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Mach's Principle and the Origin of Inertia Apeiron Ams, Ph.D Proceedings of the International Workshop on Mach’s Principle and the M. Sachs/A.R. eds. Roy Origin of Inertia, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India, Feb. 6-8, 2002. Ernst Mach’s non-atomistic model of matter and the associated interpretation of inertial mass (the “Mach principle”) influenced the holistic approach embodied in the continuous field concept of the theory of general relativity as a general theory of matter. The articles in these Proceedings demonstrate Mach’s MACH’S PRINCIPLE influence on contemporary thinking. We see here the views of an international group of scholars on the impact of the Mach principle in physics and astro- AND THE ORIGIN OF INERTIA physics. The ideas presented here will inspire research in physics for many generations to come. Mach's Principleand the OriginofInertia About the editors: Mendel Sachs is presently Professor of Physics Emeritus at the State University of New York at Buffalo, where he was a professor of physics from 1966 to 1997. Earlier positions were at Boston University, McGill University and the University of California Radiation Laboratory. Prof. Sachs earned his Ph.D. in theoretical physics at University of California, Los Angeles, in 1954. His main interests and publications during his professional career have been on foundational problems in theoretical physics (mainly general relativity and particle physics) and the philosophy of physics. A strong early influence came from the writings of Ernst Mach. The main theme of Mendel Sachs’s research has been a generalization of the works of Albert Einstein as a future course of physics, from the domain of micromatter to cosmology. Professor Sachs has authored ten books. Two monographs that highlight details of his research are General Relativity and Matter (Reidel, 1982) and Quantum Mechanics from General Relativity (Reidel, 1986). A.R. Roy is presently a professor of Mathematics at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India. He joined the Institute as a Faculty member in 1976, after obtaining a Ph.D. degree from the Institute in 1973, spending a couple of years as a post-doctoral fellow. He became a professor in 1996. His initial research interest and publications have been on exact solutions in Einstein theory and other alternate theories of Gravitation. He has also worked in the area Edited by M. Sachs and A.R. Roy of theoretical relativistic cosmology. His main interest has been in developing singularity-free cosmological models by considering the presence of various matter fields viz., scalar (meson) fields, viscous fluids, etc. in the cosmic matter along with other viable assumptions on the background metric. Professor Roy has guided several research scholars in their Ph.D. programs, and has more than 40 research publications in major international journals in the area of GRT and Cosmology. He is associated with several research journals. His current interests and publications have been Apeiron on applications of Soft Set Theory in Decision-Making Problems. Mach’s Principle and the origin of inertia Edited by M. Sachs and A.R. Roy Apeiron Montreal Published by C. Roy Keys Inc. 4405, rue St-Dominique Montreal, Quebec H2W 2B2 Canada http://redshift.vif.com © C. Roy Keys Inc. 2003 First Published 2003 National Library of Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data International Workshop on Mach’s Principle and the Origin of Inertia (2002 : Indian Institute of Technology) Mach’s principle and the origin of inertia / editors, M. Sachs and A.R. Roy. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Mach’s Principle and the Origin of Inertia held at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India, Feb. 6-8, 2002. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-9732911-0-9 1. Mach’s principle--Congresses. 2. Inertia (Mechanics)-- Congresses. 3. General relativity (Physics)--Congresses. I. Sachs, Mendel II. Roy, A. R. III. Title. QC137.I57 2002 530.1 C2003-902605-1 Cover design by Amanda Lawrence. Cover image: 10-day Gibbous Moon, imaged by Len Benschop from Os- hawa, Ontario, Canada, Aug. 28, 2001. Mosaic of 9 individual frames captured with a NexStar5 Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope, afocally with a Fuji Finepix digital camera. Table of Contents Preface .........................................................................................ii Acknowledgements ..................................................................... iii Jayant Narlikar: A Tribute to Fred Hoyle......................................iv Mendel Sachs: The Mach Principle and the Origin of Inertia from General Relativity ......................................... 1 Amitabha Ghosh: Extension of Mach’s Principle and Cosmological Consequences ........................................... 13 James F. Woodward: The Technical End of Mach’s Principle.......................................................................... 19 A.K.T. Assis: The Relationship between Mach’s Principle and the Principle of Physical Proportions ........................ 37 W. Farrell Edwards: Inertial Mass of the Electron ...................... 45 A.R. Prasanna: Mach’s Principle and Inertial Forces in General Relativity ....................................................... 53 Jorge Guala Valverde and Raúl A. Rapacioli: Inertial Mass in a Machian Framework....................................... 67 Horst-Heino v. Borzeszkowski and Renate Wahsner: Mach’s Principle and the Dualism of Space-Time and Matter ..................................................................... 73 C.S. Unnikrishnan: Experiments Motivated by Mach’s Principle: A Review with Comments ................................ 89 D.F. Roscoe: A Perspective on Mach’s Principle and the Consequent Discovery of Major New Phenomenology in Spiral Discs ....................................... 99 T.P. Singh: Mach’s Principle and Quantum Mechanics Without Spacetime ....................................................... 109 H. Broberg: Mass and Gravitation in a Machian Universe ....... 115 George Galeczki: Mach’s Principle and the True Continuum..................................................................... 133 Preface This volume consists of a selection of refereed invited lectures presented at the International Workshop on Mach’s Principle and the Origin of Inertia which was held at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India, as a part of the golden Jubilee celebrations of the Institute, from February 6 to 8, 2002. The Workshop was organized by the Centre for Theoretical Physics of the Institute with Prof. A.R. Roy as the Organising Secretary. It also includes a few contri- butions from experts who could not attend the Workshop. Inertia is one of the main physical properties of all bodies. Its origin poses problems of a fundamental nature. Ernst Mach proposed that the inertia of any body is caused by its interaction with the rest of the Universe. The idea reflects a deep connection between the cosmos at large and its individual constituent bodies, thereby implying a holistic conception of nature. On the whole, Ernst Mach had a seminal influence on the evolution of Physics in the 20th Century, and will influence the future development of Physics in the 21st Century. It is interesting that many of his ideas play a role (directly and indirectly) in oppo- site positions within contemporary physics. His epistemological viewpoint of positivism clearly influenced the basis of quantum mechanics. On the other hand his non-atomistic model of matter and the accompanying interpretation of inertial mass (the “Mach Principle”) influenced the holistic approach of the continuous field concept of the theory of general relativity, as a general theory of matter. The contributions to these proceedings demonstrate Mach’s influence on contemporary thinking. For we see here the views of an international group of scholars on the implications of Mach’s principle in physics and astrophysics. We believe the ideas presented here could indeed affect future paths of study in physics for many generations to come. The Editors take this opportunity to put on record their gratitude to Prof. J. V. Narlikar, IUCAA, Pune, for kindly agreeing to write the Dedication note, and to Roy Keys of Apeiron, Montreal whose painstaking efforts have made the publication of this volume possible. M. Sachs and A.R. Roy iii Acknowledgements On behalf of the Centre for Theoretical Physics, IIT Kharagpur, the Under- signed wishes to express his gratitude for the financial assistance received from the following Institutions and other government organizations. Were it not for this assistance, the successful organization of this International Workshop on Mach’s Principle and the Origin of Inertia would not have been possible: (1) Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India (2) Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi, India (3) Indian Space Research Organisation, Bangalore, India (4) Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar, India (5) Raman Research Institute, Bangalore, India (6) Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India The organizing secretary also wishes to express his gratitude and thanks to Professor Amitabha Ghosh, the then Director of IIT Kharagpur for his con- stant encouragement at various stages and for his active participation in the workshop. Thanks are also due the following members of the Editorial board for their help and guidance in processing the publication of this volume: Professor Andre K.T. Assis, State University of Campinas, Brazil Professor A.R. Prasanna, PRL, Ahmedabad, India Professor C.S. Unnikrishnan,
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