 , Box 263, Recor d Group 8 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library. ; 22. Jame s Espy , "Conditions o f American Propert y and Interests in Nanking, " 28 February 1938 , p. 21, (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 393.115/233), Bo x 1821, 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archives II . 23. Georg e A. Fitch's diary was first published anonymously in H. J. Timperley's book What War Means: Japanese Terror in China. Se e this note on p. 33 of the book. Fitc h published hi s memoir, My Eighty Years in China (Taipei : Mei Y a Publications), in 1967 , which als o includes his Nanjing diary . Se e the same note on p. 440. NOTES FOR PAGES 18-19 345

24. Joh n G . Magee, "Repor t o f a Trip t o Tsih Hsi a Sha n by Joh n G . Magee, " Box 102, Record Group 10 , Special Collection, Yale Divinity School Library. 25. J . M. Sheehan, "US S Oahu Weekl y Intelligence Summary fo r Week Endin g 9 January 1938, " File A8-2/FS#2, Bo x 194 , Record Grou p 38 , Records o f the Offic e o f the Chie f o f Naval Operations , Genera l Correspondenc e o f Naval Intelligence, 1929-42 , the National Archives . 26. J . M. Sheehan, "US S Oahu Weekl y Intelligence Summary for Week Endin g 21 February^938," Fil e A8-2/FS#3, Box 195 , Record Grou p 38, Records o f the Offic e o f the Chie f o f Naval Operations , Genera l Correspondenc e o f Naval Intelligence, 1929-42 , the National Archives . 27. J . M. Sheehan, "US S Oahu Weekl y Intelligence Summary fo r Week Endin g 28 February 1938, " File A8-2/FS#3, Box 195 , Record Group 38, Records o f the Offic e o f th e Chie f o f Naval Operations , Genera l Correspondenc e o f Naval Intelligence, 1929-42 , the National Archives .

CHAPTER 2

1. Fran k Tillma n Durdi n (1907-1998) , born o n 3 0 Marc h 190 7 in Elkhart , Texas, received his educatio n fro m Texa s Christia n Universit y (1935-38 ) and was a Nieman fello w a t Harvar d Universit y (1948-49) . Durdin hel d several journalist positions with The San Antonio Express, The Los Angeles Times an d The Shanghai Evening Post before joining The New York Times China staf f i n 1937 , and was with The New York Times unti l his retirement in 1974 . Durdin wa s i n Nanjin g an d witnessed th e battle fo r th e capita l city, a s wel l a s th e ensuin g Japanes e atrocitie s fo r thre e day s befor e embarking fo r Shangha i o n USS Oahu o n 1 5 December 1937 . He reporte d in The New York Times th e Nanjing battle an d the massacre. In the earl y 1970s, he wa s assigne d a s the chie f o f The New York Times' Hon g Kon g bureau an d i n 1971 , as a member o f the firs t America n journalis t grou p admitted to mainland China after 1949 , he toured with the American tabl e tennis delegation, an indispensable component o f what later became known as "Pin g Pon g diplomacy." Later , he mad e numerous trip s t o Chin a an d met wit h Den g Xiaoping in 1985 . Durdin revisite d Nanjin g an d went t o the Japanese Atrocities Museum i n 1988 . He reported his trip and recalle d his personal experience o f the Japanese brutality in The San Diego Union- Tribune o n 1 7 July 1988 . He passe d awa y o n 7 July 199 8 a t th e Gree n Hospital i n Sa n Diego, California . 2. Archibal d Troja n Steel e (1903-1992) , bor n o n 2 5 Jun e 190 3 i n Toronto , Canada, immigrated t o the U.S. in 1916 , and grew up in Idaho. Steele go t his B.A. from Stanfor d University in 192 4 and became The New York Herald Tribune an d The Chicago Daily News Fa r East correspondent i n 1932 . He traveled extensivel y i n Chin a an d reporte d diligently . H e was i n Beijin g when th e firs t sho t wa s fire d a t the Marco Pol o Bridge. He witnessed th e Nanjing battle and the rape o f Nanjing, an d published the first eyewitnes s 346 NOTES FOR PAGES 19-21

dispatch o f th e Japanes e atrocitie s i n The Chicago Daily News o n 1 5 December 1937 . Steele visited Yan'an in the late 1930 s where he met wit h Mao Zedong . Fro m th e 1970 s on , h e mad e severa l trip s t o China , an d interviewed Den g Xiaopin g i n 1978 . Steele published severa l books o n China. He die d o n 2 8 February 199 2 in Sedona , Arizona . 3. Georg e A. Fitch, diary , 1 4 December 1937 , p. 8 , Folder 202, Box 9, Recor d Group 11 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 4. "Nav y Report s Foreigner s Saf e Withi n Nanking, " The Boston Evening Globe, 1 5 December 1937 , p. 12 . 5. Ibid. , an d J . M. Sheehan , "US S Oahu Weekl y Intelligenc e Summar y fo r Week Ending 1 9 December, 1937, " File A8-2/FS#2, Box 194 , Record Grou p 38, Record s o f th e Offic e o f th e Chie f o f Nava l Operations , Genera l Correspondence o f Naval Intelligence , 192 9 - 42, the National Archives , Washington, D.C . 6. Arthu r vo n Briese n Menken (1903-1973 ) wa s born o n 1 3 December 190 3 in New Yor k City. He attended th e Hotchkiss School , Lakecille , CT , an d graduated fro m Harvar d Colleg e i n 1925 . Menken travele d extensively , photographing riots, strikes and wars. He crossed the Arabian Desert in a n automobile, explore d th e uppe r reache s o f th e Orinoc o Rive r i n Sout h America, an d reported the Spanish Civil War. After th e Sino-Japanes e Wa r broke out , Menke n filme d th e bombing o f US S Panay an d the sieg e an d fall o f Nanjing. H e won a gold medal fro m th e Adventurers Clu b o f Ne w York fo r the coverage. He served in World War II as a major i n the Marin e Air Corps . Afte r th e war , h e shifte d t o government servic e an d directe d the United States Information Agenc y in Italy. On 1 0 October 1973 , Menken died in his home in Florence , Italy . 7. "Fal l o f Nanking Vividly Reported by Eye-witness," The Peking Chronicle, 19 December 1937 , p. 1 . 8. Charle s Yate s McDaniel (1906-1983) , born on 28 August 190 6 in Suzhou , China, to an American missionary family, was a graduate o f the Universit y of Richmond (1927) 7 and received a master's degre e from th e University o f North Carolina. McDaniel joined the Associated Press in 1935 . In December 1937, afte r th e Japanes e capture d Nanjing , h e was th e las t journalis t t o evacuate th e city . He was als o the las t corresponden t t o leav e Singapor e before it fell to the Japanese in 1942 . After th e war, he was the Associate d Press's bureau chie f i n Detroit. McDaniel wa s transferre d t o Washington , D.C, i n 194 9 and staye d ther e until hi s retirement i n 197 1 after servin g the Associate d Pres s fo r 3 6 years . H e die d o n 1 4 March 198 3 i n St . Petersburg, Florida . 9. A . T. Steele, "Japanes e Troops Kill Thousands," The Chicago Daily News, 15 December 1937 , p. 1 . 10. Ibid . 11. Ibid . 12. A . T. Steele, "War's Death Drama Pictured by Reporter," The Chicago Daily News, 1 7 December 1937 , p. 1 and 3. NOTES FOR PAGES 21-27 347

13. A . T. Steele, "Tell s Heroism o f Yankees in Nanking," The Chicago Daily News, 1 8 December 1937 , p. 1 . 14. A . T. Steele, "Pani c o f Chinese in Capture o f Nanking, Scene s o f Horro r and Brutality ar e Revealed," The Chicago Daily News, 3 February 1938 , p. 2 . 15. A . T. Steele , "Reporte r Liken s Slaughte r o f Panicky Nankin g Chines e t o Jackrabbit Drive in U.S.," The Chicago Daily News, 4 February 1938 , p. 2. 16. A . T. Steele, "Japanes e Troops Kill Thousands," The Chicago Daily News, 15 December 1937 , p. 1 . 17. A . T. Steele, "War's Death Drama Pictured by Reporter," The Chicago Daily News, 1 7 December 1937 , p. 1 and 3. 18. Arthu r Menken , "Witnes s Tell s Nankin g Horro r a s Chinese Flee, " The Chicago Daily Tribune, 1 7 December 1937 , p. 4. 19. F . Tillman Durdin, "Butcher y Marked Capture o f Nanking," The New York Times, 1 8 December 1937 , p. 1 and 10 . 20. F . Tillman Durdin , "Foreigners ' Role in Nanking Praised, " The New York Times, 1 9 December 1937 , p. 1 and 38. 21. F . Tillman Durdin , "Japanes e Atrocitie s Marke d Fal l o f Nankin g Afte r Chinese Command Fled, " The New York Times, 9 January 1938 , p. 38. 22. "Terro r i n Nanking," The Times (London) , 1 8 December 1937 , p. 12 . 23. "Repor t o f an Address by Mr. Smith (Reuters ) in Hankow," The Politica l Archives o f the German Foreig n Ministry, China-Japan , Pol . VIII, 28, vol. 19. It is cited from Good Man of Nanking: The Diaries of John Rabe, Ne w York: Alfred A . Knopf, 1998 , p. 73. 24. "Terro r i n Nanking," The Times (London) , 1 8 December 1937 , p. 12 . 25. C . Yates McDaniel, "Nankin g Horror Described in Diary o f War Reporter, " The Chicago Daily Tribune, 1 8 December 1937 , p. 8. 26. Ernes t H. Forster, letter to his wife, Clarissa, 1 9 December 1937 , Folder 5, Box 263, Record Group 8 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 27. Rober t O . Wilson, lette r t o his wife, Marjorie , 1 8 December 1937 , Folder 3875, Bo x 229, Record Group 11 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library. 28. Clarenc e E . Gauss, "Fla g Incident a t Wuhu an d Condition s Ther e an d i n Nanking afte r th e Japanes e Occupation, " 5 Januar y 1938 , p . 3-4 , (Department o f State File No. 811.015394/29), Box 4785, Record Group 59, the National Archive s II , College Park , Maryland . 29. Hallet t Edwar d Aben d (1884-1955 ) wa s bor n o n 1 5 September 188 4 i n Portland, Oregon . After studyin g at Stanford University , he went t o Chin a in 192 6 an d becam e The New York Times Chin a corresponden t th e following year . He held that positio n fo r fourtee n year s until 1941 , when the Japanese drove him ou t o f China. When he was in China, he travele d extensively acros s the country, reporting on various events that too k plac e during thos e years . His lon g tenure a s the Chin a corresponden t enable d him to develop a thought-provoking insight into Chinese and even Far East 348 NOTES FOR PAGES 27-43

affairs. Betwee n 193 0 and 1950 , Abend published te n books abou t China . When th e Japanes e besiege d Nanjin g an d th e Nanjin g Massacr e wa s i n progress, h e wa s i n Shanghai . H e interviewe d refugee s fro m Nanjing , collected materials fro m America n missionarie s wh o had been there , an d reported the Japanese brutality in a timely manner. Many o f the New York Times' report s abou t Nanjin g issue s a t the time were written b y him . 30. "Nankin g Horror," The North-China Daily News (Shanghai) , 25 December 1937, p. 4. 31. "Rape , Lootin g Follo w Takin g o f th e Capital, " The North-China Daily News, 2 5 December 1937 , p. 5 . Its original draf t entitle d "Som e Picture s From Nanking (Dec . 15) " is kept i n M . S . Bates's file s i n Folde r 862 , Box 102, Record Group 10 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 32. " A Great Change, " The North-China Daily News, 2 1 January 1938 , p. 4. 33. "'North-China ' Statemen t Hi t b y Spokesman, " The North-China Daily News, 2 2 January 1938 , p. 5. 34. "Nankin g Safet y Zone Stil l Filled With Refugees, " The North-China Daily News, 2 7 January 1938 , p. 5. 35. "Japan' s Reign o f Terror in China: First Authentic Description," The Daily Telegraph and Morning Post (London) , 28 January 1938 , p. 15. 36. "Rap e o f Nanking: American Eyewitness Tells o f Debauchery by Invaders," The South China Morning Post (Hon g Kong), 1 6 March 1938 , p. 17 . 37. "Nankin g — What Reall y Happene d — and th e Japanes e Paradise " The China Weekly Review (Shanghai) , Supplement (1 9 March 1938) : 10. 38. "Baske t Case, " Time (Chicago) , Vol. 31 (1 8 April 1938) : 22. 39. I t should be "[o f December]". There was no mass executio n carrie d o n i n January 1938 . 40. "Baske t Case, " p. 22. 41. "Th e Sac k o f Nanking" Ken (Chicago) , Vol. 1 (2 June 1938) : 12. 42. Georg e A . Fitch, My Eighty Years in China, Taipei : Mei Y a Publications, Inc., 1967 , p. 103. 43. "Th e Sac k o f Nanking" Ken, Vol . 1 (2 June 1938) : 12. 44. "Th e Rap e o f Nanking, " This World, Sunda y Supplemen t t o The San Francisco Chronicle, 1 1 June 1938 , p. 16 . 45. "W e Were in Nanking," The Reader's Digest (Pleasantville , NY) , Vol. 33 (October 1938) : 41. 46. Bernhar d Al p Sindberg . 47. "W e Were in Nanking," p. 41-43. 48. Christia n Kroger . 49. "W e Were in Nanking," p. 44.

CHAPTER 3

1. W . P. Mills, letter to his wife, Nina, 1 8 March 1938 , Box 141, Record Group 8, Specia l Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . NOTES FOR PAGES 43-51 349

2. Nankin g International Relie f Committee , "Repor t o f Activities, Novembe r 22, 1937-Apri l 15 , 1938," p. 1 , Box 103, Record Group 8 , Special Collection , Yale Divinity Schoo l Library . 3. Ibid . 4. Th e Internationa l Committee , " A Lette r t o th e Mayo r o f Nanking, " 2 1 November 1937 , Folder 861, Box 102, Record Group 10 , Special Collection , Yale Divinity Schoo l Library . 5. Ibid . 6. Jame s Espy, "The Conditions at Nanking, January 1938, " 25 January 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 793.94/12674), Microfilm Se t M976, Roll 51, Record Group 59 , the National Archives II , p. 27-28, and George A. Fitch, diary summary, p. 4, Folder 202, Box 9, Record Group 11 , Special Collection, Yale Divinity Schoo l Library . 7. Joh n Rabe , letter t o Kiyosh i Fukui , 1 7 December 1937 , p. 1 , Folder 863 , Box 102, Record Group 10 , Special Collection, Yale Divinity School Library. 8. Nankin g International Relie f Committee , "Repor t o f Activities, Novembe r 22, 1937-Apri l 15 , 1938," p. 1 , Box 103, Record Group 8 , Special Collection, Yale Divinity Schoo l Library . 9. W . P. Mills, letter to his wife, Nina, 24 January 1938 , Box 141, Record Group 8, Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 10. Lewi s S . C. Smythe , memorandum note , 1 0 December 1937 , Folder 862 , Box 102, Record Group 10 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity School Library. 11. Joh n Rabe , Good Man of Nanking: The Diaries of John Rabe, Ne w York : Alfred A . Knopf , 1998 , p. 28. 12. Th e International Committee, "A Memorandum Note," 30 November 1937 , Folder 861 , Box 102 , Record Grou p 10 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinit y School Library . 13. Clarenc e E . Gause, unnumbered telegram , 1 December 1937 , Folder 862 , Box 102, Record Group 10 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library. 14. Joh n Rabe, telegram to Father Jacquinot, 2 December 1937 , Folder 862, Box 102, Recor d Grou p 10 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 15. Joh n Rabe , Good Man of Nanking: The Diaries of John Rabe, Ne w York : Alfred A . Knopf, 1998 , p. 48. 16. Th e International Committee , lette r t o W . H. Donald, 4 December 1937 , Folder 862 , Bo x 102 , Record Grou p 10 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinit y School Library . 17. Clarenc e E . Gause, No . 108 7 Telegram, 6 p.m., 4 December 1937 , Folde r 862, Bo x 102 , Record Grou p 10 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library. 18. W . P. Mills, letter to his wife, Nina, 24 January 1938 , Box 141, Record Group 8, Specia l Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 19. Ibid . 20. Th e Internationa l Committee , "Th e Regulation s fo r Refuge e Zone " (i n Chinese), Folde r 9 , Bo x 149 , Recor d Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 350 NOTES FOR PAGES 51-56

21. Th e Internationa l Committee , "A n Ope n Lette r t o th e Resident s o f Nanjing" (i n Chinese), 8 December 1937 , Folder 2 , Box 263, Record Grou p 8, Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 22. Joh n Rabe , Good Man of Nanking: The Diaries of John Rabe, Ne w York : Alfred A . Knopf , 1998 , p. 56. 23. Ibid . 24. W . P. Mills, letter to his wife, Nina, 24 January 1938 , Box 141, Record Group 8, Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 25. W . P. Mills, letter to his wife, Nina, 31 January 1938 , Box 141, Record Group 8, Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 26. Ibid . 27. Ibid. , an d Joh n Rabe , Good Man of Nanking: The Diaries of John Rabe, New York : Alfred A . Knopf, 1998 , p. 62-63. 28. W . P. Mills, letter to his wife, Nina, 3 February 1938 , Box 141, Record Group 8, Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 29. Lewi s S . C. Smythe, letter to his wife, Margaret (Mardie) , Chick, and Folks, 14 December 1937 , Bo x 103 , Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 30. Joh n Rabe , letter t o Kiyosh i Fukui , 1 7 December 1937 , p. 2, Folder 863 , Box 102, Record Group 10 , Special Collection, Yale Divinity School Library. 31. Joh n Rabe , letter t o Japanese Commander o f Nanjing, 1 4 December 1937 , Folder 862 , Bo x 102 , Record Grou p 10 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinit y School Library . 32. Nankin g Internationa l Relie f Committee , "Repor t o f Activities , 2 2 November 1937-1 5 Apri l 1938, " p. 2, Bo x 103 , Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 33. Joh n Rabe , lette r t o Tokuyas u Fukud a o f th e Japanes e Embassy , 1 5 December 1937 , Folder 862, Box 102 , Record Group 10 , Special Collection , Yale University Divinit y Schoo l Library . 34. Lewi s S . C. Smythe, letter to John M. Allison, 1 0 January 1938 , Enclosure No. 8-1 0 t o "Condition s a t Nanking , Januar y 1938, " 2 5 Januar y 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 793.94/12674), Microfilm Se t M976, Roll 51, 1930-1939 Centra l Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the National Archive s II. 35. Joh n Rabe , letter t o Allison o f the American Embassy , Prideaux-Brun e o f the British Embass y and Rosen o f the German Embassy , 1 9 January 1938 , Enclosure No. 8-11 t o "Conditions a t Nanking, January 1938, " 25 January 1938, (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 793.94/12674) , Microfilm Se t M976, Roll 51, 1930-1939 Centra l Decimal File , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archives II . 36. M . S . Bates, lette r t o hi s so n Bobby , 2 6 Februar y 1938 , Folder 8 , Bo x 1 , Record Grou p 10 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 37. Th e International Committe e fo r Nanking Safet y Zone , "Relie f Situatio n in Nanking," 1 4 February 1938 , p. 13 , Folder 866, Box 102 , Record Grou p 10, Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . NOTES FOR PAGES 56-58 351

38. Report of the Nanking International Relief Committee, November 1937 to April 30, 1938, p . 10 , Folde r 868 , Bo x 102 , Record Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 39. Ernes t H . Forster, letter t o his family, 2 8 January 1938 , Folder 6 , Box 263, Record Grou p 8 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 40. Ernes t H . Forster , lette r t o his wife , Clarissa , 1 February 1938 , Folder 5 , Box 263, Record Group 8 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 41. M . S . Bates, letter t o his wife, Lilliath , 1 3 February 1938 , Folder 8 , Box 1 , Record Group 10 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 42. Report of the Nanking International Relief Committee, November 1937 to April 30, 1938, p . 10 , Folder 868 , Bo x 102 , Recor d Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 43. Report of the Nanking International Relief Committee, November 1937 to April 30, 1938, p. 10-11, Folde r 868, Box 102 , Record Group 10 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 44. Report of the Nanking International Relief Committee, November 1937 to April 30, 1938, p . 54 , Folder 868 , Bo x 102 , Recor d Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 45. W . P. Mills was elected vice chairman shortl y before Rabe' s withdrawal i n February 1938 , an d fo r a time thereafte r h e wa s considere d th e actin g chairman, with Rabe retaining his original title. However, in practice, Mills was chairma n an d soo n wa s recognize d a s such . D . J . Lea n wa s vic e chairman fro m Ma y t o July 1939 . 46. Christia n Kroege r was not a member o f the International Committee , bu t served in various capacitie s a t the request o f the chairman, Rabe . 47. Georg e A. Fitch was not a member o f the International Committee either . The origina l working basis was that th e Director coul d refe r problem s o f policy to the Committee, an d receive its backing or instructions in matter s of difficulty . However , th e Internationa l Committe e a s a whole wa s a working bod y throughou t th e bad months o f 1937-38 , an d severa l o f it s members gav e much tim e t o detailed tasks . 48. Report of the Nanking International Relief Committee, November 1937 to April 30, 1938, p. 53-54, Folder 868 , Box 102 , Record Group 10 , Special Collection, Yal e University Divinit y Schoo l Library . June 193 8 is onl y a representative dat e fo r the change s connected with th e names o f Smythe , Lean, Shields , and Pickering . 49. Charle s H . Rigg s withdrew fro m Nanjin g fo r furloug h an d transfe r i n February 1939 . 50. D . J . Lean withdrew fro m Nanjin g fo r furlough i n June 1939 . 51. Joh n G . Magee returned fro m furloug h i n May 1939 . 52. Ernes t H. Forster withdrew fro m Nanjin g fo r furloug h i n June 1939 . 53. Jame s H. McCallum withdre w fro m Nanjin g fo r furloug h i n July 1939 . 54. C . Y. Hsu was electe d i n December 1938 . 55. S . Yasumura wa s als o electe d i n December 1938 , but h e withdrew fro m Nanjing i n February 1939 . 352 NOTES FOR PAGES 58-66

56. Alber t N. Stewar d was electe d in April 1939 . 57. A s for the figure o f 300,000 Chinese civilians slaughtered by the Japanese , Timperley ascertaine d in a letter to M. S . Bates that it was given by Father Jacquinot "wh o is quite certain that his figure o f 300,000 Chinese civilia n casualties is correct." Se e Timperley's letter to Bates, 28 March 1938 , Folder 65, Bo x 4 , Recor d Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinit y Schoo l Library. 58. "Japanes e Censor Holds Up All Reports o f Atrocities," The China Weekly Review (Shanghai) , Vol . 83 (2 2 January 1938) : 199- 200. 59. "Censorshi p a t Shanghai," The Manchester Guardian (London) , 1 8 January 1938, p. 9. 60. "Outrage s in Nanking," The Manchester Guardian, 2 2 January 1938 , p. 11. 61. "'North-China ' Statemen t Hi t b y Spokesman, " The North-China Daily News, 2 2 January 1938 , p. 5. 62. H . J . Timperley, lette r t o M . S . Bates, 4 February 1938 , Folder 65 , Box 4, Record Grou p 10 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 63. H . J . Timperley, lette r t o M . S . Bates, 2 9 January 1938 , Folder 65 , Box 4, Record Group 10 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 64. H . J . Timperley, lette r t o M. S . Bates, 1 7 February 1938 , Folder 65, Box 4, Record Grou p 10 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 65. M . S . Bates, letter to H. J. Timperley, 3 March 1938 , Folder 65, Box 4, Record Group 10 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 66. Ibid . 67. M . S . Bates, letter t o H . J . Timperley, 1 4 March 1938 , Folder 65 , Bo x 4, Record Grou p 10 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 68. H . J . Timperley, lette r t o M . S . Bates, 1 4 March 1938 , Folder 65 , Bo x 4, Record Group 10 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 69. M . S . Bates, letter t o H . J . Timperley, 2 1 March 1938 , Folder 65 , Box 4 , Record Group 10 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 70. H . J . Timperley, lette r t o M . S . Bates, 2 1 March 1938 , Folde r 65 , Box 4, Record Grou p 10 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 71. Ibid . 72. H . J . Timperley, lette r t o M . S . Bates, 2 8 March 1938 , Folde r 65 , Bo x 4, Record Grou p 10 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 73. "Japanes e Enquiry Regarding Possibility o f Prohibition o f Sale o f 'What War Means'," Fil e 7573 , F0371/22147, Publi c Recor d Office , London ^ 74. Ibid . 75. Lewi s S . C. Smythe, letter t o John M. Allison, 7 January 1938 , Diplomatic Posts, China, Volume 2171 (Nanking 1938 , Volume XII), Record Group 84, the National Archive s II . 76. Shuhs i Hsu, The War Conduct of the Japanese, Shanghai : Kelly and Walsh, 1938. 77. Shuhs i Hsu, Documents of the Nanking Safety Zone, Shanghai : Kelly an d Walsh, Limited , 1939 , p. 94. NOTES FOR PAGES 66-89 353

78. Enclosur e No. 1- e t o "Condition s a t Nanking, Januar y 1938, " 25 Januar y 1938, (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 793.94/12674) , Microfil m Se t M976 , Roll 51, Record Grou p 59 , the National Archive s II . 79. Enclosur e No. 1- f t o "Condition s a t Nanking , Januar y 1938, " 25 Januar y 1938, (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 793.94/12674) , Microfil m Se t M976 , Roll 51, Record Grou p 59 , the National Archive s II . 80. Enclosur e No. 1- g t o "Condition s a t Nanking , Januar y 1938, " 25 Januar y 1938, (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 793.94/12674) , Microfil m Se t M976, Roll 51, Record Grou p 59 , the National Archive s II . 81. Th e transliteration o f a Chinese phrase, which mean s " a young maid. " 82. Diplomati c Posts, China, Volume 2171 (Nanking 1938 , Volume XH) , Record Group 84 , the National Archive s II . 83. Diplomati c Posts, China, Volume 2172 (Nanking 1938 , Volume XIII), Record Group 84 , the National Archive s II . 84. Enclosur e to W. Reginald Wheeler's letter to S . K. Hornback, 2 8 May 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 793.94/13177), Microfilm Se t M976, Roll 54, Record Grou p 59 , the National Archive s II .

CHAPTER 4

1. Huber t L . Sone , letter t o P . F . Price, 1 6 January 1938 , Missionary Files : Methodist Church , 1912-1949 , Nanking Theologica l Seminary , Rol l No . 85, Scholarl y Resource s Inc., Wilmington, DE . 2. Rober t O. Wilson, letter to his wife, Marjorie, 7 March 1938 , in Documents on the Rape of Nanking, ed . by Timothy Brook , Ann Arbor: University o f Michigan Press , 1999 , p. 253. 3. Joh n G. Magee, letter to his wife, Faith , 5 January 1938 , Folder 2, Box 263, Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 4. Joh n G. Magee, letter to Rev. J . C. McKim, 2 April 1938 , Folder 62, Box 4, Record Grou p 10 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 5. W . P. Mills, letter to his wife, Nina, 9 February 1938 , Box 141, Record Group 8, Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 6. M . S . Bates, letter t o his wife , Lilliath , 9 January 1938 , Folder 8 , Bo x 1 , Record Grou p 10 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 7. Ernes t H . Forster, letter to his family, 2 8 January 1938 , Folder 6 , Box 263, Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 8. Ernes t H. Forster, letter t o his wife, Clarissa , 1 9 December 1937 , Folder 5, Box 263, Record Group 8 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 9. Joh n G . Magee, letter t o his wife, Faith , 1 9 December 1937 , Folder 2, Box 263, Recor d Group 8 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 10. Rober t O . Wilson, lette r t o his wife , Marjorie , 1 8 December 1937 , Folde r 3875, Bo x 229, Record Group 11 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library. 11. Georg e A. Fitch, letter to his family, 1 5 January 1938 , Box 52, Fitch Famil y Archives, Harvard-Yenchin g Library . 354 NOTES FOR PAGES 89-95

12. Georg e A. Fitch, diaries, p. 1 , Folder 202, Box 9, Record Group 11 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 13. M . S . Bates, letter to his friends, 2 4 November 1937 , Folder 3485, Box 204, Record Grou p 11 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 14. M . S . Bates, letter t o his friends, 1 0 January 1938 , Box 103 , Record Grou p 8, Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 15. M . S . Bates, letter t o his friends , 3 March 1938 , Folder 63 , Box 4, Recor d Group 10 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 16. M . S . Bates, letter to his friends, 1 0 January 1938 , Box 103 , Record Grou p 8, Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 17. M . S . Bates an d W . P . Mills, "Preliminar y Repor t o f Christia n Wor k i n Nanking — Winter 1937, " Bo x 103 , Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yale Divinity Schoo l Library . 18. M . S . Bates, lette r t o hi s wife , Lilliath , 9 January 1938 , Folder 8 , Bo x 1 , Record Grou p 10 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 19. Ibid . 20. M . S . Bates, "Not e o n Aftermat h o f Registratio n a t th e University , 2 6 December 1937, " December 31, 1937 , Folder 3485, Box 204, Record Grou p 11, Specia l Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 21. M . S . Bates, letter t o his sons, Morton an d Bobby , 30 January 1938 , Folder 8, Box 1 , Record Group 10 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library. 22. M . S. Bates, "Notes With a Copy o f Correspondence Between the University of Nanking an d the Japanes e Embassy , 16-2 7 December, 1937, " Box 103, Record Grou p 8 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 23. M . S . Bates, letter t o the Officer s o f th e Japanes e Embassy , 1 7 December 1937, Folder 59, Box 4, Record Group 10 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity School Library . 24. M . S . Bates, letter t o the Officer s o f the Japanese Embassy , 1 8 December 1937, Folder 59 , Box 4, Record Group 10 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity School Library . Original emphasis . 25. M . S . Bates, letter t o John M. Allison, 1 3 January 1938 , Folder 67, Bo x 4, Record Grou p 10 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 26. M . S . Bates, letter t o Allison , 1 4 January 1938 , Folder 67, Bo x 4, Recor d Group 10 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 27. M . S . Bates, letter t o his wife , Lilliath , 3 February 1938 , Folder 8 , Bo x 1 , Record Grou p 10 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 28. Ibid . 29. M . S . Bates, letter t o Allison, 1 4 February 1938 , Folder 67 , Box 4, Recor d Group 10 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 30. M . S. Bates, letter to Allison, 20 March 1938 , Folder 67, Box 4, Record Group 10, Specia l Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 31. Ibid . 32. M . S . Bates, lette r t o Allison , 2 9 Apri l 1938 , Diplomatic Posts , China , Volume 2167 (Nanking 1938 , Volume VIII), Record Group 84 , the Nationa l Archives II . NOTES FOR PAGES 95-104 355

33. M . S . Bates, letter to Allison, 2 May 1938 , Diplomatic Posts, China, Volume 2167 (Nanking 1938 , Volume VIII), Record Group 84, the National Archive s II. 34. M . S . Bates, letter t o his wife, Lilliath , 2 3 February 1938 , Folder 8 , Box 1 , Record Group 10 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 35. M . S . Bates, letter t o friends, 1 2 April 1938 , Folder 3486, Bo x 204, Recor d Group 11 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 36. M . S . Bates, "Pseudo-Economi c Note s fro m Nanking, " 3 1 Marc h 1938 , Diplomatic Posts, China, Volume 2172 (Nanking 1938 , Volume XHI), Record Group 84 , the National Archives II . 37. Report of the Nanking International Relief Committee, November 1937 to April 30, 1938, p . 3, Folder 868 , Bo x 102 , Record Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 38. Georg e A . Fitch , lette r t o Holli s Wilbur , 6 January 1938 , Bo x 52 , Fitc h Family Archives, Harvard-Yenching Library . 39. J . M. Sheehan, "Weekly Intelligence Summary for Week Ending 1 3 February, 1938," File A8-2/FS#3, Box 195 , Record Group 38, Records o f the Offic e o f the Chie f o f Nava l Operations , Genera l Correspondenc e o f Nava l Intelligence, 1929 - 42, the National Archives , Washington, D.C . 40. Enclosur e to Frank W. Price's letter to Maxwell M. Hamilton, 1 7 February 1938, (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No. 793.94/12548) , Microfil m Se t M976 , Roll 51, Record Grou p 59 , the National Archive s II , College Park , MD . 41. Dougla s N. Sargent (China Inland Mission), letter to Fred J. Pedler, 1 8 April 1938, File 2320, F0371/32154, Publi c Recor d Office , London . 42. "Repor t o n Nankin g Outrages, " 1 8 June 1938 , File 6655, F0371/22147 , Public Recor d Office , London . 43. "Japanes e Atrocitie s a t Nanking, " 1 3 February 1939 , Fil e 1712 , F0371 / 23514, Public Recor d Office , London . 44. Georg e A. Fitch, diaries, p. 10 , Folder 202, Box 9, Record Group 11 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 45. Georg e A . Fitch , lette r t o Holli s Wilbur , 6 January 1938 , Bo x 52 , Fitc h Family Archives , Harvard-Yenching Library . 46. Georg e A. Fitch, letter to his family, 2 1 January 1938 , Box 52, Fitch Famil y Archives, Harvard-Yenchin g Library . 47. Ibid . 48. Georg e A. Fitch, lette r t o Peter Shih , 1 4 February 1938 , Bo x 103 , Record Group 8 , Specia l Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 49. Georg e A. Fitch, letter to his family, 1 5 January 1938 , Box 52, Fitch Famil y Archives, Harvard-Yenchin g Library . 50. Georg e A. Fitch, My Eighty Years in China, Taipei : Mei Y a Publications, 1967, p. 103-104 , an d Georg e A . Fitch, letter t o Pete r Shih , 1 4 Februar y 1938, Bo x 103 , Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library. 51. M . S . Bates, letter t o hi s so n Bobby , 2 6 February 1938 , Folder 8 , Bo x 1 , Record Group 10 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 356 NOTES FOR PA GES 105-110

52. T . M. Tong, letter to George A. Fitch, 1 9 February 1938 , Diplomatic Posts , China, Volum e 217 1 (Nankin g 1938 , Volume XII) , Record Grou p 84 , th e National Archive s II. 53. Georg e A . Fitch, My Eighty Years in China, Taipei : Mei Y a Publications, 1967, p. 105 . 54. Ibid. , 107 . 55. "Th e Rap e o f Nanking : America n Eyewitnes s Tell s o f Debaucher y b y Invaders," South China Morning Post (Hon g Kong), 1 6 March 1938 , p. 17 . 56. Georg e A . Fitch, My Eighty Years in China, Taipei : Mei Y a Publications, 1967, p. 107-109 . 57. Georg e A. Fitch, "The Rape of Nanking," This World, a Sunday supplemen t to The San Francisco Chronicle, 1 1 June 1938 , p. 16 . 58. Clariss a T . Forster , Nankin g letters , 2 November t o 1 5 December 1937 , Folder 5, Box 263, Record Group 8 , Special Collection, Yale Divinity Schoo l Library. 59. Joh n G . Magee and Ernest H. Forster, "Nanking, " April 1938 , p. 1 , Folder 6, Bo x 263 , Recor d Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library. 60. Ibid. , p. 3. 61. Ibid. , p. 2. 62. Ernes t H. Forster, letter t o his friends, 1 4 January 1938 , Folder 4, Box 263, Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 63. Ernes t H. Forster, letter to his wife, Clarissa , 1 9 December 1937 , Folder 5 , Box 263, Record Group 8 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library. 64. Ibid . 65. Ernes t H . Forster, lette r t o his wife , Clarissa , 1 2 February 1938 , Folder 5 , Box 263, Record Group 8 , Special Collection, Yal e Dvinity Schoo l Library . 66. Ernes t H . Forster , lette r t o his wife , Clarissa , 2 6 January 1938 , Folder 5 , Box 263, Record Group 8 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 67. Ernes t H. Forster, lette r t o his family, 2 8 January 1938 , Folder 6 , Box 263, Record Grou p 8 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 68. Ibid . 69. Ernes t H . Forster , lette r t o his wife , Clarissa , 2 4 January 1938 , Folder 5 , Box 263, Record Group 8 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 70. Ernes t H . Forster, letter to his wife, Clarissa , 1 9 December 1937 , Folder 5, Box 263, Record Group 8 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 71. Ernes t H. Forster, letter to his wife, Clarissa , 3 January 1938 , Folder 5, Box 263, Recor d Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 72. Ernes t H . Forster , lette r t o his wife , Clarissa , 2 4 January 1938 , Folder 5 , Box 263, Record Group 8 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 73. Ernes t H . Forster , lette r t o his wife , Clarissa , 1 February 1938 , Folder 5 , Box 263, Record Group 8 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 74. Ernes t H . Forster , lette r t o his wife , Clarissa , 2 6 January 1938 , Folder 5 , Box 263, Record Group 8 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library. NOTES FOR PAGES 110-116 357

75. Ernes t H. Forster, letter to his wife, Clarissa , 2 8 December 1937 , Folder 5, Box 263, Record Group 8, Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 76. Ernes t H . Forster , lette r t o his wife , Clarissa , 2 8 January 1938 , Folder 5 , Box 263, Record Group 8 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 77. Ernes t H. Forster, letter to his friends, 1 6 March 1938 , Folder 6 , Bo x 263, Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 78. Ernes t H . Forster, Affidavi t Statement , 1 4 March 1938 , Diplomatic Posts , China, Volum e 216 4 (Nankin g 1938 , Volume V) , Record Grou p 84 , th e National Archive s II . 79. Ernes t H. Forster, letter to John M. Allison, 27 May 1938 , Diplomatic Posts, China, Volum e 216 4 (Nankin g 1938 , Volume V) , Record Grou p 84 , th e National Archive s II . 80. Joh n G . Magee, letter to his wife, Faith, 4 January 1938 , Folder 2, Box 263, Record Grou p 8 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 81. Joh n G . Magee , lette r t o his wife , Faith , 1 1 January 1938 , Folder 2 , Bo x 263, Recor d Grou p 8 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 82. Joh n G . Magee, letter t o his frien d Billy , 1 1 January 1938 , Folder 4 , Bo x 263, Recor d Grou p 8 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 83. Joh n G . Magee, letter t o his wife, Faith , 1 9 December 1937 , Folder 2 , Box 263, Recor d Grou p 8 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 84. Ibid . 85. Ibid . 86. Joh n G . Magee, letter t o his wife, Faith, 2 2 December 1937 , Folder 2 , Box 263, Recor d Grou p 8 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 87. Joh n G. Magee, letter to his wife , Faith , 31 December 1937 , Folder 2 , Box 263, Recor d Grou p 8 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 88. Joh n G . Magee, letter t o his wife, Faith, 4 January 1938 , Folder 2, Box 263, Record Grou p 8 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 89. Joh n G . Magee, letter to his wife, Faith , 1 9 December 1937 , Folder 2 , Box 263, Recor d Grou p 8 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 90. Ibid . 91. Joh n G . Magee, "Introductio n t o the Atrocity Films" , Folde r 7 , Bo x 263, Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 92. Joh n G. Magee, letter to Rev. J . C. McKim, 2 April 1938 , Folder 62, Box 4, Record Grou p 10 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 93. Joh n G . Magee, letter t o his wife, Faith , 1 9 December 1937 , Folder 2 , Box 263, Recor d Grou p 8 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 94. Joh n G . Magee, letter t o his wife , Faith , 2 0 December 1937 , Folder 2 , Box 263, Recor d Grou p 8 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 95. Joh n G . Magee, letter to his wife, Faith, 4 January 1938 , Folder 2, Box 263, Record Grou p 8 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 96. Joh n G. Magee, "Report o f a Trip to Hsih Hsia Shan, February 16-17 , 1938," p. 2 , Bo x 102 , Record Grou p 10 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library. 358 NOTES FOR PAGES 116-123

97. Joh n G . Magee, "Introductio n t o the Atrocity Films," Folder 7 , Box 263, Record Group 8 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 98. Ibid . 99. Joh n G. Magee, Case 3, Film 2, Folder 7 , Box 263, Record Group 8 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 100. Joh n G. Magee, Case 9, Film 4, Folder 7 , Box 263, Record Group 8, Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 101. Joh n LeRo y Christian , Introductor y Not e t o Account of the Japanese Atrocities at Nanking During the Winter of 1937-38, th e Librar y o f Congress. 102. Th e Bibl e Teachers' Training School . 103. Jame s H. McCallum, lette r to his wife, Eva , 1 9 December 1937 , Account of the Japanese Atrocities at Nanking During the Winter of 1937-38, th e Library o f Congress . 104. Jame s H. McCallum, letter to his friends, 7 January 1938 , Correspondence of James Henry & Eva Anderson McCallum, Disciples o f Christ Historica l Society Library , Nashville, TN . 105. Jame s H. McCallum, letter to Alexander Paul and Edwin Marx, 1 5 January 1938, p. 3, Correspondence o f James Henry & . Eva Anderson McCallum , Disciples o f Chris t Historica l Societ y Library , Nashville, TN . 106. China Missionaries Oral History Project: James Henry McCallum, Clarement, CA : Oral History Program, Clarement Graduate School, 1970 , p. 24. 107. Jame s H. McCallum, letter to his friends, 7 January 1938 , Correspondence of James Henry & Eva Anderson McCallum, Disciples o f Christ Historica l Society Library , Nashville, TN . 108. Jame s H . McCallum , lette r t o hi s wife , Eva , 1 6 Februar y 1938 , Correspondence o f James Henry & . Eva Anderson McCallum , Disciple s of Christ Historica l Societ y Library , Nashville, TN . 109. Jame s H. McCallum, letter to Alexander Paul and Edwin Marx, 1 5 January 1938, p. 3, Correspondence o f James Henry & . Eva Anderson McCallum , Disciples o f Christ Historica l Societ y Library , Nashville, TN . 110. Jame s H. McCallum, "Repor t o f the Nanking University Hospital (Dru m Tower)," 22 January 1938 , p. 3, Correspondence o f Jame s Henry & Ev a Anderson McCallum , Disciple s o f Chris t Historica l Societ y Library , Nashville, TN . 111. Jame s H. McCallum, letter to his wife, Eva , 30 December 1937 , Account of the Japanese Atrocities at Nanking During the Winter of 1937-38, th e Library o f Congress . 112. Jame s H. McCallum, letter to his wife, Eva , 1 5 January 1938 , Account of the Japanese Atrocities at Nanking During the Winter of 1937-38, th e Library o f Congress . 113. Jame s H. McCallum, lette r to his wife, Eva , 30 December 1937 , Account of the Japanese Atrocities at Nanking During the Winter of 1937-38, th e Library o f Congress . NOTES FOR PAGES 123-127 359

114. Jame s H. McCallum, lette r to his wife, Eva , 29 December 1937 , Account of the Japanese Atrocities at Nanking During the Winter of 1937-38, th e Library o f Congress . 115. Jame s H. McCallum, lette r t o his wife, Eva , 1 January 1938 , Account of the Japanese Atrocities at Nanking During the Winter of 1937 - 38, th e Library o f Congress . 116. Jame s H. McCallum, letter to his wife, Eva , 31 December 1937 , Account of the Japanese Atrocities at Nanking During the Winter of 1937-38, th e Library o f Congress. Original emphasis . 117. Jame s H. McCallum, letter to his wife, Eva , 1 9 December 1937 , Account of the Japanese Atrocities at Nanking During the Winter of 1937-38, th e Library o f Congress . 118. Jame s H. McCallum, letter to his wife, Eva , 29 December 1937 , Account of the Japanese Atrocities at Nanking During the Winter of 1937-38, th e Library o f Congress . 119. Jame s H . McCallum , lette r t o hi s wife , Eva , 3 Februar y 1938 , Correspondence o f James Henry & Eva Anderson McCallum , Disciple s of Christ Historica l Societ y Library , Nashville, TN. Origina l emphasis . 120. Jame s H. McCallum, letter to his wife, Eva , 29 December 1937 , Account of the Japanese Atrocities at Nanking During the Winter of 1937-38, th e Library o f Congress . 121. Jame s H. McCallum, lette r t o his wife , Eva , 1 January 1938 , Account of the Japanese Atrocities at Nanking During the Winter of 1937-38, th e Library o f Congress . 122. Jame s H. McCallum, lette r to Allison, 1 8 January 1938 , Enclosure No. 5 to "Conditions at Nanking, January 1938, " January 25, 1938, (Department of State File No. 793.94/12674) , Microfilm Se t M976, Roll 51, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the National Archives II . 123. Jame s H. McCallum, lette r to Allison, 24 January 1938 , Enclosure No. 4- B to "Condition s o f America n Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking " 2 8 February 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No. 393.115/233) , Bo x 1821 , 1930-1939 Central Decimal File, Record Group 59, the National Archive s II. 124. Jame s H. McCallum, lette r to Allison, 1 8 January 1938 , Enclosure No. 5 to "Conditions at Nanking, January 1938, " 25 January 1938 , (Department of State File No. 793.94/12674), Microfilm Se t M976, Roll 51, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the National Archive s II . 125. Jame s H. McCallum, letter to Alexander Paul and Edwin Marx, 1 5 January 1938, p. 2, Correspondence o f James Henry & Eva Anderson McCallum , Disciples o f Christ Historica l Societ y Library , Nashville, TN . 126. Jame s H . McCallum , Affidavi t Note , 2 7 June 1946 , Exhibi t No . 309 , Microfilm Se t T918 , Rol l 12 , Cour t Papers , Journal , Exhibits , an d Judgments o f the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Recor d Group 238 , the National Archive s II. 360 NOTES FOR PAGES 128-133

127. W . P . Mills, lette r t o hi s wife , Nina , 9 January 1938 , Bo x 141 , Record Group 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 128. W . P. Mills, letter to his wife, Nina, 1 0 January 1938 , p. 1 , Box 141, Record Group 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 129. W . P. Mills, letter to his wife, Nina, 9 February 1938 , p. 4, Box 141, Record Group 8 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 130. Ibid . 131. Ibid . 132. W . P . Mills, lette r t o hi s wife , Nina , 2 2 Februar y 1938 , p. 2 , Bo x 141, Record Grou p 8 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 133. W . P. Mills, letter to his wife, Nina, 1 0 January 1938 , p. 2, Box 141, Record Group 8 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 134. Ibid . 135. W . P . Mills, lette r t o hi s wife , Nina , 9 January 1938 , Bo x 141 , Record Group 8 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 136. Ibid . 137. W . P . Mills, letter t o his wife , Nina , 1 0 January 1938 , Bo x 141 , Record Group 8 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 138. W . P. Mills, letter to his wife, Nina, 3 March 1938 , p. 2, Box 141 , Record Group 8 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 139. W . P. Mills, letter to his wife, Nina, 1 0 January 1938 , p. 1 , Box 141, Record Group 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . Origina l emphasis. 140. W . P . Mills, lette r t o hi s wife , Nina , 2 2 Februar y 1938 , p. 1 , Bo x 141, Record Group 8 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity School Library. Original emphasis. 141. Ibid . 142. W . P. Mills, letter to the Japanese Embassy, 1 7 December 1937 , Enclosure No. 3-A to "Conditions o f American Property an d Interests in Nanking, " 28 February 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 393.115/233), Bo x 1821, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File, Record Group 59, the National Archive s n. 143. W . P . Mills, letter t o Joh n M . Allison , America n Embassy , 1 7 January 1938, Enclosur e No . 3- H t o "Condition s o f America n Propert y an d Interests i n Nanking," 2 8 February 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 393.115/233), Bo x 1821 , 1930-1939 Central Decimal File , Record Grou p 59, the National Archive s II . 144. W . P. Mills, letter t o his wife, Nina, 1 2 June 1938 , p. 1 , Box 141 , Record Group 8 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 145. W . P . Mills, lette r t o his daughte r Mary , 2 3 December 1938 , Bo x 141, Record Grou p 8 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 146. W . P. Mills, letter to J . Edward Mills, 1 4 November 1943 , and James H . Keeley, Jr. , letter t o J . Edward Mills, 22 August 1943 , South Carolinian a Library, University o f Sout h Carolina , Columbia , SC . NOTES FOR PAGES 134-139 361

147. Charle s H. Riggs, letter to his wife, Grace, 1 5 January 1938 , p. 1 , Folder 17, Charles Henry Riggs Individual Biographical Folder, Box 50, ABC 77.1 from the America n Boar d o f Commissio n fo r Foreig n Mission s Archives , b y permission o f the Houghton Library , Harvard University , an d the Wide r Church Ministries . 148. Olive r J . Caldwell, "Adventure s i n Agriculture," Advance (Boston ) Vol. 131 (March 1 , 1939) : 116 . 149. Charle s H. Riggs, letter to his wife, Grace, 1 5 January 1938 , p. 1 , Folder 17, Charles Henry Riggs Individual Biographical Folder, Box 50, ABC 77.1 from the America n Boar d o f Commissio n fo r Foreig n Mission s Archives , b y permission" of the Houghton Library , Harvar d University , an d the Wide r Church Ministries . 150. Ibid . 151. Charle s H. Riggs, letter to his wife, Grace, 1 2 March 1938 , p. 2, Folder 17 , Charles Henry Riggs Individual Biographical Folder, Box 50, ABC 77.1 from the America n Boar d o f Commissio n fo r Foreig n Mission s Archives , b y permission o f the Houghton Library , Harvar d University , an d the Wide r Church Ministries . 152. Charle s H. Riggs, letter to his wife, Grace, 1 5 January 1938 , p. 2, Folder 17 , Charles Henry Riggs Individual Biographical Folder, Box 50, ABC 77.1 from the America n Boar d o f Commissio n fo r Foreig n Missions Archives , b y permission o f th e Houghton Library , Harvar d University, an d the Wide r Church Ministries . 153. Ibid . 154. Ibid . 155. Charle s H. Riggs, letter to his wife, Grace, 1 2 March 1938 , p. 1 , Folder 17 , Charles Henry Riggs Individual Biographical Folder, Box 50, ABC 77.1 from the America n Boar d o f Commissio n fo r Foreig n Mission s Archives , b y permission o f the Houghton Library , Harvard University, an d the Wide r Church Ministries . 156. Ibid . 157. Ibid . 158. Lewi s S . C. Smythe , written testimony , 7 June 1946 , Exhibit No . 306, Microfilm Se t T918 , Rol l 12 , Cour t Papers , Journal , Exhibits , an d Judgments o f the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Recor d Group 238 , the National Archive s II . 159. Lewi s S . C. Smythe, letter to the Japanese Embassy, 1 9 December, 5:0 0 p. m., Enclosure No. 1- b to "Conditions at Nanking, January 1938," 25 January 1938, (Department o f State File No. 793.94/12674), Microfilm Se t M976, Roll 51, Recor d Group 59 , the National Archives n. 160. Lewi s S . C. Smythe, "Wha t Happened in Nanking o r the Situation in th e Occupied Territory in China," August 1938 , p. 3, Correspondence o f Lewis S. C. and Margaret Garrett Smythe, Disciples o f Christ Historical Societ y Library, Nashville, TN . 362 NOTES FOR PAGES 139-143

161. Lewi s S . C. Smythe , lette r t o hi s wife , Margare t (Mardie) , Chick s an d Folks, morning o f 1 3 December 1937 , Box 103 , Record Group 8 , Specia l Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 162. Lewi s S . C. Smythe , "Memorandu m o n the Incident a t the Ministry o f Justice," 1 8 December 1937 , Folder 863, Box 102, Record Group 10 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 163. Lewi s S . C. Smythe , lette r t o hi s wife , Margare t (Mardie) , Chick s an d Folks, 2 3 December 1937 , Box 103 , Record Group 8 , Special Collection , Yale Divinity Schoo l Library . 164. Lewi s S . C. Smythe , lette r t o hi s wife , Margare t (Mardie) , Chick s an d Folks, 2 6 December 1937 , Box 103 , Record Grou p 8 , Special Collection , Yale Divinity Schoo l Library . 165. Lewi s S . C. Smythe, letter t o Willard K . Shelton, Edito r o f the Christia n Evangelist, 2 9 April 1938 , Correspondence o f Lewis S . C. and Margare t Garrett Smythe , Disciples o f Christ Historical Societ y Library, Nashville, TN. 166. China Missionaries Oral History Project: Lewis S. C. Smythe, Claremont , CA: Oral History Program , Claremon t Graduat e School , 1970 , p. 71. 167. Lewi s S . C. Smythe, "Wha t Happened in Nanking or the Situation in th e Occupied Territory in China," August 1938 , p. 3, Correspondence o f Lewis S. C. and Margaret Garrett Smythe , Disciples o f Christ Historical Societ y Library, Nashville, TN . 168. Lewi s S . C . Smythe , lette r t o hi s wife , Margare t (Mardie) , Chick s an d Folks, 21 December 1937 , Box 103 , Record Grou p 8 , Special Collection , Yale Divinity Schoo l Library . 169. Lewi s S . C. Smythe , lette r t o hi s wife , Margare t (Mardie) , Chick s an d Folks, 22 December 1937 , Box 103 , Record Group 8 , Special Collection , Yale Divinity Schoo l Library . 170. Lewi s S . C. Smythe , lette r t o his wife , Margare t (Mardie) , Chick s an d Folks, morning o f 1 4 December 1937 , Box 103 , Record Group 8 , Specia l Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 171. Lewi s S . C. Smythe , lette r t o his wife , Margare t (Mardie) , Chick s an d Folks, 20 December 1937 , Box 103 , Record Group 8 , Special Collection , Yale Divinity Schoo l Library . 172. Lewi s S . C. Smythe , lette r t o hi s wife , Margare t (Mardie) , Chick s an d Folks, 21 December 1937 , Box 103 , Record Group 8 , Special Collection , Yale Divinity Schoo l Library . 173. Th e Foreig n Community o f Nanking, Petition t o the Japanese Embassy , Nanking, 2 1 Decembe r 1937 , Enclosur e No . 8- 6 t o "Condition s a t Nanking, January 1938, " 25 January 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 793.94/12674), Microfil m Se t M976 , Rol l 51 , Record Grou p 59 , th e National Archive s II . 174. Joh n M. Allison, "Losse s Suffere d i n Nanking by Chinese a s a Result o f Present Hostilities, " 2 8 April 1938 , p. 2, (Department o f Stat e File No. NOTES FOR PAGES 143-151 363

793.94/13146), Microfil m Se t M976 , Rol l 54 , Recor d Grou p 59 , th e National Archive s II . 175. Ibid. , p. 3. 176. Lewi s S . C. Smythe, War Damage in the Nanking Area December 1937 to March 1938: Urban and Rural Surveys, Nanjing : Th e Nankin g International Relie f Committee , Jun e 1938 , p. 1 . 177. Th e ter m "kille d b y military action " obviousl y refer s t o "kille d b y th e Japanese soldiers," as against by "military operations" which was specifie d by Smythe a s "shells, bombs o r bullets fire d i n battle" in War Damage, footnote 1 , p. 7 . 178. Her e Smythe attached an important note that indicates, "The seriousnes s of 'takin g away ' i s underlined b y th e fac t tha t al l s o listed ar e males . Actually man y wome n wer e take n fo r shorte r o r longe r servic e a s waitresses, fo r laundry work , an d a s prostitutes. Bu t not on e o f them i s listed." War Damage, footnot e 3 , p. 7. 179. Her e Smyth e attache d a footnote tha t reads , "Th e 13,53 0 applican t families investigate d b y ou r Rehabilitatio n Commissio n durin g March , reported data which indicate that 1 4 per cent o f all women ove r 1 6 were widows." War Damage, footnot e 2 , p. 8 . 180. Th e city's northern area . 181. Th e city' s northeastern area . 182. Lewi s S . C. Smythe, War Damage in the Nanking Area December 1937 to March 1938: Urban and Rural Surveys, Nanjing : Th e Nankin g International Relie f Committee , Jun e 1938 , p. 12 . 183. Ibid. , p. 1 7 and 23. 184. Ibid. , p. 22-23 . 185. Huber t L . Sone, letter t o P . F. Price, 1 6 January 1938 , Missionary Files : Methodist Church , 1912-1949 , Nanking Theological Seminary , Rol l No. 85, Scholarl y Resource s Inc. , Wilmington, DE . 186. Huber t L . Sone, letter t o Rev . Marshall T . Steele, 1 4 March 1938 , p. 3, Missionary Files : Methodis t Episcopa l Church , South , Missionar y Correspondence, 1897-1940 , Rol l No . 11 , Scholarly Resource s Inc. , Wilmington, DE . 187. Huber t L . Sone, letter to A. W. Wasson, 1 1 January 1938 , p. 1 , Missionary Files: Methodist Episcopa l Church , South , Missionar y Correspondence , 1897-1940, Rol l No. 11 , Scholarly Resource s Inc. , Wilmington, DE . 188. Huber t L . Sone, letter t o Rev . Marshall T . Steele, 1 4 March 1938 , p. 5, Missionary Files : Methodis t Episcopa l Church , South , Missionar y Correspondence, 1897-1940 , Rol l No . 11 , Scholarly Resource s Inc. , Wilmington, DE . 189. Huber t L . Sone, letter to A. W. Wasson, 1 1 January 1938 , p. 2, Missionary Files: Methodist Episcopa l Church , South , Missionar y Correspondence , 1897-1940, Roll No. 11 , Scholarly Resource s Inc., Wilmington, DE . 190. Huber t L . Sone, letter t o Rev . Marshall T . Steele , 1 4 March 1938 , p. 5,

'£ 364 NOTES FOR PAGES 151-154

Missionary Files : Methodis t Episcopa l Church , South , Missionar y Correspondence, 1897-1940 , Rol l No . 11 , Scholarly Resource s Inc. , Wilmington, DE . 191. Huber t L . Sone, letter t o P . F. Price, 1 6 January 1938 , Missionary Files : Methodist Church , 1912-1949 , Nanking Theological Seminary , Rol l No. 85, Scholarly Resource s Inc., Wilmington, DE . 192. Ibid . 193. Huber t L . Sone, letter t o Rev . Marshall T . Steele, 1 4 March 1938 , p. 4, Missionary Files : Methodis t Episcopa l Church , South , Missionar y Correspondence, 1897-1940 , Rol l No . 11 , Scholarly Resource s Inc. , Wilmington, DE . 194. Huber t L . Sone, letter to A. W. Wasson, 1 1 January 1938 , p. 2, Missionary Files: Methodist Episcopa l Church , South , Missionar y Correspondence , 1897-1940, Rol l No. 11 , Scholarly Resource s Inc. , Wilmington, DE . 195. Huber t L . Sone, letter t o P . F. Price, 2 8 January 1938 , p. 1 , Missionar y Files: Methodist Church, 1912-1949 , Nanking Theological Seminary, Rol l No. 85 , Scholarly Resource s Inc., Wilmington, DE . 196. Huber t L . Sone, letter to A. W. Wasson, 1 1 January 1938 , p. 2, Missionary Files: Methodist Episcopa l Church , South , Missionar y Correspondence , 1897-1940, Rol l No. 11 , Scholarly Resource s Inc., Wilmington, DE . 197. Ibid . 198. Huber t L . Sone, letter t o Rev . Marshall T . Steele, 1 4 March 1938 , p. 4 , Missionary Files : Methodis t Episcopa l Church , South , Missionar y Correspondence, 1897-1940 , Rol l No . 11 , Scholarly Resource s Inc. , Wilmington, DE . 199. Huber t L . Sone, letter t o P . F. Price, 1 6 January 1938 , Missionary Files : Methodist Church , 1912-1949 , Nanking Theological Seminary , Rol l No. 85, Scholarl y Resource s Inc. , Wilmington, DE . 200. Lewi s S . C. Smythe, "What Happened in Nanking o r the Situation in th e Occupied Territory in China," August 1938 , p. 5, Correspondence o f Lewis S. C. and Margaret Garret t Smythe , Disciples o f Christ Historical Societ y Library, Nashville , TN . 201. Huber t L . Sone, letter to Rev. Marshall T . Steele, 1 4 March 1938 , p. 4-5, Missionary Files : Methodis t Episcopa l Church , South , Missionar y Correspondence, 1897-1940 , Rol l No . 11 , Scholarly Resource s Inc. , Wilmington, DE . 202. Huber t L . Sone, letter t o John M . Allison, 2 0 January 1938 , Diplomati c Posts, China , Volum e 216 6 (Nankin g 1938 , Volume VII) , Record Grou p 84, the National Archive s II . 203. Huber t L . Sone, letter t o P . F . Price, 2 8 January 1938 , p. 2 , Missionar y Files: Methodist Church, 1912-1949 , Nanking Theological Seminary, Rol l No. 85 , Scholarly Resource s Inc. , Wilmington, DE . 204. Huber t L . Sone, letter t o Rev . Marshall T . Steele, 1 4 March 1938 , p. 5 , Missionary Files : Methodis t Episcopa l Church , South , Missionar y NOTES FOR PAGES 154-161 365

Correspondence, 1897-1940 , Rol l No . 11 , Scholarly Resource s Inc. , Wilmington, DE . 205. Huber t L . Sone, letter to friends, 2 6 February 1938 , p. 4, Missionary Files: Methodist Church , 1912-1949 , Nanking Theological Seminary , Rol l No. 85, Scholarl y Resource s Inc. , Wilmington, DE . 206. Huber t L . Sone , letter t o Re v Marshall T . Steele , 1 4 March 1938 , p. 2, Missionary Files : Methodis t Episcopa l Church , South , Missionar y Correspondence, 1897-1940 , Rol l No . 11 , Scholarly Resource s Inc. , Wilmington, DE . 207. Huber t L . Sone, letter to John M. Allison, 1 5 June 1938 , Diplomatic Posts, China, Volume 216 6 (Nankin g 1938 , Volume VII) , Record Group 84 , the National Archive s II . 208. Ibid . 209. J . Morris Trimmer, e-mai l t o Supin g Lu , 10:5 8 a.m., 2 7 June 2003 . 210. Ibid . 211. Ibid . 212. C . S . Trimmer, letter to his wife, Ruth, an d his children, 1 0 March 1938 , p. 2 , Trimmer family' s collection . 213. Ibid. , p. 1 . 214. C . S . Trimmer, "Methodis t Missio n propert y report, " 1 1 and 2 1 Marc h 1938, p. 1-3 , Trimmer famil y collection . 215. Minni e Vautrin , "Th e Secon d Report : A Revie w o f th e Perio d Januar y 14-March 31, 1938, " p. 7, Folder 2876, Box 145 , Record Group 11 , Special Collection, Yal e University Divinit y Schoo l Library . 216. Minni e Vautrin , " A Revie w o f th e Firs t Month , Decembe r 13 , 1937 - January 13 , 1938," p. 7 , Folder 2875, Box 145 , Record Grou p 11 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 217. Ibid . 218. Ibid . 219. Minni e Vautrin, diary, 2 January 1938 , Folder 2875, Box 145, Record Group 11, Specia l Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 220. Minni e Vautrin , diary , 8 February 1938 , Folder 2875 , Bo x 145 , Recor d Group 11 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 221. Minni e Vautrin, diary , 1 6 December 1937 , Folder 2875, Box 145 , Record Group 11 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 222. Minni e Vautrin , diary , 3 1 January 1938 , Folder 2875 , Bo x 145 , Recor d Group 11 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 223. Minni e Vautrin, diary , 21 December 1937 , Folder 2875, Box 145 , Record Group 11 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 224. Minni e Vautrin , diary , 2 6 January 1938 , Folder 2875 , Bo x 145 , Recor d Group 11 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 225. Minni e Vautrin, diary, 25 March 1938 , Folder 2875, Box 145, Record Group 11, Specia l Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 226. Minni e Vautrin , diary , 1 6 February 1938 , Folder 2875 , Box 145 , Record Group 11 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 366 NOTES FOR PAGES 162-166

227. Minni e Vautrin , diary , 1 5 February 1938 , Folder 2875 , Box 145 , Recor d Group 11 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 228. Minni e Vautrin, diary , 1 1 April 1938 , Folder 2875, Box 145, Record Grou p 11, Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 229. Ibid . 230. Minni e Vautrin, diary , 22 April 1938 , Folder 2875, Box 145, Record Grou p 11, Specia l Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 231. Minni e Vautrin, diary , 2 5 February 1938 , Folder 2875 , Bo x 145 , Recor d Group 11 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 232. Minni e Vautrin, diary , 6 April 1938 , Folder 2875, Box 145 , Record Grou p 11, Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 233. Minni e Vautrin, diary , 1 5 April 1938 , Folder 2875, Box 145 , Record Grou p 11, Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 234. Minni e Vautrin, diary , 1 7 December 1937 , Folder 2875, Box 145 , Record Group 11 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 235. Minni e Vautrin, diary , 1 9 December 1937 , Folder 2875, Box 145 , Record Group 11 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 236. Minni e Vautrin, diary, 1 January 1938 , Folder 2875, Box 145, Record Group 11, Specia l Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 237. Minni e Vautrin, letter to Allison, 2 1 January 1938 , Enclosure No. 2-C t o "Conditions o f American Property and Interests in Nanking," 28 February 1938, (Department o f State File No. 393.115/233), Box 1821, Record Group 59, the National Archive s II . 238. Minni e Vautrin , diary , 9 February 1938 , Folder 2875 , Box 145 , Recor d Group 11 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 239. Minni e Vautrin , diary , 2 3 February 1938 , Folder 2875 , Box 145 , Recor d Group 11 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 240. Minni e Vautrin, "Th e Churc h i n the Occupie d Area, " Novembe r 1938 , p. 8 , writing, Minni e Vautrin , Disciple s o f Chris t Historica l Societ y Library, Nashville, TN . 241. Minni e Vautrin, diary , 2 8 December 1937 , Folder 2875, Box 145 , Record Group 11 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 242. Minni e Vautrin , lette r t o th e America n Embassy , 7 January 1938 , Enclosure No. 2- B to "Condition s o f American Propert y and Interests i n Nanking," 28 February 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 393.115/233), Box 1821 , Record Grou p 59 , the National Archive s II . 243. Minni e Vautrin , lette r t o friends, 2 1 March 1938 , Folder 2876 , Bo x 145, Record Grou p 11 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 244. Minni e Vautrin , "Th e Secon d Report : A Review o f th e Perio d Januar y 14- March 31 , 1938, " p. 6-7, Folde r 2876 , Bo x 145 , Record Grou p 11 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 245. Minni e Vautrin, diary , 1 6 December 1937 , Folder 2875, Box 145 , Record Group 11 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 246. Minni e Vautrin, "Las t Message," 1 4 May 1941 , correspondence, Minni e Vautrin, Disciple s o f Christ Historica l Societ y Library , Nashville, TN . NOTES FOR PAGES 166-173 367

247. Rober t O. Wilson, resume at the University o f Nanking Hospital , Folde r 3874, Box 229, Record Group 11 , Special Collection, Yale Divinity Schoo l Library. 248. Rober t O . Wilson, statement, 1 8 June 1938 , Confidential Supplement to NCC Summer Series, Jun e 20, 1938 , p. 1 . 249. Rober t O . Wilson, letter t o his wife, Marjorie, 1 5 December 1937 , Folder 3875, Box 229, Record Group 11 , Special Collection, Yale Divinity Schoo l Library. 250. Rober t O . Wilson, letter to his wife, Marjorie , 1 4 December 1937 , Folder 3875, Box 229, Record Group 11 , Special Collection, Yale Divinity Schoo l Library. 251. Rober t O . Wilson, letter t o his wife, Marjorie , 1 5 December 1937 , Folder 3875, Box 229, Record Group 11 , Special Collection, Yale Divinity Schoo l Library. 252. Rober t O . Wilson, letter t o his wife, Marjorie , 1 8 December 1937 , Folder 3875, Box 229, Record Group 11 , Special Collection, Yale Divinity Schoo l Library. 253. Ibid . 254. Rober t O . Wilson , lette r t o hi s wife , Marjorie , 2 3 December 1937 , i n Documents on the Rape of Nanking, ed . by Timothy Brook , Ann Arbor : University o f Michigan Press , 1999 , p. 224. 255. Rober t O . Wilson, letter t o his wife, Marjorie , 2 8 December 1937 , Folder 3875, Box 229, Record Group 11 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library. 256. B . A. Sindberg , "Lis t o f Cases, " 3 February 1938 , Folder 862 , Bo x 102 , Record Grou p 10 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . Fo r readers' comprehension, I have corrected obvious spelling and syntactica l errors in the passages o f this list . 257. Ibid . 258. Rober t O . Wilson, letter to his wife, Marjorie , 1 8 December 1937 , Folder 3875, Box 229, Record Group 11 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library. 259. Ibid . 260. Rober t O . Wilson, letter to his wife, Marjorie , 1 9 December 1937 , Folder 3875, Box 229, Record Group 11 , Special Collection, Yale Divinity Schoo l Library. 261. Rober t O . Wilson , lette r t o Joh n M . Allison , America n Embassy , 1 8 January 1938 , Diplomatic Posts , China , Volum e 216 7 (Nankin g 1938 , Volume VIII) , Record Grou p 84 , the National Archive s II . 262. Rober t O. Wilson, letter to his wife, Marjorie, 1 9 December 1937 , Folder 3875, Box 229, Record Group 11 , Special Collection, Yale Divinity Schoo l Library. 263. Rober t O . Wilson, lette r t o hi s wife , Marjorie , 2 3 December 1937 , i n Documents on the Rape of Nanking, ed . by Timothy Brook , Ann Arbor : University o f Michigan Press , 1999 , p. 223. 368 NOTES FOR PAGES 174-177

264. Joh n G. Magee and Ernest H. Forster, "Nanking," April 1938 , p. 10, Folder 6, Bo x 263, Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library. 265. Rober t O . Wilson, statement, 1 8 June 1938 , Confidential Supplement to NCC Summer Series, 2 0 June 1938 , p. 1 . 266. Th e International Militar y Tribunal fo r the Fa r East Transcript, p. 2,529, Microfilm Se t T918, Roll 5, Court Papers, Journal, Exhibits, and Judgments of the International Military Tribunal fo r the Far East, Record Group 238, the National Archive s II , College Park, MD .

CHAPTER 5

1. Enclosur e No. 15- B to "Condition s o f American Propert y and Interests i n Nanking," 2 8 February 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 393.115/233), Box 1821, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File , Record Group 59, the Nationa l Archives II . 2. Lewi s S . C. Smythe, letter to his wife, Margaret (Mardie) , Chicks and Folks, 21 December 1937 , Bo x 103 , Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 3. Lewi s S. C. Smythe, letter to his wife, Margaret (Mardie) , Chicks and Folks, 22 December 1937 , Bo x 103 , Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 4. W . P. Mills, letter t o Japanese Embassy Officials , 2 2 December 1937 , Box 103, Recor d Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 5. Lewi s S . C. Smythe, letter to his wife, Margaret (Mardie) , Chicks and Folks, 22 December 1937 , Bo x 103 , Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 6. Joh n M . Allison , unnumbere d telegram , 6 p.m., 3 1 Decembe r 1937 , (Department o f State File No. 793.94/11921), Microfilm Se t M976, Roll 48, 1930-1939 Centra l Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the National Archive s n. 7. Joh n M. Allison, Ambassador From the Prairie, Boston: Houghton Miffli n Company, 1973 , p. 34. 8. Joh n M. Allison, No. 4 Telegram, 4 p.m., 5 January 1938 , (Department o f State Fil e No. 793.94/11974) , Microfil m Se t M976 , Rol l 48 , 1930-193 9 Central Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the National Archive s II . 9. Joh n M. Allison, Ambassador From the Prairie, Boston: Houghton Miffli n Company, 1973 , p. 35. 10. Joh n Moore Allison (1905-1978 ) worked in Nanjing until 1 0 August 1938 , when he was replaced by Robert Lac y Smyth, previously Secon d Secretar y of the American Embassy in Beiping (Beijing ; see note 13) , China. After h e left Nanjing , Alliso n too k a long-delayed, but well-deserve d leav e back i n the U.S . He returned t o th e Fa r East a t th e en d o f 1938 , working a t th e American Consulat e Genera l a t Osaka , Japan . Whe n Pear l Harbo r wa s bombed, togethe r wit h Ambassado r Josep h C . Grew , h e was detaine d b y NOTES FOR PAGE 177 369

the Japanese fo r si x months. From 194 2 to 1945 , Allison serve d a s Secon d Secretary, an d then wa s promoted t o Firs t Secretar y in the U.S . Embass y at London. After th e war, he was responsible fo r Fa r Eastern Affair s i n th e State Departmen t (1946-1950 ) befor e becomin g Consul-Genera l a t Singapore. He was a special aid e to Secretar y o f Stat e John Foste r Dulle s while he was negotiating a peace treaty with th e Japanese. He also serve d as Assistan t Secretar y o f Stat e fo r Fa r Easter n Affairs . Alliso n wa s Ambassador t o Japa n (1953-57) , Ambassador t o Indonesia (1957-58) , an d Ambassador t o Czechoslovaki a (1958-60) . He retire d fro m th e Foreig n Service in 196 0 and became a faculty membe r a t the University o f Hawaii. He passed awa y on 2 8 October 197 8 in Honolulu . 11. Jame s Esp y (1908-1976) , bor n o n 2 3 Marc h 190 8 i n Cincinnati , Ohio , graduated with B.A . from Yal e University in 1930 . He entered the Foreig n Service i n Octobe r 193 5 an d was appointe d Vic e Consu l wit h th e U.S . Embassy a t Mexic o City . I n Apri l 1937 , he wa s transferre d t o th e U.S . Consulate Genera l a t Shanghai , wher e h e wa s assigne d t o th e Nanjin g mission with Alliso n an d McFadyen. Esp y stayed in Nanjing unti l 6 June 1938 when he was replaced by Third Secretar y Charles Albert Cooper . H e was assigne d to the U.S. Consulate Genera l at Guangzhou, China . B y the end o f 1938 , Espy was promoted to Third Secretar y with the U.S. Embassy at Tokyo, the position he held until the attack o f Pearl Harbor took place. Like many othe r America n diplomat s i n Japan , h e was detaine d b y th e Japanese fo r si x months. Esp y spent the following year s at severa l posts i n the Middl e East , includin g Istanbul , Alexandria , an d Cairo . H e wa s promoted to Second Secretary in Cairo in 1944 . After the war, Espy worked at the Department o f State as Assistant Chie f o f the Division o f North an d West Coast Affairs i n 1947. He was First Secretary with the U.S. Embassies at L a Paz, Bolivia (1948) , and a t Vienna (1951) . He later serve d a t severa l posts aroun d world, including Salzburg , Austria (1952) , Colombo, Ceylo n (1953), an d Montevideo , Urugua y (1956 ) befor e becomin g Caree r Development Office r with the Department o f State in 1959 . He retired fro m the Foreig n Servic e in 1963 , and die d on 2 7 January 197 6 in Washington , D.C. 12. Archibal d Alexander McFadyen, Jr . (1911-2001) was born into an American family i n Guling , Jiangx i province , China , o n 2 0 August 1911 . After h e graduated with a B.S. in Economics from Davidso n College, Davidson, NC, in 1935 , he returned to China to work for the China National Famine Relief Commission in 1936 . He started his Foreign Servic e career a s a clerk wit h the U.S. Consulate General at Shanghai in April 1937 , and was assigned to the Nanjing missio n a t the en d o f the sam e year. His stay in Nanjing wa s cut shor t whe n h e was transferre d bac k t o Shangha i o n 1 3 March 1938 . Following the Pear l Harbor attack , alon g with othe r American diplomat s in Shanghai , he was detained by the Japanese. After he was repatriated, h e worked a s a clerk with U.S. embassies at Montevideo, Uruguay (1942) , and 370 NOTES FOR PAGES 178-184

at Chongqing, China (1943) . He was promoted to Vice Consul with the U.S. Consulate Genera l a t Kunming , Chin a (1944) . After th e war, he serve d a t different post s around the world, including Shanghai (1945) , Tianjin (Januar y 1946), Dubli n (Septembe r 1946 ) an d Toront o (1949) . I n 1950 , h e wa s transferred bac k to Washington D.C . to work in the Stat e Department. H e left th e Foreig n Servic e in 195 5 due to health reasons , and spen t hi s nex t thirty year s in St . Petersburg , Florida , doin g various manua l o r od d jobs . McFadyen die d on 1 March 2001 at the Katherine Luther Home in Clinton , New York . 13. Whe n Nanjin g wa s the national capita l o f China between 192 7 and 1949 , Beijing wa s rename d "Beiping" , o r "Peiping, " accordin g t o th e ol d romanization spelling . 14. Joh n M. Allison, No. 7 Telegram, 5 p.m., 6 January 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 393.1115/2447), Bo x 1795 , 1930-193 9 Central Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the National Archive s II. 15. Joh n M. Allison, No. 1 1 Telegram, 4 p.m., 8 January 1938 , (Department o f State Fil e No. 124.932/553) , Bo x 0815, 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Record Grou p 59 , the National Archive s II . 16. Jame s Espy , "The Conditions at Nanking, January 1938, " 25 January 1938 , p. 2 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No. 793.94/12674) , Microfil m Se t M976 , Roll 51, Record Grou p 59 , the National Archive s II . 17. Cas e 185 , Enclosure No. 1- j to "The Conditions a t Nanking, January 1938, " 25 January 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 793.94/12674), Microfilm Se t M976, Roll 51, Record Group 59, the National Archives II. 18. Jame s Espy , "The Conditions a t Nanking, January 1938, " 25 January 1938 , p. 9 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No. 793.94/12674) , Microfil m Se t M976 , Roll 51, Record Group 59 , the National Archive s II . 19. M . S . Bates, letter t o the Japanese Embassy, 1 6 December 1937 , Enclosure No. 1- A t o "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interests in Nanking, " 28 February 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 393.115/233), Bo x 1821, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the National Archive s II. 20. Joh n M. Allison, No. 32 Telegram, noon, 2 2 January 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 793.94/12176) , Microfilm Set M976, Roll 49, Record Grou p 59, the National Archive s II . 21. Joh n M. Allison, No. 34 Telegram, noon, 2 3 January 1938 , (Department o f State Fil e No . 124.932/565) , Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1938, The Far East, Vol. IV, Washington, D. C: Unite d States Government Printin g Office , 1955 , p. 247. 22. Jame s Espy, "The Conditions at Nanking, Januar y 1938, " 25 January 1938 , p. 12-13 , (Department o f State File No. 793.94/12674), Microfilm Set M976, Roll 51, Record Grou p 59 , the National Archive s II. 23. "Finding s Regardin g Burning o f Nanking City, " Enclosure No. 2 to "Th e Conditions a t Nanking , Januar y 1938, " 25 January 1938 , (Department o f NOTES FOR PAGES 184-188 371

State File No. 793.94/12674) , Microfilm Se t M976, Roll 51, Record Grou p 59, the National Archive s II. 24. Jame s Espy, "The Conditions a t Nanking, January 1938, " 25 January 1938 , p. 9 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No. 793.94/12674) , Microfil m Se t M976 , Roll 51, Record Grou p 59 , the National Archive s II . 25. Ibid. , p. 10-11 . 26. M . S . Bates, letter t o a Japanese Embass y official , Fukuda , 2 1 Decembe r 1937, Enclosure No. 1- F to "Conditions o f American Property and Interests in Nanking, " 2 8 Februar y 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 393.115/ 233), Bo x 1821 , 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59 , th e National Archive s II. 27. W . P. Mills, letter to Japanese Embassy officials, 1 January 1938 , Enclosure No. 3-C t o "Condition s o f American Propert y and Interests in Nanking, " 28 February 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 393.115/233), Bo x 1821, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File , Record Group 59, the National Archive s II. 28. W . P. Mills, letter to Japanese Embassy officials , 5 January 1938 , Enclosure No. 3- E to "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interests i n Nanking, " 28 February 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 393.115/233), Bo x 1821, 1930-1939 Centra l Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the National Archive s II. 29. Joh n M. Allison, No. 27 Telegram, 4 p.m., 1 8 January 1938 , (Departmen t of Stat e Fil e No. 393.115/125; Bo x 1820 , Record Grou p 59, the Nationa l Archives II . 30. Jame s Espy, "The Conditions a t Nanking, January 1938, " 25 January 1938 , p. 16-17 , (Department o f State File No. 793.94/12674), Microfilm Se t M976 Roll 51, Record Grou p 59 , the National Archive s II . 31. Jame s Espy , "Memorandum : Entr y b y Japanese Soldier s into Propert y o f the University o f Nanking," Enclosure No. 1- Z to "Conditions o f American Property and Interests in Nanking," 28 February 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 393.115/233), Bo x 1821, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File , Recor d Group 59 , the National Archive s II. 32. Jame s Espy, "The Conditions a t Nanking, January 1938, " 25 January 1938 , p. 3, (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No. 793.94/12674) , Microfil m Se t M976 , Roll 51, Record Grou p 59, the National Archive s II . 33. M . S . Bates, letter t o the Japanese Embassy, 1 8 December 1937 , Enclosure No. 1- D t o "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interests i n Nanking, " 28 February 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 393.115/233), Bo x 1821, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the National Archive s II. 34. M . S . Bates, letter to the Japanese Embassy, 2 7 December 1937 , Enclosur e No. 1- K to "Condition s o f American Propert y and Interests in Nanking, " 28 February 1938 , (Department o f Stat e File No. 393.115/233), Bo x 1821, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the National Archive s II. 372 NOTES FOR PAGES 188-191

35. Joh n H . D. Rabe , lette r t o Tokuyas u Fukuda , 7 January 1938 , Enclosur e No. 1- c t o "Condition s a t Nanking , Januar y 1938, " 2 5 Januar y 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 793.94/12674), Microfilm Se t M976, Roll 51, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File , Record Grou p 59 , the National Archive s II. 36. Joh n H . D . Rabe , lette r t o th e Japanes e Embassy , 2 0 Decembe r 1937 , Enclosure No. 8-10(1) to "Conditions at Nanking, January 1938, " 25 January 1938, (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No. 793.94/12674) , Microfil m Se t M976 , Roll 51 , 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 5 9 o f th e Department o f State , the National Archive s II . 37. Joh n M . Allison, No . 27 Telegram, 4 p.m., 1 8 January 1938 , (Departmen t of State File No. 393.115/125), Box 1820 , 1930-1939 Central Decimal File, Record Grou p 59 , the National Archive s II . 38. W . P . Mills, lette r t o Allison , 1 7 January 1938 , Enclosur e No . 3- H t o "Conditions o f American Propert y and Interests in Nanking," 28 Februar y 1938, (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No. 393.115/233), Bo x 1821 , 1930-193 9 Central Decimal File , Record Grou p 59 , the National Archive s II . 39. W . P. Mills, letters to the Japanese Embassy, 2 5 December 1937 , 1 , 5, and 8 January 1938 , Enclosures Nos. 3-B, 3-C, 3-D, 3-E, and 3-F to "Condition s of America n Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking, " 2 8 Februar y 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 393.115/233), Bo x 1821 , 1930-1939 Centra l Decimal File , Record Grou p 59 , the National Archive s II . 40. I t should be Lieutenant Colone l Hirota . 41. Joh n M. Allison, No . 4 5 Telegram, 2 p.m., 2 February 1938 , (Departmen t of Stat e Fil e No. 393.115/148), Bo x 1820 , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archives II . 42. Joh n M. Allison, No. 49 Telegram, 5 p.m., 6 February 1938 , (Departmen t of State File No. 793.94/12336), Microfilm Se t M976, Roll 50, Record Group 59, the National Archive s II . 43. Joh n M. Allison, No. 53 Telegram, 3 p.m., 1 0 February 1938 , (Departmen t of State File No. 793.94/12384), Microfilm Se t M976, Roll 50, Record Group 59, the National Archives II . 44. M . S . Bates, letter to John M. Allison, 2 8 January 1938 , Enclosure No. 4 to the report "Assaul t b y Japanese Soldier on American Embassy Officia l an d American Citizen, " 2 8 January 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 12 3 Allison, Joh n M./193) , Bo x 355, Record Grou p 59 , the National Archive s II. 45. Joh n M. Allison, Ambassador From the Prairie, Boston: Houghton Miffli n Company, 1973 , p. 38. 46. Joh n M. Allison, No. 95 Telegram, 21 April 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 12 3 Espy, James/52), Box 467, Record Group 59, the National Archive s II. 47. Joh n M. Allison, Ambassador From the Prairie, Boston: Houghton Miffli n Company, 1973 , p. 38. NOTES FOR PAGES 191-194 373

48. Ibid. , p. 43-44. 49. Joh n M. Allison, No . 33 Telegram, 4 p.m., 2 2 January 1938 , (Departmen t of State File No. 893.48/1406), Bo x 7229, Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archives II , and Joh n H. D. Rabe , letter t o Allison, Prideaux-Brune , an d Rosen, 1 9 January 1938 , Enclosure No . 8-1 1 t o "Condition s a t Nanking , January 1938, " 2 5 Januar y 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No. 793.94 / 12674), Microfilm Se t M976 , Rol l 51 , 1930-1939 Centra l Decima l File , Record Grou p 59 , the National Archive s II . 50. Joh n M . Allison , "Februar y Summar y Repor t sen t t o th e America n Embassy, Peiping, " 2 March 1938 , p. 3, Diplomatic Posts , China, Volum e 2169 (Nanking 1938 , Volume X) , Record Group 84, the National Archive s II. 51. Ibid. , p. 1 , and Joh n M . Allison, No . 1 0 Telegram, noon , 8 January 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 893.101 Nanking/14), Microfilm Se t LM63, Roll 63, Record Grou p 59 , the National Archive s II. 52. Joh n M. Allison, No. 8 3 Telegram, 4 p.m., 2 4 March 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 893.01 Provisional/84), Box 7171; No. 85 Telegram, 4 p.m., 28 March 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 893.01 Provisional/94), Box 7171, Record Grou p 59 , the National Archive s II ; "March Summar y Repor t sen t to the American Embassy, Peiping," 2 April 1938 , p. 1 , and "May Summar y Report sent to the American Embassy, Peiping," 4 June 1938, p. 1 , Diplomatic Posts, China , Volum e 216 9 (Nankin g 1938 , Volume X) , Record Grou p 84 , the National Archives II. 53. Jame s Espy , "Condition s a t Nanking , Januar y 1938, " 25 January 1938 , p. 26, (Department o f State File No. 793.94/12674) , Microfilm Se t M976, Roll 51, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the Nationa l Archives II . 54. Joh n M . Allison, No . 8 9 Telegram, 9 p.m., 1 April 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 893.5151/435), Microfilm Se t LM63, Roll 135 , Record Grou p 59, the National Archive s II . 55. Joh n M. Allison, No. 11 4 Telegram, 6 p.m., 1 3 June 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 893.5151/477), Microfilm Set LM63, Roll 136 , Record Grou p 59, the National Archives II. 56. Joh n M. Allison, No . 9 2 Telegram, noon , 1 3 April 1938 , (Department o f State Fil e No. 793.94/12827) , Microfil m Se t M976 , Rol l 52 , and No . 9 3 Telegram, noon , 1 5 April 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 393.1115/ 3090), Box 1797 , Record Grou p 59 , the National Archives II. 57. Joh n M . Allison , "Sal e o f Narcotic s i n Nanking, " 1 8 Marc h 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 893.11 4 Narcotics / 2221) , Microfilm Se t LM63, Roll 88, Record Group 59 , the National Archive s II. 58. Joh n M. Allison, "Jul y Summar y Repor t Sen t t o th e American Embassy , Peiping/' 2 August 1938 , p. 1 , Diplomatic Posts , China , Volum e 216 9 (Nanking 1938 , Volume X) , Record Group 84 , the National Archives II. 59. Joh n M . Allison , Unnumbere d Telegram , 1 0 a.m. , 6 Augus t 1938 , 374 NOTES FOR PAGES 195-201

(Department o f State File No. 793.94/13631), Microfilm Se t M976, Roll 55, Record Grou p 59 , the National Archive s II . 60. J . M. Sheehan, "US S Oahu Weekl y Intelligence Summary fo r Week Endin g 19 December, 1937, " File A8-2/FS#2, Bo x 194 , Record Grou p 38, Record s of the Offic e o f the Chie f o f Naval Operations, General Correspondence o f Naval Intelligence, 1929-1942 , the National Archives . 61. A . T. Steele, "Japanes e Troops Kil l Thousands," The Chicago Daily News, 15 December 1937 , p. 1 , and F . Tillman Durdin, "Butcher y Marked Captur e of Nanking," The New York Times, 1 8 December 1937 , p. 1 . 62. Chie f o f Staff , HM S Bee, messag e t o th e Britis h Rea r Admiral Yangtze , 11:30 a.m. , 1 6 Decembe r 1937 , Yangtz e Records , Decembe r 1937 , ADM116/3880, Yangtz e Records , December 1937 , Public Recor d Office , London. 63. J . M. Sheehan, "US S Oahu Weekl y Intelligence Summary fo r Week Endin g 2 January, 1938, " File A8-2/FS#2 , Bo x 194 , Record Grou p 38 , Records o f the Offic e o f the Chie f o f Nava l Operations , Genera l Correspondenc e o f Naval Intelligence, 1929-1942 , the National Archives . 64. J . M. Sheehan, "US S Oahu Weekl y Intelligence Summary fo r Week Endin g 9 January, 1938, " File A8-2/FS#2, Bo x 194 , Record Grou p 38 , Records o f the Offic e o f th e Chie f o f Naval Operations , Genera l Correspondenc e o f Naval Intelligence , 1929-1942 , the National Archives . 65. Ibid . 66. J . M. Sheehan, "US S Oahu Weekl y Intelligence Summary fo r Week Endin g 16 January, 1938, " File A8-2/FS#3, Box 195 , Record Group 38, Records o f the Offic e o f the Chie f o f Nava l Operations , Genera l Correspondenc e o f Naval Intelligence, 1929-1942 , the National Archives . 67. Ibid . 68. J . M. Sheehan, "US S Oahu Weekl y Intelligence Summary fo r Week Endin g 23 January, 1938, " File A8-2/FS#3, Box 195 , Record Grou p 38, Records o f the Offic e o f th e Chie f o f Nava l Operations , Genera l Correspondenc e o f Naval Intelligence, 1929-1942 , the National Archives . 69. Ibid . 70. J . M. Sheehan, "US S Oahu Weekl y Intelligence Summary fo r Week Endin g 20 February, 1938, " File A8-2/FS#3, Box 195 , Record Group 38, Records o f the Offic e o f the Chie f o f Nava l Operations , Genera l Correspondenc e o f Naval Intelligence, 1929-1942 , the National Archives . 71. Ibid . 72. J . M. Sheehan, "US S Oahu Weekl y Intelligence Summary fo r Week Endin g 27 February, 1938, " File A8-2/FS#3, Box 195 , Record Group 38, Records o f the Offic e o f the Chie f o f Nava l Operations , Genera l Correspondenc e o f Naval Intelligence, 1929-1942 , the National Archives . 73. Ibid . 74. C . R. Jeffs, "US S Oahu Weekl y Intelligence Summary fo r Week Ending 1 0 April, 1938, " File A8-2/FS#3, Box 195 , Record Grou p 38 , Records o f th e NOTES FOR PAGES 203-205 375

Office o f the Chie f o f Naval Operations, General Correspondence o f Nava l Intelligence, 1929-1942 , the National Archives .

CHAPTER 6

1. M . S . Bates, letter t o his friends , 3 March 1938 , Folder 63, Box 4, Recor d Group 10 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 2. Joh n G . Magee, letter to his wife, Faith, 5 January 1938 , Folder 2, Box 263, Record Grou p 8 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 3. Lewi s S . C. Smythe , "Memorandu m o n th e Inciden t a t th e Ministr y o f Justice," 1 8 December 1937 , Folder 863, Box 102, Record Group 10 ; Lewis S. C. Smythe, letter t o his wife , Margare t (Mardie) , Chicks an d Folks, 1 6 December 1937 , Bo x 103 , Record Grou p 8 ; and W . P. Mills, lette r t o hi s wife, Nina, 9 February 1938 , Box 141 , Record Group 8 , Special Collection , Yale Divinity Schoo l Library . 4. M . S . Bates , lette r t o Japanes e Embass y officials , 1 7 December 1937 , Enclosure No. 1- C t o "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interests i n Nanking," 2 8 February 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 393.115/233), Box 1821, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File, Record Group 59, the Nationa l Archives II . 5. Minni e Vautrin , repor t t o America n Embass y officials , 7 January 1938 , Enclosure No. 2- B to "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interests i n Nanking," 2 8 February 1938 , (Department o f Stat e File No. 393.115/233), Box 1821, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File, Record Group 59, the Nationa l Archives II . 6. Minni e Vautrin, diary , 1 7 December 1937 , Box 206, Record Group 8 , Yale Divinity Schoo l Library . 7. Lewi s S. C. Smythe, letter to his wife, Margaret (Mardie) , Chicks and Folks, 17 December 1937 , Bo x 103 , Record Grou p 8 , Specia l Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 8. M . S . Bates, lette r t o Japanes e Embass y officials , 1 8 December 1937 , Enclosure No. 1- D t o "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interests i n Nanking," 2 8 February 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 393.115/233), Box 1821, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File, Record Group 59, the Nationa l Archives II . 9. Iv a Hynds (1872-1959) was born in Indiana on 1 February 1872 . She worked as a nurse in Los Angeles and went to China in the early 1920 s to work fo r the University o f Nanjing Hospital. Hynds offere d t o stay in Nanjing whe n the hostilities reached that cit y in 1937 . In the fallen city , her major dut y was taking care o f newborn babies in the hospital. Sh e died on 6 February 1959 in Lo s Angeles. 10. Rober t O . Wilson, letter to Japanese Embassy officials, 1 9 December 1937 , Enclosure No. 1- E to "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interests i n Nanking," 2 8 February 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 393.115/233), 376 NOTES FOR PAGES 205-208

Box 1821 , 1930-1939 Central Decimal File, Record Group 59, the Nationa l Archives II . 11. Cas e 73 , Enclosure No. 1- c t o "Condition s a t Nanking, Januar y 1938, " 25 January 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 793.94/12674) , Microfilm Se t M976, Rol l 51 , 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59 , th e National Archive s II. 12. Cas e 100 , Enclosure No. 1- d to "Conditions a t Nanking, January 1938, " 25 January 1938 , (Department o f Stat e File No. 793.94/12674) , Microfilm Se t M976, Rol l 51 , 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59 , th e National Archives II; and Robert O . Wilson, letter to his wife, Marjorie , 2 1 December 1937 , Folder 3875, Box 229, Record Group 11 , Special Collection, Yale Divinity Schoo l Library . 13. Huber t L . Sone , lette r t o th e Japanes e Embassy , 2 4 Decembe r 1937 , Enclosure No . 5- A t o "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interests i n Nanking," 2 8 February 1938 , (Department o f State Fil e No. 393.115/233), Box 1821 , 1930-1939 Central Decimal File , Record Group 59, the Nationa l Archives II . 14. Lewi s S . C. Smythe, letter to Japanese Embassy officials, 2 5 December 1937 , Enclosure No . 1- J t o "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interests i n Nanking," 2 8 February 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 393.115/233), Box 1821, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the Nationa l Archives II . 15. Grac e Baue r (1896-1976 ) wa s born to Conra d an d Grac e (Spies ) Bauer o n 20 January 189 6 in Baltimore, Maryland, where sh e grew up an d attende d schools. She received her technical training in the Howard A. Kelly Hospital of Baltimore, an d serve d in that hospita l fo r three years a s a technician i n the pathological laborator y befor e sh e went t o China i n th e fal l o f 1919 . Her wor k a t th e Universit y o f Nanjin g Hospita l consiste d o f teachin g bacteriology an d chemistr y t o th e nurse s i n additio n t o tha t o f trainin g technicians fo r pathological laboratory . When the Japanese were marchin g toward Nanjing in 1937 , Bauer decided to stay, though her main duties were shifted fro m th e la b t o b e th e hospita l treasurer , helpin g wit h th e management o f the hospital. After Nanjin g was captured, Baue r also helped the refugees, drivin g an ambulance to transport vegetables for the hospita l and refugee camps . Bauer returned to the U.S. in October 1941 , and worked as a lab technicia n i n th e University Hospital , Baltimore , Maryland . Sh e died on 2 9 July 197 6 in Baltimore . 16. Cas e 155 , Enclosure No. 1- g to "Conditions at Nanking, January 1938, " 25 January 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 793.94/12674) , Microfilm Se t M976, Rol l 51 , 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59 , th e National Archive s II . 17. M . S . Bates, letter to Japanese Embassy officials, 8 January 1938 , Enclosure No. 1- P t o "Condition s o f American Propert y and Interests i n Nanking, " 28 February 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 393.115/233), Bo x 1821, NOTES FOR PAGES 208-214 377

1930-1939 Central Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the National Archive s II; M. S . Bates, letter t o his wife, Lilliath , 9 January 1938 , Folder 8 , Box 1 , Record Group 10 , Special Collection, Yale Divinity School Library; and John G. Magee, letter to Billy, 1 1 January 1938 , Folder 4, Box 263, Record Grou p 8, Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 18. M . S. Bates, letter to American Embassy officials, 1 0 January 1938 , Enclosure No. 1- k t o "Condition s a t Nanking , Januar y 1938, " 2 5 Januar y 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 793.94/12674), Microfilm Se t M976, Roll 51, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the National Archive s II. 19. Jame s H. McCallum, letter to John M. Allison, 27 January 1938 , Enclosure No. 1- Y to "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interests in Nanking, " 28 February 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 393.115/233), Bo x 1821, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File , Record Group 59, the National Archive s II. 20. Joh n M . Allison, No. 40 Telegram, 2 p.m., 2 7 January 1938 , (Departmen t of Stat e Fil e No. 12 3 Allison, Joh n M./161) , Bo x 355, 1930-193 9 Centra l Decimal File , Record Grou p 59 , the National Archive s II. 21. M . S . Bates, letter to John M. Allison, 2 5 January 1938 , Enclosure No. 2 to the report "Assaul t b y Japanese Soldier on American Embassy Officia l an d American Citizen, " 2 8 January 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 12 3 Allison, Joh n M./193) , Bo x 355, 1930-193 9 Centra l Decimal File , Recor d Group 59 , the National Archive s II . 22. M . S . Bates, letter to John M. Allison, 2 5 January 1938 , Enclosure No. 3 to the report "Assaul t by Japanese Soldier on American Embassy Officia l an d American Citizen, " 2 8 January 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 12 3 Allison, Joh n M./193) , Bo x 355, 1930-193 9 Centra l Decimal File , Recor d Group 59 , the National Archive s II. 23. Joh n M. Allison, No . 40 Telegram, 2 p.m., 2 7 January 1938 , (Departmen t of Stat e Fil e No. 12 3 Allison, Joh n M./161) , Bo x 355, 1930-193 9 Centra l Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the National Archive s II . 24. I t is incorrect t o translate "hua ku-niang" a s prostitute. The phrase simpl y means "prett y young girls." 25. Charle s H. Riggs, "Statement o f the Incident", 2 6 January 1938 , Enclosure No. 1 to th e repor t "Assaul t b y Japanese Soldie r o n American Embass y Official an d American Citizen," 28 January 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 12 3 Allison, Joh n M./193), Bo x 355, 1930-193 9 Centra l Decimal File , Record Grou p 59 , the National Archive s II . 26. Ibid. ; an d Joh n M . Allison , No . 4 0 Telegram , 2 p.m., 2 7 January 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 12 3 Allison, Joh n M./161), Bo x 355, 1930 - 1939 Central Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the National Archive s II . 27. Joh n M. Allison, No. 40 Telegram, 2 p.m., 2 7 January 1938 , (Departmen t of Stat e Fil e No. 12 3 Allison, Joh n M./161) , Bo x 355, 1930-193 9 Centra l Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the National Archive s II . 378 NOTES FOR PAGES 214-218

28. Joh n M. Allison, No . 42 Telegram, 7 p.m., 2 8 January 1938 , (Departmen t of Stat e Fil e No. 12 3 Allison, Joh n M./164), Bo x 355, 1930-193 9 Centra l Decimal File , Record Grou p 59 , the National Archives II . 29. M . S . Bates, letter t o John M. Allison, 2 7 January 1938 , Folder 67, Bo x 4, Record Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection , Yal e University Divinit y Schoo l Library. 30. M . S . Bates, letter t o John M. Allison, 28 January 1938 , Enclosure No. 4 to the report "Assaul t by Japanese Soldier on American Embassy Officia l an d American Citizen, " 2 8 January 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No. 12 3 Allison, Joh n M./193) , Bo x 355, 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Group 59 , the National Archive s II . 31. Ibid . 32. "Slappin g o f America n Diplomati c Office r b y Japanes e Soldier, " Press Release 1 8 ( 5 February 1938) : 196. 33. Ibid. , p. 197 . 34. Joh n M. Allison, No . 44 Telegram, 4 p.m., 30 January 1938 , (Departmen t of Stat e Fil e No. 12 3 Allison, Joh n M./168) , Bo x 355, 1930-193 9 Centra l Decimal File , Record Grou p 59 , the National Archive s II. 35. Joh n M. Allison, Ambassador From the Prairie, Boston: Houghton Miffli n Company, 1973 , p. 41. 36. Joh n M. Allison, No. 11 7 Telegram, 5 p.m., 1 5 June 1938 , (Department o f State Fil e No. 394.1123 Thomson, J . C./l), Bo x 1847 , 1930-193 9 Centra l Decimal File , Record Grou p 59 , the National Archive s II . 37. J . C . Thomson , affidavi t statemen t t o Joh n M . Allison , 2 2 Jun e 1938 , Enclosure No. 8 to the report "Slappin g o f Dr. J . C. Thomson, an American Citizen, by a Japanese Sentry," 25 June 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 394.1123 Thomson, J . C./33), Bo x 1847 , 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Record Grou p 59 , the National Archive s II . 38. Joh n M. Allison, "Slappin g o f Dr. J . C. Thomson, an American Citizen , b y a Japanese Sentry, " 2 5 June 1938 , p. 2, (Department o f State File No. 394. 1123 Thomson, J . C./33), Box 1847, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File, Record Group 59 , the National Archive s II . 39. Joh n M. Allison, No. 11 7 Telegram, 5 p.m., 1 5 June 1938 , (Department o f State Fil e No. 394.1123 Thomson, J . C./l), Bo x 1847 , 1930-193 9 Centra l Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the National Archives II. 40. Joh n M. Allison, "Slappin g o f Dr. J . C. Thomson, a n American Citizen , b y a Japanese Sentry," 2 5 June 1938 , p. 3, (Department o f Stat e File No. 394. 1123 Thomson, J . C./33), Box 1847, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File, Record Group 59 , the National Archive s II. 41. Y . Hanawa, note to John M. Allison, 1 8 June 1938 , Enclosure No. 3 to the report "Slappin g o f Dr. J . C. Thomson, a n American Citizen, by a Japanese Sentry," 2 5 June 1938 , (Department o f State Fil e No. 394.1123 Thomson , J. C./33), Box 1847, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File, Record Group 59, the National Archive s II. NOTES FOR PAGES 219-224 379

42. Ch i Yung Ling, eyewitness account, Enclosure No. 1 to the report "Slappin g of Dr. J . C. Thomson, a n American Citizen , by a Japanese Sentry," 1 2 July 1938, (Department o f State File No. 394.1123 Thomson, J . C./40), Box 1847, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the National Archive s n. 43. Che n Shi-pao , eyewitness account , 1 9 June 1938 , Enclosure No. 5 to th e report "Slappin g o f Dr. J . C. Thomson, a n American Citizen , by a Japanese Sentry," 2 5 June 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 394.1123 Thomson , J. C./33), Box 1847, 1930-193 9 Central Decimal File, Record Group 59, the National Archive s II . 44. Che n Shi-pao, statement, 4 July 1938, Enclosure No. 2 to the report "Slappin g of Dr. J . C. Thomson, a n American Citizen , b y a Japanese Sentry," 1 2 July 1938, (Department o f State File No. 394.1123 Thomson, J . C./40), Box 1847, 1930-1939 Centra l Decimal File , Record Grou p 59 , the National Archive s H. 45. Joh n M. Allison, "Slappin g o f Dr. J . C. Thomson, a n American Citizen , by a Japanese Sentry, " 25 June 1938 , p. 4, (Department o f State File No. 394. 1123 Thomson, J . C./33), Box 1847, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File, Record Group 59 , the National Archive s II .

CHAPTER 7

1. Joh n M . Allison, No . 7 Telegram, 5 p.m., 6 January 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 393.1115/2447), Bo x 1795 , 1930-1939 Central Decimal File , Record Grou p 59 , the National Archive s II . 2. Jame s Espy, "Memorandum Regardin g the Entering o f American and Other Foreign Property by Japanese Military," 1 2 January 1938 , Diplomatic Posts, China, Volume 2164 (Nanking 1938 , Volume V), Record Group 84 , Records of th e Foreig n Servic e Post s o f th e Departmen t o f State , th e Nationa l Archives II . 3. Joh n M. Allison, No. 21 Telegram, noon, 1 3 January 1938 , (Department o f State Fil e No. 393.115/113), Bo x 1820 , 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Record Grou p 59 , the National Archive s II . 4. Joh n M. Allison, No. 22 Telegram, 9 a.m., 1 4 January 1938 , (Departmen t of State File No. 393.1163/782), Box 1833, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File, Record Group 59 , the National Archive s II . 5. Jame s Espy , "Conditions o f American Propert y an d Interests in Nanking, " 28 Februar y 1938 , p. 1 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 393.115/233), Bo x 1821, 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archives II . 6. Ibid. , p. 2-3. 7. M . S . Bates , Lewi s S . C . Smyth e an d Charle s H . Riggs , "Note s o n th e Immediate Situatio n a s Affecting th e Universit y o f Nanking," 8 Januar y 1938, p. 2 , Enclosure No. l- O t o "Condition s o f American Propert y an d 380 NOTES FOR PAGES 224-229

Interests i n Nanking, " 2 8 February 1938 , (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233), Bo x 1821 , 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59, the National Archive s II . 8. Joh n M . Allison, lette r t o the America n Resident s an d Organization s i n Nanking, 1 5 January 1938 , Diplomatic Posts, China, Volume 2164 (Nanking 1938, Volume V) , Record Grou p 84 , the National Archive s II. 9. Jame s Espy, "Conditions o f American Propert y an d Interests in Nanking, " 28 Februar y 1938 , p. 2, (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No. 393.115/233), Bo x 1821, 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archives II. 10. M . S . Bates , lette r t o Japanes e Embass y officials , 3 0 Decembe r 1937 , Enclosure No. 1- L t o "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interests i n Nanking," 2 8 February 1938 , (Department o f Stat e File No. 393.115/233), Box 1821, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File, Record Group 59, the Nationa l Archives II. 11. M . S . Bates, Charle s H . Riggs , an d Lewi s S . C . Smythe , "Note s o n th e Immediate Situatio n a s Affecting th e University o f Nanking," 8 January 1938, p. 1 , Enclosure No. l- O t o "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interests i n Nanking, " 2 8 Februar y 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No . 393.115/233), Bo x 1821 , 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59, the National Archive s II . 12. Jame s Espy , "Conditions o f American Propert y and Interests in Nanking, " 28 February 1938 , p. 6-7, (Departmen t o f State File No. 393.115/233), Bo x 1821, 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archives II. 13. W . P. Mills, letter to Japanese Embassy officials , 1 January 1937 , Enclosure No. 3-C t o "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interests in Nanking, " 28 February 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 393.115/233), Bo x 1821, 1930-1939 Centra l Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the National Archive s II. 14. Lewi s S . C. Smythe, letter t o Japanese Embassy officials , 8 January 1938 , Enclosure No . 3- F t o "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interests i n Nanking," 2 8 February 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 393.115/233), Box 1821, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File, Record Group 59, the Nationa l Archives II . 15. "Repor t o n Condition o f Property o f the Nanking Theologica l Seminary, " 23 December 1937 , Enclosure No. 1- H to "Conditions o f American Propert y and Interests in Nanking," 2 8 February 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 393.115/233), Bo x 1821 , 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59, the National Archives II. 16. Jame s Espy , "Conditions o f American Propert y and Interests in Nanking, " 28 February 1938 , p. 12 , (Department o f State File No. 393.115/233), Bo x 1821, 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archives II . NOTES FOR PAGES 229-234 381

17. Huber t L . Sone, letter to John M. Allison, 1 1 January 1938 , Enclosure No. 5-B to "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interest s i n Nanking, " 2 8 February 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 393.115/233), Box 1821, 1930- 1939 Central Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the National Archive s II . 18. Huber t L . Sone, letter to John M. Allison, 2 2 January 1938 , Enclosure No. 5-C t o "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interests i n Nanking," 2 8 February 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 393.115/233), Box 1821, 1930- 1939 Central Decimal File , Record Grou p 59 , the National Archive s II . 19. Ernes t H . Forster , lette r t o his wife , Clarissa , 2 8 January 1938 , Folder 5 , Box 263, Record Group 8 , Special Collection, Yale Divinity Schoo l Library . 20. Ernes t H . Forster , lette r t o John M . Allison, 4 February 1938 , Enclosur e No. 6- A to "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interests in Nanking, " 28 February 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 393.115/233), Bo x 1821, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the National Archive s II. 21. Jame s Espy, "Conditions o f American Propert y an d Interests in Nanking, " 28 February 1938 , p. 13 , (Department o f State File No. 393.115/233), Bo x 1821, 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archives II . 22. Ibid. , p. 20-21. 23. Ibid. , p. 21-24, and Stanley Bishoprick, letter to John M. Allison, 2 February 1938, Enclosure No. 10- B to "Conditons o f American Property and Interests in Nanking," Bo x 1821 , 1930-1939 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59, the National Archive s II. 24. Jame s Espy, "Conditions o f American Property and Interests in Nanking, " 28 February 1938 , p. 38, (Department o f State Fil e No. 393.115/233), Bo x 1821, 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archives II . 25. Ibid . 26. Jame s H . McCallum , lette r t o Joh n M . Allison , 1 5 Januar y 1938 , Enclosure No . 13- A to "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interest s in Nanking," 2 8 February 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 393.115/ 233), Bo x 1821 , 1930-1939 Centra l Decima l File , Record Grou p 59 , th e National Archive s II . 27. Eduar d Sperling, letter to John M. Allison, 1 8 January 1938 , Enclosure No. 13-B to "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interests i n Nanking," 2 8 February 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 393.115/233), Box 1821, 1930- 1939 Central Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the National Archive s II . 28. Georg e A. Fitch, letter to the Japanese Embassy, 4 January 1938 , Enclosure No. 14- A to "Conditions o f American Propert y and Interests in Nanking, " 28 February 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 393.115/233), Bo x 1821, 1930-1939 Centra l Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the National Archive s n. 29. Georg e A. Fitch, letter to the Japanese Embassy, 5 January 1938 , Enclosure 382 NOTES FOR PAGES 234-238

No. 14- B to "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interests in Nanking, " 28 February 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 393.115/233), Bo x 1821, 1930-1939 Centra l Decimal File , Record Grou p 59 , the National Archive s n. 30. Jame s Espy , "Conditions o f American Propert y an d Interests in Nanking, " 28 February 1938 , p. 40- 41, (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 393.115/233), Box 1821, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File , Record Group 59, the Nationa l Archives II . 31. Georg e A. Fitch, letter to his family, 2 7 January 1938 , Box 52, Fitch Famil y Archives, Harvard-Yenching Library . 32. Jame s Espy , "Conditions o f American Propert y and Interests in Nanking, " 28 February 1938 , p. 43, (Department o f State File No. 393.115/233), Bo x 1821, 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archives II . 33. Ibid . 34. Joh n M. Allison, "Claim s Settlemen t fo r Damages an d Losses Suffere d o n American Embass y Premises, " 2 1 March 1938 , (Department o f State Fil e No. 124.932/595) , Box 0815, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File, Record Group 59, the National Archive s II . 35. W . P . Mills , lette r t o Japanes e Embass y officials , 2 4 Decembe r 1937 , Enclosure No. 15- F to "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interests i n Nanking," 2 8 February 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 393.115/233), Box 1821, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File, Record Group 59 , the Nationa l Archives II . 36. Ibid . 37. Joh n M. Allison, "Claim s Settlemen t fo r Damages an d Losse s Suffere d o n American Embass y Premises, " 2 1 March 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 124.932/595) , Box 0815, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File, Record Group 59, the National Archive s II . 38. "Lis t o f Claims Settlemen t fo r Damages an d Losses Suffere d o n America n Embassy Premises," Enclosure No. 3 to the report "Claim s Settlement fo r Damages and Losses Suffere d o n American Embassy Premises," 21 March 1938, (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No. 124.932/595) , Bo x 0815, 1930-193 9 Central Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the National Archive s II . 39. Jame s Espy , "Conditions o f American Propert y and Interests in Nanking, " 28 February 1938 , p. 27, (Department o f Stat e File No. 393.115/233), Bo x 1821, 1930-193 9 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archives II. 40. Georg e A . Fitch , lette r t o America n Embass y officials , 6 January 1938 , Enclosure No. 8- A t o "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interests i n Nanking," 2 8 February 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 393.115/233), Box 1821, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File, Record Group 59, the Nationa l Archives II . 41. Georg e A. Fitch, letters to American Embass y officials , 1 3 and 1 4 January NOTES FOR PAGES 239-243 383

1938, Enclosure Nos . 8- B and 8- C t o "Condition s o f American Propert y and Interests in Nanking," 28 February 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 393.115/233), Bo x 1821 , 1930-1939 Centra l Decima l File , Recor d Grou p 59, the National Archives II . 42. Georg e A . Fitch , lette r t o American Embass y officials , 1 7 January 1938 , Enclosure No. 8- D t o "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interests i n Nanking," 2 8 February 1938 , (Department o f State Fil e No. 393.115/233), Box 1821, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File, Record Group 59, the Nationa l Archives II . 43. Georg e A . Fitch, lette r t o American Embass y officials , 1 9 January 1938 , Enclosure No . 8- E t o "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interests i n Nanking," 2 8 February 1938 , (Department o f Stat e File No. 393.115/233), Box 1821, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File, Record Group 59, the Nationa l Archives II . 44. Ibid . 45. Jame s Espy , "Conditions o f American Propert y and Interests in Nanking, " 28 Februar y 1938 , p. 30-31, (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No. 393.115/233) , Box 1821, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File, Record Group 59, the Nationa l Archives II . 46. Ibid. , p. 31-32. 47. "T o Yo Hei Wa no Tame" is the transliteration o f the Japanese phrase " j€ jS^p-ffl^lir" whic h mean s "Fo r the sak e o f the peace o f the Fa r East. " 48. Joh n M. Allison, affidavi t statement , 1 July 1938 , Enclosure No. 3 to th e report "Sino-Japanes e Hostilities, 1937-1938 , American Losse s Resultin g from, Rober t S . Norman, Claim of, " 7 July 1938 , Diplomatic Posts , China , Volume 2166 (Nanking 1938 , Volume VII) , Record Group 84 , the Nationa l Archives II . 49. Rober t S . Norman, letter to the American Embassy at Hankou, 1 8 February 1938, Enclosure No. 1 to the report "Sino-Japanes e Hostilities, 1937-1938 , American Losses Resulting from, Rober t S . Norman, Claim of, " 7 July 1938, Diplomatic Posts, China, Volume 2166 (Nanking 1938 , Volume VII), Record Group 84 , the National Archive s II . 50. Ibid . 51. Charle s H . Riggs , affidavi t statement , 2 0 April 1938 , Enclosure No. 1 to the report "Sino-Japanese Hostilities, 1937-1938 , American Losses Resulting From, Charles H. Riggs , Claim of, " 7 July 1938 , Diplomatic Posts , China , Volume 2166 (Nanking 1938 , Volume VII) , Record Group 84 , the Nationa l Archives II. 52. Ibid . 53. Ibid . 54. Ibid . 55. M . S. Bates, affidavit statement , 2 April 1938 , Enclosure No. 1 to the report "Sino-Japanese Hostilities , 1937-1938 , American Losse s Resultin g from , M. S . Bates, Claim of, " 7 July 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 494.11 384 NOTES FOR PAGES 243-247

Bates, M. S./l), Bo x 2351, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File , Record Grou p 59, the Nationa l Archive s II . 56. Ibid . 57. Ibid . 58. Richar d F . Brady, affidavi t statement , 3 May 1938 , Enclosure No. 1 to th e report "Sino-Japanes e Hostilities , 1937-1938 , American Losse s Resultin g From, Dr . R . F . Brady, Clai m of, " 7 July 1938 , Diplomatic Posts , China , Volume 216 4 (Nankin g 1938 , Volume V) , Record Grou p 84 , the Nationa l Archives II . 59. M . S . Bates, affidavit statement , 2 May 1938 , Enclosure No. 2 to the report "Sino-Japanese Hostilities , 1937-1938 , American Losse s Resultin g From , Dr. R . F . Brady, Claim of, " 7 July 1938 , Diplomatic Posts , China, Volum e 2164 (Nanking 1938 , Volume V), Record Group 84 , the National Archive s II. 60. Ibid . 61. Jame s H. McCallum, affidavi t statement , 2 May 1938 , Enclosure No. 3 t o the report "Sino-Japanese Hostilities, 1937-1938 , American Losses Resulting From, Dr . R . F . Brady, Clai m of, " 7 July 1938 , Diplomatic Post s China , Volume 216 4 (Nanking 1938 , Volume V) , Record Grou p 84 , the Nationa l Archives II . 62. Ibid . 63. Richar d F . Brady, affidavi t statement , 3 May 1938 , Enclosure No. 1 to th e report "Sino-Japanes e Hostilities , 1937-1938 , American Losse s Resultin g From, Dr . R . F . Brady, Clai m of, " 7 July 1938 , Diplomatic Posts , China , Volume 216 4 (Nankin g 1938 , Volume V) , Record Grou p 84 , the Nationa l Archives II . 64. F . Catherine Bryan , affidavi t statement , 2 0 April 1938 , Enclosure No. 4 to the report "Sino-Japanese Hostilities, 1937-1938 , American Losses Resulting From, Miss F . Catherine Bryan , Claim of, " 8 July 1938 , Diplomatic Posts , China, Volum e 216 4 (Nankin g 1938 , Volume V) , Record Grou p 84 , th e National Archive s II . 65. Jame s Espy , "Conditions o f American Propert y and Interests in Nanking, " 28 February 1938 , p. 17-18 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 393.115/233) , Box 1821, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File , Record Group 59, the Nationa l Archives II . 66. Jame s Esp y and Joh n M . Allison, "Memorandu m r e Entry an d Lootin g o f Residence o f Miss Catherine Bryan," 24 February 1938 , Enclosure No. 9 to "Conditions o f American Propert y and Interests in Nanking," 2 8 Februar y 1938, (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No. 393.115/233), Bo x 1821 , 1930-193 9 Central Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the National Archive s II. 67. Joh n M. Allison's 1 0 April 193 8 letter quoted by F . Catherine Brya n in her affidavit statement , 2 0 April 1938 , Enclosure No . 4 to th e repor t "Sino - Japanese Hostilities, 1937-1938 , American Losse s Resulting From, Miss F. Catherine Bryan, Claim of, " 8 July 1938 , Diplomatic Posts, China, Volum e NOTES FOR PAGES 247-252 385

2164 (Nanking 1938 , Volume V), Record Grou p 84 , the National Archive s II. 68. F . Catherine Bryan, affidavi t statement , 2 0 April 1938 , Enclosure No. 4 to the report "Sino-Japanes e Hostilities, 1937-1938 , American Losses Resulting From, Miss F . Catherine Bryan , Claim of, " 8 July 1938 , Diplomatic Posts , China, Volum e 216 4 (Nankin g 1938 , Volume V) , Record Grou p 84 , th e National Archive s II . 69. Jame s H. McCallum, affidavi t statement , 6 August 1938 , Enclosure No. 1 to th e repor t "Sino-Japanes e Hostilities , 1937-1938 , America n Losse s Resulting From, Reverend James H. McCallum, Claim of, " 2 3 August 1938 , Diplomatic Posts, China, Volume 2166 (Nanking 1938 , Volume VII), Record Group 84 , the National Archive s II . 70. Ibid . 71. Ibid .

CHAPTER 8

1. I . E . L . Mackay, "Nankin g Evacuation , December , 1937, " 1 9 Decembe r 1937, p. 1 , ADMl 16/3882, Yangtze Records, January 1938 , and W. A. Lovat- Fraser, "Th e Captur e o f Nanking," 2 January 1938 , p. 10-11 , Fil e 1751 , F03 71/22043, Publi c Record Office , London . 2. W . A. Lovat-Fraser, "Th e Capture o f Nanking," 2 January 1938 , p. 10-11 , File 1751 , F03 71/22043, Publi c Recor d Office , London . 3. Ibid. , p. 12 . 4. Ibid . 5. Rijinal d V Holt , "Repor t o f Proceedings (TIM S Bee, 10-1 5 December 1937) , p. 1-2 , ADM l 16/3675, Public Record Office , London . 6. W . A. Lovat-Fraser, "Th e Capture o f Nanking," 2 January 1938 , p. 12 , File 1751, FO371/22043 , Public Record Office , London . 7. Ibid. , p. 13. 8. Chie f o f Staff on Bee, cypher message to Vice Admiral Yangtze, 18 December 1937, ADM l 16/3881, Yangtz e Records , Decembe r 1937 , Publi c Recor d Office, London . 9. Ibid . 10. J . F. Armstrong, "Repor t o f Proceedings (HM S Bee. 24-30 December 1937) , No. 23/c/6 , p. 3- 4, ADM1/9558, Public Recor d Office , London . 11. Ibid. , p. 3. 12. Joh n M . Allison , Unnumbere d Telegram , 6 p.m. , 3 1 Decembe r 1937 , (Department o f State File No. 793.94/11921) , Microfilm Se t M976, Roll 48, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the National Archive s II. 13. SN O Nanking, Message to Rear Admiral Yangtze, 6 January 1938 , ADMl 16/ 3882, Yangtze Records, January 1938 , Public Recor d Office , London . 386 NOTES FOR PAGES 252-259

14. J . F. Armstrong, "Repor t o f Proceedings (HM S Bee, 1-3 1 Januar y 1938 ) No. 23/c/7, p. 3, ADM1/9558, Public Recor d Office , London . 15. Ibid. , p. 4. 16. R . G. Howe (Charge d'Affaires, Britis h Embassy, Shanghai), No. 47 Telegram, January 11 , 1938, File 478, F0371/22144, Publi c Recor d Office , London . 17. Consu l Nanking , No . 7 Telegram, 5:3 8 p.m. , 1 3 January 1938 , ADMl 16/ 3882, Yangtze Records, January 1938 , Public Recor d Office , London . 18. Ibid . 19. Consu l Nanking, No . 1 0 Telegram, 5:3 3 p.m., 1 4 January 1938 , ADMl 16/ 3882, Yangtze Records, January 1938 , Public Record Office , London . 20. Ibid . 21. Consu l Nanking , cyphe r message , 5:4 1 p.m., 2 1 January 1938 , ADMl 16/ 3882, Yangtze Records, January 1938 , Public Record Office , London . 22. R . G . Howe, No . 12 8 Telegram, 2 2 January 1938 , File 921, FO371/22085, Public Record Office , London . 23. R . G. Howe, No. 220 Telegram, 1 February 1938 , File 1371 , F0371/22146, Public Recor d Office , London . 24. H . I. Prideaux-Brune, "Chines e Refugees at Present Under British Protection, " 31 January 1938 , File 2818, F0371/22152, Public Record Office, London . 25. Ibid . 26. Consu l a t Nanking , No . 2 2 Telegram , 11:1 0 a.m. , 1 8 Januar y 1938 , ADMl 16/3882, Yangtz e Records , Januar y 1938 , Publi c Recor d Office , London. 27. Joh n M. Allison, No . 33 Telegram, 4 p.m., 2 2 January 1938 , (Departmen t of Stat e Fil e No. 893.48/1406) , Bo x 7229 , Record Grou p 59 , the Nationa l Archives II . 28. R . G . Howe, No. 220 Telegram, 1 February 1938 , File 1371 , F0371/22146, Public Recor d Office , London . 29. Joh n Rabe , Good Man of Nanking: The Diaries of John Rabe, Ne w York : Alfred A . Knopf, 1998 , p. 121. 30. Jame s H. McCallum, lette r t o his wife, Eva , 1 5 January 1938 , Account of the Japanese Atrocities at Nanking During the Winter of 1937-38, th e Library o f Congress . 31. J . F. Armstrong, "Repor t o f Proceedings (HM S Bee, 1-3 1 Januar y 1938 ) No. 23/c/7, p. 4, ADM1/9558, Public Recor d Office , London . 32. W . A. Lovat-Fraser, "Th e Capture o f Nanking," 2 January 1938 , p. 8-9, Fil e 1751, FO371/22043, Public Record Office , London . 33. Nava l an d Militar y Intelligenc e Summar y No . 32, Par t 2 , Sino-Japanes e Hostilities, Military Situation, 15-2 8 December 1937 , p. 76, WO106/5362, Public Recor d Office , London . 34. Rober t E. Brown, letters o f 1 7 and 30 December 1937 , in R. G. Howe's No. 1 6 Confidential Bag , 1 8 January 1938 , File 2331, F0371/22146, Publi c Recor d Office, London . 35. Joh n M. Allison, No. 49 Telegram, 5 p.m., 6 Februaryl938, (Department o f NOTES FOR PAGES 259-264 387

State File No. 793.94/12336) , Microfilm Se t M976, Roll 50, Record Grou p 59, the National Archive s II . 36. R . E . Howe, No. 348 Telegram, 2 0 February 1938 , ADMl 16/3941, Publi c Record Office , London . 37. E . W. Jeffery, "Repor t o n Conditions at Nanking Dated May 3rd, 1938, " p. 1, File 7116, F0371/22155, Public Record Office, London . 38. Ibid. , p. 4. 39. J . Kinloch, "Notes on Visit to Nanking by J. Kinloch," 3-16 September 1938 , p. 1 , File 11032 , F0371/22155, Public Recor d Office , London . 40. T . S . H. Hoey , "Note s o n a Trip t o Nanking , 25.8.3 8 / 14.9.38, " p. 2-3, Filel2571, F0371/22155 , Public Recor d Office , London . 41. Ibid. , p. 4. 42. E . W . Jeffery, "Repor t o n Condition s a t Nanking Date d Novembe r 4th , 1938," p . 5 , File 13815 , F0371/22156, Publi c Recor d Office , London . 43. E . W. Jeffery, "Repor t o n Conditions at Nanking Dated May 3rd, 1938, " p. 5, File 7116, F0371/22155, Public Record Office , London . 44. E . W . Jeffery, "Repor t o n Condition s a t Nanking Date d Novembe r 4th , 1938," p. 1 , File 13815 , F0371/22156, Publi c Recor d Office , London . 45. E . W . Jeffery , "Repor t o n Condition s a t Nankin g Date d Augus t 18th , 1938," p. 4 , File 10385 , F0371/22155, Publi c Recor d Office , London . 46. E . W . Jeffery, "Repor t o n Condition s a t Nanking Date d Novembe r 4th , 1938," p. 5 , Fil e 13815 , F0371/22156, Publi c Recor d Office , London . 47. E . W. Jeffery, "Repor t o n Conditions a t Nanking Date d Ma y 3rd , 1938, " p. 1 , File 7116 , F0371/22155, Publi c Recor d Office , London . 48. Ibid. , p. 5. 49. J . Kinloch, "Notes on Visit to Nanking by J. Kinloch," 3-16 September 1938 , p. 2 , File 11032 , F0371/22155, Public Recor d Office , London . 50. Ibid. , p. 1 . 51. E . W . Jeffery, "Repor t o n Condition s a t Nanking Date d Ma y 3rd , 1938, " p. 2 , File 7116 , F0371/22155, Publi c Recor d Office , London . 52. E . W . Jeffery , "Repor t o n Condition s a t Nankin g Date d Augus t 18th , 1938," p. 3-4, Fil e 10385 , F0371/22155, Public Recor d Office , London . 53. Ibid. , p. 1 . 54. "Extrac t Fro m Nankin g Hsi n Pa o o f Augus t 11th , 1938, " Enclosure t o E. W. Jeffery's No. 35 Despatch, 1 1 August 1938 , File 9955, F0371/22155, Public Recor d Office , London . 55. Herber t Philips, No. 449 Report, 31 October 1938 , p. 3, File 13180 , F0371/ 22156, Public Record Office , London . 56. Consu l Nanking , No . 2 0 Telegram , 1 7 Januar y 1938 , ADMl 16/3882, Yangtze Records , January 1938 , Public Record Office , London . 57. E . W. Jeffery, No . 58 Telegram, 24 February 1938 , FO233/270, Public Record Office, London . 58. H . I . Prideaux-Brune , "Japanes e Invasio n o f Nanking : Prospect s o f Settlement fo r Violatio n o f Embass y an d Destructio n an d Thef t o f 388 NOTES FOR PAGES 264-273

Property," 5 February 1938 , FO233/270, Publi c Recor d Office , London . Original emphasis . 59. A . D. Blackburn, letter to E. W. Jeffery, 2 8 February 1938 , FO233/270, Public Record Office , London . 60. W . W. Ritchie, compensatio n claim , 1 8 March 1938 , Enclosure t o E . W. Jeffery's report , "Sino-Japanes e Hostilities : Damag e Suffere d b y W . W . Ritchie and H. H. Molland," 30 May 1938 , F0233/271, Public Record Office , London. 61. H . H . Molland , compensatio n claim , 2 9 April 1938 , Enclosure t o E . W . Jeffery's report , "Sino-Japanes e Hostilities : Damag e Suffere d b y W . W . Ritchie and H. H. Molland," 30 May 1938 , F0233/271, Public Record Office , London. 62. Ibid . 63. S . Sadh u Sinh , compensatio n claim , 1 7 June 1938 , Enclosur e t o E . W . Jeffery's report , "Sino-Japanes e Hostilities: Damage Suffere d b y Ram Sing h and S . Sadh u Singh, " 4 August 1938 , F0233/271, Public Recor d Office , London. 64. Ibid . 65. N . H. Price , compensation claim , 1 2 September 1938 , Enclosure t o E . W. Jeffery's report , "Sino-Japanes e Hostilities: Damage Suffere d b y Mr. N. H . Price," 1 9 October 1938 , F0233/272, Publi c Recor d Office , London . 66. Ibid . 67. E . W . Jeffery, No . 5 8 Telegram, 2 4 February 1938 , FO233/270, an d E . W. Jeffery, repor t to H. M. Ambassador, Si r Archibald Clark Kerr, 1 6 May 1938, F0233/271, Publi c Recor d Office , London . 68. E . W . Jeffery, lette r t o Y . Hawana, Japanes e Consul-Genera l a t Nanjing , 25 April 1938 , F0233/271, Public Recor d Office , London . 69. Ibid . 70. Ibid . 71. W . H. Donald, compensatio n clai m t o Britis h Consul-General , Hankou , 2 March 1938 , Enclosure t o E . W. Jeffery's report , "W . H. Donald: Claim," 27 April, 1938 , F0233/271, Public Recor d Office , London . 72. E . W . Jeffery , repor t t o H . M . Ambassador , Si r Archibal d Clar k Kerr , 27 Apri l 1938 , F0233/271, Public Recor d Office , London . 73. Herber t Philips , No . 42 1 Report , "Claim s Arisin g ou t o f Sino-Japanes e Hostilities: Cases in Nanking Consular District," 1 2 October 1938 , F0233/ 272, Publi c Recor d Office , London .

EPILOGUE

1. R . John Pritchard and Sonia Magbanua Zaide, The Tokyo War Crimes Trial, Vol. XX Judgment and Annexes, Ne w York : Garland Publishing Inc., 1981, p. 49 , 608. 2. Davi d W. Chen, "A t the Rape o f Nanking: A Nazi Who Save d Lives," The New York Times, 1 2 December 1996 , p. A3. NOTES FOR PAGES 275-278 389

3. M . S . Bates, testimony a t the International Militar y Tribunal fo r th e Fa r East, 2 9 Jul y 1946 , Microfil m Se t T918 , Rol l 5 , p. 2,630 , Cour t Papers , Journal, Exhibits, and Judgments o f the International Military Tribunal fo r the Fa r East, Recor d Grou p 238 , the Nationa l Archive s II , College Park , MD. 4. Jame s H. McCallum, letter to his wife, Eva, 20 March 1938 , Correspondence of James Henry & . Eva Anderson McCallum, Disciple s o f Christ Historica l Society Library , Nashville, TN . 5. Jame s H. McCallum, lette r to Alec, 1 6 May 1938 , p. 1 , Correspondence o f James Henr y & . Eva Anderson McCallum , Disciple s o f Chris t Historica l Society Library , Nashville , TN . 6. Jame s H. McCallum, lette r to Alex, 20 August 1938 , p. 2, Correspondenc e of James Henry & . Eva Anderson McCallum, Disciple s o f Christ Historica l Society Library , Nashville, TN . 7. Lewi s S . C. Smythe, "Wha t Happened i n Nanking, o r the Situation i n th e Occupied Territory in China," August 1938 , p. 4, Correspondence o f Lewis S. C. and Margaret Garret t Smythe , Disciples o f Christ Historica l Societ y Library, Nashville , TN . 8. A . A . McFadyen , "Hsuchowf u Incidents, " Enclosur e No . 1 to Fran k P . Lockhart's repor t "Looting , Rapin g an d Murder b y the Japanese Army o n Entering Hsuchow, Kiangs u Province," 2 9 July 1938 , (Department o f Stat e File No. 793.94/13752) , Microfil m Se t M976 , Rol l 56 , Record Grou p 59 , the National Archive s II . 9. Fran k P . Lockhart, "Looting , Rapin g and Murder by the Japanese Army o n Entering Hsuchow, Kiangs u Province," 29 July 1938 , (Department o f Stat e File No. 793.94/13752) , Microfil m Se t M976 , Rol l 56 , Record Grou p 59 , the National Archive s II . 10. Jame s Espy, "The Conditions a t Nanking, January 1938, " 25 January 1938 , p. 3 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 793.94/12674) , Microfil m Se t M976 , Roll 51, Record Grou p 59 , the National Archive s II . 11. Ibid. , p. 8 . 12. Huber t L . Sone, letter to A. W. Wasson, 1 1 January 1938 , p. 1- 2, Missionary Files: Methodist Episcopa l Church , South , Missionar y Correspondence , 1897-1940, Roll No. 11 , Scholarly Resource s Inc. , Wilmington, DE . 13. W . P. Mills, letter to his wife, Nina, 9 February 1938 , Box 141, Record Group 8, Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 14. W . P. Mills, letter t o Japanese Embassy, 5 January 1938 , Enclosure No. 3- E to "Conditions o f American Property and Interests in Nanking," 28 February 1938, (Departmen t o f Stat e Fil e No. 393.115/233), Bo x 1821 , 1930-193 9 Central Decimal File , Record Group 59 , the National Archives II. 15. W . P. Mills, letter to John M. Allison, American Embassy , 1 7 January 1938 , Enclosure No. 3-H t o "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interests i n Nanking," 2 8 February 1938 , (Department o f State File No. 393.115/233), Box 1821, 1930-1939 Central Decimal File, Record Group 59 , the Nationa l Archives II . 390 NOTES FOR PAGES 278-281

16. M . S . Bates, letter t o the Japanese Embassy, 1 6 December 1937 , Enclosur e No. 1- A t o "Condition s o f American Propert y an d Interests in Nanking, " 28 February 1938 , (Department o f Stat e Fil e No. 393.115/233), Bo x 1821, 1930-1939 Centra l Decimal File , Record Group 59, the National Archive s II. 17. M . S . Bates, letter t o hi s friends , 1 0 January 1938 , p. 3, Bo x 103 , Recor d Group 8 , Specia l Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 18. M . S . Bates, written statement , 6 February 1947 , Folde r 1132 , Bo x 126 , Record Grou p 10 , Specia l Collection , Yal e University Divinit y Schoo l Library. 19. Consu l Nanking , cyphe r message , 5:4 1 p.m., 2 1 January 1938 , ADMl 16/ 3882, Yangtz e Records, January 1938 , Public Recor d Office , London . 20. R . G. Howe, No. 220 Telegram, 1 February 1938 , File 1371 , F0371/22146, Public Recor d Office , London . 21. Kok i Hirota, note to American Ambassado r Josep h C . Grew, 1 2 Februar y 1938, Press Releases Vol . XVIII (19 February 1938) : 264. 22. Lewi s S . C. Smythe, letter t o Paul, 2 6 May 1938 , p. 2, Correspondence o f Lewis S . C. and Margare t Garret t Smythe , Disciple s o f Christ Historica l Society Library , Nashville, TN. Origina l emphasis . 23. "Nankin g — What Reall y Happene d — and th e Japanes e Paradise, " The China Weekly Review (Shanghai) , Supplement (1 9 March 1938) : 11. 24. Rober t O. Wilson, letter to his wife, Marjorie, 7 March 1938 , in Documents on the Rape of Nanking, ed . by Timothy Brook , Ann Arbor: University o f Michigan Press , 1999 , p. 253-254. 25. Minni e Vautrin, diary , 1 1 April 1938 , Folder 2875, Box 145 , Record Grou p 11, Specia l Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 26. Minni e Vautrin, diary , 1 5 April 1938 , Folder 2875 , Box 145, Record Grou p 11, Specia l Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 27. Jame s H . McCallum , lette r t o hi s wife , Eva , 1 6 Februar y 1938 , Correspondence o f James Henry & . Eva Anderson McCallum, Disciple s o f Christ Historica l Societ y Library , Nashville, TN . 28. Lewi s S . C. Smythe, "Wha t Happened i n Nanking, o r the Situation i n th e Occupied Territory in China," August, 1938 , p. 3, Correspondence o f Lewi s S. C. and Margaret Garret t Smythe , Disciples o f Christ Historica l Societ y Library, Nashville, TN . 29. I t seem s tha t "Benevolen t Association " refer s t o "##^" (Chon g Sha n Tang). However, Minnie Vautrin mentioned in her 2 April 193 8 diary entry, "The report was made today that the Swastika Societ y alone from Januar y 23-March 1 9 buried 32,104." Apparently, both Magee and Vautrin used data from th e sam e source . "Benevolen t Association " her e i s Magee' s interpretational translatio n o f "Re d Swastika Society. " 30. Joh n G . Magee, letter to Rev. J . C. McKim, 2 April 1938 , Folder 62, Box 4, Record Grou p 10 , Special Collection , Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 31. M . S . Bates, written statement , 6 February 1947 , Folde r 1132 , Bo x 126 , Record Grou p 10 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . NOTES FOR PAGES 281-304 391

32. Minni e Vautrin, diary , 22 April 1938 , Folder 2875, Box 145 , Record Grou p 11, Specia l Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 33. Minni e Vautrin , diary , 2 April 1938 , Folder 2875, Box 145 , Record Grou p 11, Specia l Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 34. M . S . Bates, testimony a t the International Militar y Tribuna l fo r th e Fa r East, 2 9 Jul y 1946 , Microfilm Se t T918, Rol l 5 , p. 2 , 630, Court Papers , Journal, Exhibits, and Judgments o f the International Military Tribunal fo r the Fa r East , Recor d Grou p 238 , the Nationa l Archive s II , College Park , MD. 35. Table : Estimated Numbe r o f Victim s o f Japanes e Massacr e i n Nanking , Document No . 1702 , Exhibit No. 324, Microfilm Se t T918, Roll 12 , Court Papers, Journal , Exhibits , an d Judgment s o f th e Internationa l Militar y Tribunal fo r th e Fa r East , Recor d Grou p 238 , the Nationa l Archive s II , College Park, MD, Qin Hua Ri Jun Nanjing Da Tu Sha Dang An (fM^B¥ ^M^MM^SM, Archival Documents Relating to the Horrible Massacre Committed by the Japanese Troops in Nanjing in December 1937), Nanjing: Jiangsu Gu J i Chu Ba n She, 1987 , p. 446-484, and Qin Hua Ri Jun Nanjing Da Tu Sha Shi Gao (M^ B¥f%MJcMM£fif, Draft Manuscript of the History Relating to the Horrible Massacre Committed by the Japanese Troops in Nanjing in December 1937), Nanjing: Jiangsu Gu Ji Chu Ban She, 1987, p. 111-134 . 36. M . S . Bates, written statement , 6 February 1947 , Folde r 1132 , Bo x 126 , Record Grou p 10 , Special Collection, Yal e Divinity Schoo l Library . 37. M . S . Bates, testimony a t the International Militar y Tribuna l fo r th e Fa r East, 2 9 Jul y 1946 , Microfil m Se t T918 , Rol l 5 , p. 2,631, Cour t Papers , Journal, Exhibits, and Judgments o f the International Military Tribunal fo r the Fa r East , Recor d Grou p 238 , the Nationa l Archive s II , College Park , MD.

APPENDIX 4

1. Diplomati c Posts, China, Volume 2171 (Nanking 1938 , Volume XH), Record Group 84 , the National Archive s II , College Park , MD.

APPENDIX 9

1. Base d on the informatio n fro m "Lis t o f Movements," Enclosur e No. 1 to Yangtse No. 67/19 4 o f 2 1 April 1938 , ADM1/9558, Public Recor d Office , London.

APPENDIX 1 0

1. M . S . Bates, written statement , Folde r 1132 , Bo x 126 , Record Grou p 10 , Special Collection , Yal e University Divinit y Schoo l Library . 392 NOTES FOR PAGES 305-337

2. Th e International Militar y Tribunal fo r th e Fa r East Transcript, p . 2,624- 2,661, Microfil m Se t T918 , Rol l 5 , Court Papers , Journal , Exhibits , an d Judgments o f the International Militar y Tribuna l fo r th e Fa r East, Recor d Group 238 , the National Archive s II , College Park , MD .

APPENDIX 1 1

1. Georg e A . Fitch, writte n testimony , 1 8 June 1946 , Document No . 1947 , Exhibit No . 307 , Microfil m Se t T918 , Rol l 12 , Court Papers , Journal , Exhibits, an d Judgments o f the International Military Tribunal fo r the Fa r East, Recor d Grou p 238 , the National Archive s II , College Park , MD .

APPENDIX 1 2

1. Th e International Militar y Tribunal fo r the Fa r East Transcript, p. 3,893- 3,943, Microfil m Se t T918 , Rol l 5 , Court Papers , Journal , Exhibits , an d Judgments o f the International Militar y Tribuna l fo r the Fa r East, Recor d Group 238 , the National Archive s II , College Park , MD .

APPENDIX 1 3

1. Jame s H . McCallum, affidavi t note , 2 7 June 1946 , Document No . 2466 , Exhibit No . 309 , Microfil m Se t T918 , Rol l 12 , Cour t Papers , Journal , Exhibits, and Judgments o f the International Militar y Tribunal fo r the Fa r East, Recor d Grou p 238 , the National Archive s II , College Park , MD .

APPENDIX 1 4

1. Lewi s S . C. Smythe, written testimony, 7 June 1946 , Document No . 1921, Exhibit No . 306 , Microfil m Se t T918 , Rol l 12 , Cour t Papers , Journal , Exhibits, and Judgments o f the International Militar y Tribunal fo r the Fa r East, Recor d Grou p 238 , the National Archive s II , College Park , MD.

APPENDIX 1 5

1. Rober t O . Wilson, written testimony , 2 2 June 1946 , Document No . 2246, Exhibit No . 204 , Microfil m Se t T918 , Rol l 12 , Court Papers , Journal , Exhibits, an d Judgments o f the International Military Tribunal fo r the Fa r East, Recor d Grou p 238 , the National Archive s II , College Park , MD . 2. Th e International Militar y Tribuna l fo r th e Fa r East Transcript, p . 2,527- 2,555, Microfil m Se t T918 , Rol l 5 , Court Papers , Journal , Exhibits , an d Judgments o f the International Militar y Tribuna l fo r th e Fa r East, Recor d Group 238 , the National Archive s II , College Park, MD . Index

Abend, Halett 27 , 286 175, 181, 187, 203, 205, 208-211, 221, biography o f 347-34 8 225, 226, 238, 240, 243, 244, 258, 275, Aldridge, Cla y son W . 23 7 278, 281, 283, 288, 292-295, 297, 298, Allison, John Moore 7 , 8, 16 , 17, 63, 75 , 300, 301, 304, 305, 325, 326 93, 94 , 102 , 103 , 110 , 125 , 132 , 172, biography and personal record o f 89 - 173, 177, 178, 182, 186-189, 191-193, 97 196, 208-218, 220-224, 229, 230, 236, claim o f property damag e 24 3 240, 247 , 279 , 240 , 251 , 259, 284 , tribunal court testimony o f 305-31 3 289, 290, 297-299, 301 written statement o f 304-30 5 biography o f 177,368-36 9 Bauer, Grac e 3 , 4, 13 , 15 , 71, 175, 207, Allison Incident , th e 7 , 209-216 , 235 , 284 255 biography o f 37 6 Amaya, Majo r Genera l 189 , 259, 305 Bee, HM S 4 , 9 , 17 , 18 , 104 , 195 , 198 , American Churc h Mission , propert y 250, 251, 252, 303 damage 230-23 1 Bishoprick, Stanley 16 , 17, 232, 285, 301 American Embass y (Nanjing) , propert y Boynton, C . L . 59 , 60, 257, 289, 297 damage 236-23 7 Bos, Hendrick 16 , 17 , 190 , 285 American Presbyteria n Mission , Brady, Richard Freema n 16 , 17 , 56, 82, property damag e 228-22 9 173, 238, 244, 245, 285 Aphis, HM S 9 , 250, 251, 256, 259, 303 claim o f property damag e 244-24 5 Armstrong, J . F. 4 , 9 , 18 , 250, 251, 285 Brook, Timothy 2 Ataka, HIJM S 19 6 Brooks, Alfred W , Jr . 324 , 328-331 Atcheson, Georg e 16 , 285 Brown, Rober t E . 257 , 258 Bryan, F . Catherine 238 , 246, 247, 301 Bates, Liliath Robbin s 59 , 89, 91, 94 claim o f property damag e 246-24 7 Bates, Miner Le e 8 9 Bates, Miner Searl e 3 , 6, 10 , 12, 13, 15, Chang, Iris 1 27, 34, 39, 41, 45, 57, 59-62, 65, 69, Chang, Kaiyu n 28 1 72, 75-79, 81, 85, 86, 88-97, 136, 142, Chang, We n Ming 11 5 394 INDEX

Chao, 45 , 4 6 claim o f propert y damag e 238-24 0 Chen, A h Min g 13 0 My Eighty Years in China 9 8 Chen, Fran k 20 4 written statemen t o f 314-31 5 Chen, Kwang-tsa i 26 4 Forster, Clariss a T . 106 , 108 , 11 1 Chen, Shih-pa o 21 9 Forster, Ernest Herman 3 , 12 , 14 , 15, 57, Chia, Chiao-min g 7 4 58, 74 , 75, 88, 89, 106-112 , 115 , 127 , Chiang Kai-she k 49 , 51, 52, 19 0 175, 209, 230, 247, 284, 288, 291, 296, Chiao, Shui-tsen g 26 5 299, 301, 319, 322, 32 7 Chinwo 249 , 25 5 biography an d persona l recor d o f Chow, 5 3 106-111 Christian, Harve y V . 12 0 Frederick, H . H. 13 7 Christian, Joh n LeRo y 12 1 Fukuda, Tokuyas u 53 , 139 , 185 , 232 , Chu, Min g 16 2 288, 289 , 291-297, 300 , 310, 32 5 Chu, Shen-y i 6 8 Fukui, Kiyosh i 71 , 75 , 190 , 209 , 214 , Copley, C . C . 27 0 232, 263, 268, 289-293, 295-297, 310, Cricket, HM S 9 , 17 , 249, 250, 252 , 30 3 313

Donald, William Henry 49 , 51, 268, 269 Gale, F . C. 58 , 15 8 claim o f property damag e 268-26 9 Gauss, Clarenc e Edwar d 7 Doudart De Largee, Frenc h gunboa t 1 7 Gozio, Prinel a 28 5 Durdin, Fran k Tillma n 1 , 3, 13 , 15 , 19 , Grew, Josep h Clar k 215 , 313, 27 8 20, 23 , 27, 195 , 283, 28 6 Ghpsholm, S S 127 , 133 , 15 8 biography o f 34 5 Giinther, Kar l 18 , 11 6 news coverag e o f th e Nanjin g Gwoh, Yuen-sen g 68 , 69 Massacre 23-2 5 Halifax, Lor d (Edwar d Frederic k Lindle y Ermanno Garlotta, Italia n gunboa t 1 7 Wood) 9 8 Espy, James 16 , 103 , 110 , 177 , 179-183 , Hanawa, Yoshiyuk i 218 , 26 8 186, 187 , 211 , 221 , 223 , 231 , 232 , Hanson, J . M. 12 , 13 , 107 , 23 7 234-236, 240, 246, 247, 257, 277, 284 Hata, Shunrok a 3 5 biography o f 36 9 Hatz, Rupert R . 13 , 15, 16, 138, 181, 184, 283 Felton, R . A. 20 6 Hempel, Richar d 13 , 15 , 140 , 28 3 Ferrolo 17 , 28 5 Hidaka, Shinrokyr o 290 , 29 7 Fitch, Georg e Ashrnore 2 , 6 , 10 , 14-18 , Hilliard, H . D. 24 9 32, 34, 36, 38, 39, 41, 57, 60, 62, 68- Hirota, Kok i 278 , 31 3 70, 89, 95, 97-106, 115 , 131, 141, 154, Hirota, Lieutenant-Colone l 3 , 18 9 175, 183 , 198 , 204 , 205 , 221 , 222 , Hiker, Adol f 4 7 233-235, 238-240 , 258 , 269 , 284 , Hoey, T S . H. 26 0 287-289, 293 , 295, 297, 301, 302 Holmes, R . J . 27 0 biography and personal record o f 97- Holt, Rijinai d V . 250 , 25 1 106 INDEX 395

Hongo, Major 214 , 216 Kondo, Nobutake 196 , 250, 251 Honma, Masahar u 18 9 Kong, Chin-hsien 6 8 Hongqiao Airfield Incident , th e 1 1 Kriebel, Hermann 4 7 Howe, R . G . 8 , 257 Kroger, Christian 12-13 , 14 , 16, 70, 138, Hsiao, Chun-t'ing 26 5 139, 181 , 184, 197 , 222, 238, 301 Hsiung, Ming-chu 30 1 Kuo, Yuan Shi h 8 0 Hsu, C . Y . 58 , 292, 298 Hsu, Shuhsi 2 , 5, 62, 64-66, 98, 304, 306, Ladybird, HM S 9 , 19, 20, 194, 195, 250, 333 257 Documents of the Nanking Safety Lafoon, Sidne y K . 23 7 Zone 5, 62, 65, 77, 304 Lahrmann, 4 7 War Conduct of the Japanese 5 , 65, Lean, D. J . 12 , 13 , 57, 249 98 Li, Chi-yuan 26 4 Hsu, Yao-p u 23 7 Li, Hsiu Ting 7 4 Huerter, Alfre d 16 , 17 , 284 Li, Hwei-yuan 264 , 265 Hull, Cordel l 8 , 215 Liang, Captain 336 , 340 Hummal, Joh n F . 332 , 336 Liang, Fang-chung 23 7 Hwang, Tai-chien 23 7 Lin, Se n 20 0 Hynds, Iva 4 , 13 , 15, 172, 175, 205, 284 Liu, Kwang-we i 11 7 brief biograph y o f 37 5 Liu, Pan-kwen 29 8 Liu, Wang Shih 13 2 International Militar y Tribuna l fo r th e Liu, Wen-pin 22 1 Far Eas t 1 , 2 , 9 , 96, 105-106 , 119 , Lockhart, Fran k Pruit 276 , 277 142, 174 , 273, 304 Logan, William, Jr . 31 3 Ito, Kiyoshi 34 1 Lovat-Fraser, W A . 249 , 250, 252, 257, 284 Jacquinot, d e Besange 5 , 48, 306 Lowe, W 1 2 James, Edward 20 6 Lung, Colonel 45 , 46, 53 Jeffery, E . W . 8 , 16 , 17 , 259-261, 264 , 266, 268, 269, 271, 285 Ma, Chaojun 43 , 45 Jeffs, C . R . 20 0 Ma, Chung-sung 8 0 Jenkins, Douglass, Jr . 100 , 237, 238 Ma, Wen-hwan 16 2 Johnson, Nelso n Trusle r 7 , 22, 17 7 Mackay, Ivo r 12 , 13 , 249 Magee, Faith E . Backhouse 88 , 11 2 Kasasagi, HIJMS 19 4 Magee, John Gillespie 3 , 10 , 12 , 14 , 15, Kasuya, Y . 187 , 218, 247 58, 75, 88, 89, 105, 106, 109, 112-116, Kearney, James F . 16 , 17, 57, 58, 95, 285 118, 119, 175, 209, 231, 280, 284, 336, Kinloch, J . 260 , 261 340 Knatchbull-Hugessen, Hugh e 8 biography an d persona l recor d o f Knox, John 3 6 111-119 Ko, Chang-fah 23 7 tribunal court testimony o f 316-33 1 396 INDEX

Maloney, Joh n 3 6 biography an d persona l recor d o f Manchurian Incident (1 8 September 193 1 127-133 incident), th e 19 0 Molland, Harol d Harr y 249 , 265 , 26 6 Marco Pol o Bridg e Incident, th e 11 , 89, claim o f property damag e 265-26 6 159 Moody, Rober t E . 33 4 Matsui, Iwane 10 , 35, 96, 278 , 279, 308, Morrow, Thoma s H . 31 5 313, 34 1 Munro-Faure, P . H. 12 , 13 , 249 Mattice, Floy d J . 33 8 McCallum, Elizabet h V . 11 9 Nanjing Theologica l Seminary , propert y McCallum, Ev a Anderson 11 9 damage 229-23 0 McCallum, Jame s Henr y 3 , 10 , 12 , 13 , Norman, Rober t S . 238 , 240, 24 1 15, 18 , 57 , 58 , 74 , 75 , 89 , 102 , 103 , claim o f property damag e 240-24 1 111, 119-127 , 139 , 175 , 186, 203, 205, 208, 233, 238, 242, 244, 245, 247, 248, Oahu, US S 4 , 9, 18 , 19 , 20, 23, 98, 104 , 275, 280 , 284 , 298 , 300, 301, 322 176, 177 , 194 , 195 , 196 , 199 , 25 1 biography an d persona l recor d o f Okamoto, Shoich i 34 0 119-127 Okazaki, Katsu o 55 , 21 6 claim o f propert y damag e 247-24 8 Opium Wa r 8 written statemen t o f 33 2 McCallum, Jame s S . 11 9 P'an, Shu-ch'in g 225 , 22 6 McDaniel, Charle s Yate s 13 , 15 , 20, 26, Panay, US S 7 , 9, 11 , 19, 52, 64, 176 , 194 , 237, 283 , 28 6 196 biography o f 34 6 Parson, Sergean t 24 9 news coverag e o f th e Nanjin g Paul, Alexande r 111 , 127 , 27 8 Massacre 26-2 7 Paxton, Joh n Hall 236 , 24 6 McFadyen, Archibal d Alexander , Jr . 16 , Pearl Harbo r bombin g 8 , 96, 111 , 15 8 17, 177 , 211, 232, 246 , 276 , 28 4 Pedler, Fre d J . 63 , 98 biography o f 369-37 0 Philips, Herber t 59 , 262, 26 9 McFadyen, Archibald Alexander, Sr . 27 6 Pickering, J . V . 12 , 12 , 5 8 McManus, Lawrenc e P . 307 , 311, 337 Podshivoloff, Nicola i 12 , 13, 15, 75, 107, Menken, Arthur von Briesen 12 , 15 , 20, 109, 283, 32 7 23, 195 , 237, 28 3 Price, Fran k 95 , 149 , 15 2 biography o f 34 6 Price, Norman Harr y 26 7 Mi, Chao-tsa n 7 3 claim o f property damag e 26 7 Mills, Harriet Cornelia (Nina ) Seyle 127 , Price, P . F. 62 , 28 8 128, 27 8 Prideaux-Brune, H. I. 8 , 16 , 17 , 249, 250, Mills, Wilson Plumer 2 , 3, 6, 12 , 14 , 15, 252, 254, 255, 256, 259, 263, 268, 278, 45, 52 , 57 , 60, 72 , 73 , 85, 88, 89, 92, 284, 289 , 297, 29 9 103, 127-133 , 136 , 175 , 176, 185, 188, 189, 204, 205, 219, 228, 278, 284, 292, Rabe, Joh n D . 1 , 12-14 , 16 , 45, 47 , 48, 293, 301 , 302 51-53, 57 , 65, 66, 128 , 129 , 138 , 139, INDEX 397

141, 188 , 221, 247, 273, 283, 288-292, Smith, C . S . 20 6 295, 296-299, 306, 307, 309, 310, 312, Smith, Leslie C. 13 , 15, 20, 25, 27, 195, 320, 324, 329, 333 256, 257, 283 Red Swastika Society 3 , 68, 69, 76, 100, news coverag e o f th e Nanjin g 125, 138 , 162 , 279, 289, 281, 305 Massacre 25-2 6 Reinhardt, Ursula 1 , 273 Smythe, Lewis Strong Casey 3 , 6, 10, 12, Richie, William Walte r 249 , 264 13, 15 , 18, 45, 52, 53, 57, 60, 65, 66, claim o f property damag e 264-26 5 68-71, 73 , 75, 86, 89 , 96, 103 , 137- Riggs, Grac e Edn a Frederic k 133 , 134 , 142, 144-146, 148, 153, 175, 183, 186, 137 204-206, 226, 228, 247, 276, 278, 283, Riggs, Charle s Henr y 3 , 6 , 12 , 13 , 15, 288-293, 295-301, 304, 306, 307, 310, 57, 67, 68, 70, 73, 75, 76, 89, 92, 99, 324, 328 100, 129 , 133-139 , 152 , 175 , 203, biography an d persona l recor d o f 206-211, 226 , 238 , 241-243 , 283, 137-148 292-294, 30 0 War Damage in the Nanking Area biography an d persona l recor d o f December 1937 to March 1938: 133-137 Urban and Rural Surveys 3 , 96, 142- claim o f property damag e 241-24 3 148 Riggs, Charles Wilso n 13 3 written statemen t o f 333-33 4 Robert Dolla r Lumbe r Company , Smythe, Margaret Garret t 13 7 property damag e 231-23 2 Sone, Hubert Lafayette 3 , 14, 15, 57, 58, Roosevelt, Frankli n D . 11 9 62, 85, 87, 89, 148-155, 175, 206, 229, Rosen, Geor g 16 , 17 , 49, 221, 222, 249, 230, 239, 277, 284, 288, 293, 301 253, 256, 259, 281, 284, 290, 297, 299 biography an d persona l recor d o f 148-155 Salisbury, Lawrenc e 12 1 Sone, Katie Helen Jackson 14 9 Sargent, Douglas N. 9 8 Sperling, Eduar d 12 , 13 , 14 , 45, 53, 57, Scarab, HMS 9 , 249-251, 303 70, 100 , 115, 136, 138, 183, 233, 283, Scharffenberg, Pau l 16 , 17 , 284 301, 31 9 Seta, HIJMS 1 9 State Theatre, property damage 232-23 3 Shao, Chu-ch'ong 8 0 Steele, Archibal d Troja n 3 , 13 , 15 , 19 , Sheehan, John M. 4 , 9, 18 , 98, 196-200, 20, 27, 195 , 283, 286, 287 284 biography o f 345-34 6 Shen, Yu-shu 1 2 news coverag e o f th e Nanjin g Sheng, Shizheng 28 1 Masaacre 20-2 3 Shields, P . R. 12 , 13 , 57, 249 Steward, Albert N. 2 , 57, 58 Sindberg, Berhard Alp 18 , 116 , 16 8 Strabolgi, Lor d (Josep h Montagu e Sinh, S . Sadhu 26 6 Kenworthy) 9 8 claim o f property damag e 26 6 Sutton, Davi d Nelso n 127 , 305 , 311, Smalley, Martha L . 2 313, 316, 322, 324, 330, 337, 339 398 INDEX

Taikoo, S S 24 9 University o f Nanjing, propert y damag e Takatama, Kiyochik a 75 , 76 , 102 , 103, 225-227 211, 21 4 Vautrin, Wilhelmina (Minnie ) 3 , 12, 13, Tang, Shengzh i 46 , 51, 52 15, 18 , 89 , 159-166 , 175 , 204 , 205, Tanaka, Sueo 71 , 113, 291-294, 296, 300, 273, 280, 281, 284, 301 301, 310 , 318, 325, 327, 328 biography an d persona l recor d o f Tang, Ping Hwai 23 4 159-166 Tatung, S S 19 9 Teng, T . C. 23 7 Wan Tung, S S 199 , 249 Texas Corporation , propert y damag e Wang, Ching Yung 233-23 5 233-235 Wang, Chung-sung 8 0 Thomson, J . Claude 7 , 216-219 Wang, F u Y u 23 3 Thomson Incident , th e 7 , 216-220 Wang, Hsing-lung 292 , 294, 296 Thurston, Matild a C . 15 9 Wang, Ming-teh 6 8 Tienkuang, M V 24 9 WangYi-chow 23 7 Timperley, Harol d Joh n 5 , 12 , 58 , 59- Warren, Franklin E . N. 33 9 64, 95, 98, 288, 304 Wasler, J . S. 252 , 284 What War Means: Japanese Terror in Whangpu, S S 24 9 China 5 , 12 , 58-63, 65 , 95, 98, 288, Wilbur, Hollis 101 , 104 289, 304 Williams, Walter Henry 16 , 17, 249, 259, Trimmer, Cliffor d Shar p 3 , 12 , 13 , 15, 267, 268, 270, 285 58, 75 , 89 , 155-159 , 166 , 175 , 205, claim o f property damag e 267-26 8 284, 337 Wilson, Majori e 2 , 167 , 17 2 biography an d persona l recor d o f Wilson, Robert Or y 2 , 6, 12 , 13, 15, 39, 155-159 67, 70, 72 , 73, 81, 82, 85, 88, 89, 99, Trimmer, Elizabet h Duffor d 15 5 123, 136, 166-168, 170-175, 205, 279, Trimmer, Morri s Shar p 15 5 284, 289, 293, 296, 300 Trimmer, Rut h Barkma n 155 , 156 , 15 8 biography an d persona l recor d o f Trautmann, Oska r Paul 4 7 166-174 Ts'ai, Djih-lan 8 4 tribunal court testimony o f 337-34 1 Tseangtah, S S 249 , 250 written statemen t o f 335-33 6 Tsuga, HIJMS 2 7 Wu, Chang-teh 336 , 340 Tuckwo, S S 19 9 Wu, Koh-king 67 Turner, A . R . 27 0 Wu, Teh-chen 10 5 Twinem, Mrs . Pau l deWit t (Mar y D . Wu, Yi-fan g 15 9 Fine) 12 , 18, 106, 160 , 163 , 204, 205 Yang, Kwei-ping 67, 69 Tze Chih Wei Yuen Hwei (Autonomou s Yasumura, S . 5 8 Committee, o r Self-Governmen t Yu, Sze Shih 8 1 Committee) 55 , 66, 76-79, 96 , 136, 192, 193 , 201, 254, 260, 290, 297 Zautig, August e 14 , 16 , 283 Zhang, Kaiyuan 2 , 3 Zial, A. 13-15, 107 , 283