Albert Einstein
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Quantum Mechanical Laws - Bogdan Mielnik and Oscar Rosas-Ruiz
FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICS – Vol. I - Quantum Mechanical Laws - Bogdan Mielnik and Oscar Rosas-Ruiz QUANTUM MECHANICAL LAWS Bogdan Mielnik and Oscar Rosas-Ortiz Departamento de Física, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, México Keywords: Indeterminism, Quantum Observables, Probabilistic Interpretation, Schrödinger’s cat, Quantum Control, Entangled States, Einstein-Podolski-Rosen Paradox, Canonical Quantization, Bell Inequalities, Path integral, Quantum Cryptography, Quantum Teleportation, Quantum Computing. Contents: 1. Introduction 2. Black body radiation: the lateral problem becomes fundamental. 3. The discovery of photons 4. Compton’s effect: collisions confirm the existence of photons 5. Atoms: the contradictions of the planetary model 6. The mystery of the allowed energy levels 7. Luis de Broglie: particles or waves? 8. Schrödinger’s wave mechanics: wave vibrations explain the energy levels 9. The statistical interpretation 10. The Schrödinger’s picture of quantum theory 11. The uncertainty principle: instrumental and mathematical aspects. 12. Typical states and spectra 13. Unitary evolution 14. Canonical quantization: scientific or magic algorithm? 15. The mixed states 16. Quantum control: how to manipulate the particle? 17. Measurement theory and its conceptual consequences 18. Interpretational polemics and paradoxes 19. Entangled states 20. Dirac’s theory of the electron as the square root of the Klein-Gordon law 21. Feynman: the interference of virtual histories 22. Locality problems 23. The idea UNESCOof quantum computing and future – perspectives EOLSS 24. Open questions Glossary Bibliography Biographical SketchesSAMPLE CHAPTERS Summary The present day quantum laws unify simple empirical facts and fundamental principles describing the behavior of micro-systems. A parallel but different component is the symbolic language adequate to express the ‘logic’ of quantum phenomena. -
Albert Einstein - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Page 1 of 27
Albert Einstein - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 1 of 27 Albert Einstein From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Albert Einstein ( /ælbərt a nsta n/; Albert Einstein German: [albt a nʃta n] ( listen); 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of general relativity, effecting a revolution in physics. For this achievement, Einstein is often regarded as the father of modern physics.[2] He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". [3] The latter was pivotal in establishing quantum theory within physics. Near the beginning of his career, Einstein thought that Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. This led to the development of his special theory of relativity. He Albert Einstein in 1921 realized, however, that the principle of relativity could also be extended to gravitational fields, and with his Born 14 March 1879 subsequent theory of gravitation in 1916, he published Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg, a paper on the general theory of relativity. He German Empire continued to deal with problems of statistical Died mechanics and quantum theory, which led to his 18 April 1955 (aged 76) explanations of particle theory and the motion of Princeton, New Jersey, United States molecules. He also investigated the thermal properties Residence Germany, Italy, Switzerland, United of light which laid the foundation of the photon theory States of light. In 1917, Einstein applied the general theory of relativity to model the structure of the universe as a Ethnicity Jewish [4] whole. -
Introducing Quantum and Statistical Physics in the Footsteps of Einstein: a Proposal †
universe Article Introducing Quantum and Statistical Physics in the Footsteps of Einstein: A Proposal † Marco Di Mauro 1,*,‡ , Salvatore Esposito 2,‡ and Adele Naddeo 2,‡ 1 Dipartimento di Matematica, Universitá di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy 2 INFN Sezione di Napoli, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy; [email protected] (S.E.); [email protected] (A.N.) * Correspondence: [email protected] † This paper is an extended version from the proceeding paper: Di Mauro, M.; Esposito, S.; Naddeo, A. Introducing Quantum and Statistical Physics in the Footsteps of Einstein: A Proposal. In Proceedings of the 1st Electronic Conference on Universe, online, 22–28 February 2021. ‡ These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Introducing some fundamental concepts of quantum physics to high school students, and to their teachers, is a timely challenge. In this paper we describe ongoing research, in which a teaching–learning sequence for teaching quantum physics, whose inspiration comes from some of the fundamental papers about the quantum theory of radiation by Albert Einstein, is being developed. The reason for this choice goes back essentially to the fact that the roots of many subtle physical concepts, namely quanta, wave–particle duality and probability, were introduced for the first time in one of these papers, hence their study may represent a useful intermediate step towards tackling the final incarnation of these concepts in the full theory of quantum mechanics. An extended discussion of some elementary tools of statistical physics, mainly Boltzmann’s formula for entropy and statistical distributions, which are necessary but may be unfamiliar to the students, is included. -
Anti-Semitism and Zionism
Bachelor Thesis Natuur- en Sterrenkunde Einstein and Spinoza in Weimar Germany by Nicolaas J. Geijer October 2019 Studentnumber 11000058 Supervisor Prof. Dr. Jeroen van Dongen Table of Contents Table of Contents .............................................................................................................. 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 2 Jewish Emancipation ....................................................................................................... 4 Spinoza .......................................................................................................................................... 5 Einstein .......................................................................................................................................... 7 Einstein and the Jewish Renaissance ....................................................................... 11 World War I ............................................................................................................................... 12 Ostjuden ...................................................................................................................................... 14 Spinoza the Authentic Jew ............................................................................................ 16 The Heidelberg Affair ............................................................................................................. 18 Anti-Semitism and -
Einstein for the 21St Century
Einstein for the 21st Century Einstein for the 21st Century HIS LEGACY IN SCIENCE, ART, AND MODERN CULTURE Peter L. Galison, Gerald Holton, and Silvan S. Schweber, Editors princeton university press | princeton and oxford Copyright © 2008 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TW All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Einstein for the twenty-first century: His legacy in science, art, and modern culture / Peter L. Galison, Gerald Holton, and Silvan S. Schweber, editors. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-691-13520-5 (hardcover : acid-free paper) 1. Einstein, Albert, 1879–1955—Influence. I. Galison, Peter Louis. II. Holton, Gerald James. III. Schweber, S. S. (Silvan S.) IV. Title: Einstein for the 21st century. QC16.E5E446 2008 530.092—dc22 2007034853 British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available This book has been composed in Aldus and Trajan Printed on acid-free paper. ∞ press.princeton.edu Printed in the United States of America 13579108642 Contents Introduction ix part 1 Solitude and World 1 Who Was Einstein? Why Is He Still So Alive? 3 Gerald Holton 2 A Short History of Einstein’s Paradise beyond the Personal 15 Lorraine Daston 3 Einstein’s Jewish Identity 27 Hanoch Gutfreund 4 Einstein and God 35 Yehuda Elkana 5 Einstein’s Unintended Legacy: The Critique of Common-Sense Realism and Post-Modern Politics 48 Yaron Ezrahi 6 Subversive Einstein 59 Susan Neiman 7 Einstein and Nuclear Weapons 72 Silvan S. -
Simplifying Einstein's Thought Experiments
Simplifying Einstein’s Thought Experiments Edward G. Lake Independent Researcher June 11, 2018 [email protected] Abstract: Einstein’s “Gedanken” experiments (thought experiments) - particularly his train-embankment thought experiments - were apparently intended to explain Special Relativity logically and in layman’s terms, but they were written in an incredibly convoluted way, which seems to have resulted in them being misinterpreted by many physicists. This is the simplified logic of Einstein’s key thought experiments. Key words: Light; train; embankment; speed of light; relativity. I. What is a “Thought Experiment”? A thought experiment (or in German: “Gedankenexperiment”) is a scientific experiment which is conducted entirely in one’s mind. It is different from a “fantasy” in that the experiment must obey all the rules of physics, and its key components and procedures have to be entirely logical. However, instead of using equipment that has not yet been constructed, you are imagining doing a scientific experiment using existing objects and events, such as moving trains, railroad embankments, boxcars, laboratories, dropped stones, the flashes of light from lightning bolts, and lighting flash simulators. Einstein’s train-embankment experiments, for example, involve a train (presumably a steam-powered train since Einstein devised the thought experiments around 1916 and earlier) that travels at about thirty or forty percent of the speed of light. That is certainly not possible, but the fact that a train is being imagined to travel at that speed is doesn’t affect the experiment. The experiment is not really about trains (or embankments), it is about what a human observer would see as happening from any type of vehicle traveling at those speeds, and what another observer would see from a stationary location as the vehicle passes close by. -
Einstein, Mileva Maric
ffirs.qrk 5/13/04 7:34 AM Page i Einstein A to Z Karen C. Fox Aries Keck John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ffirs.qrk 5/13/04 7:34 AM Page ii For Mykl and Noah Copyright © 2004 by Karen C. Fox and Aries Keck. All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and the author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. -
"ENTWURF" FIELD EQUATIONS to the EINSTEIN TENSOR II: November 1915 Until March 1916
1 FROM THE BERLIN "ENTWURF" FIELD EQUATIONS TO THE EINSTEIN TENSOR II: November 1915 until March 1916 Galina Weinstein Visitor Scholar, Center for Einstein Studies, Philosophy Department, Boston University January 25, 2012 I discuss Einstein's path-breaking November 1915 General Relativity papers. I show that Einstein's field equations of November 25, 1915 with an additional term on the right hand side involving the trace of the energy-momentum tensor appear to have sprung from his first November 1915 paper: the November 4, 1915 equations. Second paper among three papers. 1 Introduction: David Hilbert Enters the Game, the priority dispute in a nutshell According to Stachel Einstein's Odyssey to general covariance during November 1915 went through two stages:1 1) Sometime in October 1915 Einstein dropped the Einstein-Grossman "Entwurf" theory. During October 1915 Einstein realized that the key to the solution lays in equations (14) and (17) of page 1041 of his 1914 review article "The Formal Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity", and adopted the determinant in equation (14), 1 as a postulate.2 This led him to general covariance. Starting on November 4 Einstein gradually expanded the range of the covariance of his field equations. 2) Between November 4 and November 11 Einstein realized that he did not need this postulate and he adopted it as a coordinate condition to simplify the field equations. Einstein was able to write the field equations of gravitation in a general covariant form. In the November 11 field equations the trace of the energy-momentum tensor vanishes. Between November 18 and November 25 Einstein found that he could write the field equations with an additional term on the right hand side of the field equations involving the trace of the energy-momentum tensor, which now need not vanish. -
A Holy Curiosity: Transformative Self-Directed Learning to Breakthrough New Knowledge in the Case of Einstein
The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Dissertations Spring 5-2012 A Holy Curiosity: Transformative Self-Directed Learning to Breakthrough New Knowledge in the Case of Einstein Deanna Lynn Vogt University of Southern Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations Part of the Adult and Continuing Education Administration Commons, Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research Commons, and the Educational Methods Commons Recommended Citation Vogt, Deanna Lynn, "A Holy Curiosity: Transformative Self-Directed Learning to Breakthrough New Knowledge in the Case of Einstein" (2012). Dissertations. 789. https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations/789 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The University of Southern Mississippi A HOLY CURIOSITY: TRANSFORMATIVE SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING TO BREAKTHROUGH NEW KNOWLEDGE IN THE CASE OF EINSTEIN by Deanna Lynn Vogt Abstract of a Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of The University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2012 ABSTRACT A HOLY CURIOSITY: TRANSFORMATIVE SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING TO BREAKTHROUGH NEW KNOWLEDGE IN THE CASE OF EINSTEIN by Deanna Lynn Vogt May 2012 The case of Einstein’s discovery of the relativity theory, explored with grounded theory methodology, illustrates a type of self-directed learning characterized by personal and non-personal, or technical, transformative learning, the result of which is iconic original, breakthrough learning. This dissertation explores three aspects of adult learning which are novel in adult education. -
General Relativity: Gravitation As Geometry and the Machian Programme
Physics Before and After Einstein 93 M. Mamone Capria (Ed.) IOS Press, 2005 © 2005 The authors Chapter 5 General Relativity: Gravitation as Geometry and the Machian Programme Marco Mamone Capria To put it in another way, if only a relative meaning can be attached to the concept of velocity, ought we nevertheless to persevere in treating acceleration as an absolute concept? Albert Einstein, 1934 The path that led to the birth of general relativity is one of the most fascinating sequences of events in the whole history of theoretical physics. It was a tortuous path, to be sure, not without a fair amount of wandering and misunderstanding. The outcome was a theory with a curious destiny. On one hand it elicited the admiration of generations of theoretical physicists and provided the ground for several observational programs in astronomy and astrophysics up to the present day. On the other hand, the theory was judged inadequate by its very creator, who worked to the end of his life to devise a radical improvement of it, which eventually he did not achieve to his own satisfaction. The very name of the theory contains a degree of ambiguity: ‘general relativity’ can be read as a shortening of either ‘general theory of relativity – meaning a generalization of the previous theory of relativity – or ‘theory of general relativity – meaning something more specific, i.e. a generalization of the principle of relativity. The latter is what Einstein had in mind. In fact his primary aim was to generalize the principle of relativity which he had introduced in his 1905 theory, the validity of which was restricted to inertial reference frames. -
Physical Principles in Revealing the Working Mechanisms of Brain
BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAŞI Publicat de Universitatea Tehnică „Gheorghe Asachi” din Iaşi Volumul 66 (70), Numărul 3, 2020 Secţia MATEMATICĂ. MECANICĂ TEORETICĂ. FIZICĂ PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES IN REVEALING THE WORKING MECHANISMS OF BRAIN. PART III BY NICOLAE MAZILU1,2, 13707 Dauphin Dr, NE, Canton, OH 44721, USA 2Timotei Cipariu, #1, Focșani, Vrancea, 600004, Romania Received: July 1, 2020 Accepted for publication: September 17, 2020 Abstract. The living brain is physically modeled as a universe, analgous to the existing physical model of the universe. While in the physical model the gravitation prevails, in the brain universe the electricity prevails, but the mathematical description we provide is essentially the same in both cases. What is imperiously necessary in this approach is, first, a metric description of matter, then, of course, the physical interpretation of this description. These issues were treated, in their essentials, in the previous two instalments of the work. The object of the present episode of the work is a classical space image of the matter, as described from a „central‟ point of view. This image is connected with the concept of memory, for which we uphold the idea that in classical physics it has a well-known counterpart: the inertia. It is accomplished based on a general approach of the motion, suggested by generalizing Kepler‟s classical model of motion. Keywords: inertia; memory; matter density; Euclidean reference frame; torsion of space; Kepler‟s laws; celestial matter; neurons. Corresponding author; e-mail: [email protected] 10 Nicolae Mazilu 1. By Way of Introduction: a Synopsis of Bygone Ideas The series of works already publishedin this Bulletin [(Mazilu, 2019, 2020); these articles will be cited here as I and II respectively], or in the course of publication from now on, intends to fill an important gap in the physical science: a missing physical theory of brain. -
Dc684lepoirepaper17mar2019.Pdf
The Journal of Big History (JBH) ISSN 2475-3610 Volume III Number 2, https://doi.org/10.22339/jbh.v3i2.3200 Editor: Lowell Gustafson (Villanova University, USA) Associate Editor: Esther Quaedackers (University of Amsterdam, Netherlands) Book Review Editor John Mears (Southern Methodist University, USA) Editorial Board Mojgan Behmand (Dominican University of California, USA) Craig Benjamin (Grand Valley State University, USA) David Christian (Macquarie University, Australia) Javier Collado Ruano (National University of Education, Ecuador Seohyung Kim (Ewha Womans University, South Korea) Andrey Korotayev (Moscow State University, Russia) Johnathan Markley (University of California, Fullerton, USA) BarryLucy Bennison Rodrigue Laffitte (Symbiosis (North School Carolina for Liberal State University, Arts, India) USA) Fred Spier (University of Amsterdam, Netherlands) Nobuo Tsujimura (Institute for Global and Cosmic Peace, Japan) Joseph Voros (Swinburne University of Technology, Australia) Sun Yue (Capital Normal University, China) JBH, the journal of the International Big History Association (IBHA), is published on line and is accessible to members of the IBHA. The IBHA also publishes its bulletin, Origins. The bulletin contains members’ accounts of their activities and views, announcements of conferences and meetings of interest, and other communication of interest to IBHA members. We encourage readers of the JBH to send letters and responses to [email protected] to the address below: International Big History Association SAC 253 Villanova University Villanova, PA 19085 USA [email protected] Journal of Big History (JBH). The views and opinions expressed in JBH are not necessarily those of the IBHA Board. JBHPlease reserves visit journalofbighistory.org the right to accept, reject for orinformation edit any material on how submittedto submit articlesfor publication.