C MB DG UN S Y P S W U A RI E IVER IT RE S AREHO SE ,

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MA MILLAN AN D CO . L T D . B umbag ant QIaItu tta: C ,

r eser ved] V ' C N Av c . H ( C

’ ’ ; Camér z ag e Co u n t) Geog r aph er

K E N T

GE OR E F BOSWORT G . H ,

With Maps, Diagrams and Illustrations

C amb r idge

at th e U n iver sity Pr ess Qtamhr ihgz

P RIN D B Y OHN C L AY M . A . TE J ,

AT T H E U N IV E RS ITY P RESS

(0 7 0 M BE CONTE NTS

PAGE W T h e o Ken t. Co unty and Shire . rd Its Origin and Meaning

Its o o N General Characteristics . P siti n and atural Co nditi o ns

Bo . o o z S . Si e . hape undaries Detached P rti n Surface and General Features

Watershed . Rivers

Geo l o gy and So il

Natural Histo ry — Ro und th e Co ast Lo ndo n to Sheppey — R o und th e Co ast Sheppey to Dungeness — T h e Co ast Gains and Lo sses — T h e Pro tecti o n o f th e Co ast Sea-walls and Gro ynes — T h e Co ast Sand- banks and Lighth o uses Climate and Rainfall — o S m o o Pe ple Race , Dialect , ettle ents , P pulati n — M o Wo o o k Agriculture ain Cultivati ns , dlands , St c vi CONTENTS

Ho ps and Ho p- picking Industries and M anufactures — M inerals E xhausted M ining Industries

Fisheries and Fishing Stati o ns — E o Shipping and Trade T h e Chief Po rts . xtinct P rts

o Cinque P rts . Trade R o utes

Histo ry o f Kent — o o m o Antiquities Prehist ric , R an , Sax n

a E Architecture ( ) cclesiastical Cathedrals ,

Churches , Abbeys — — Architecture (b) M ilitary Cast1es — — r c m F m o o . o M Architectu e ( ) D estic a us Seats , an r

o o H uses , C ttages — — o mm o o C unicati ns Past and Present R ads , Rail

1 1 2 ways , Canals — Administrati o n and Divisi o ns Ancient and M o dern

T h e o o f o o o f th e o . R ll H n ur C unty

T h e V o f , Chief Towns and illages Kent ILL U STRAT IONS

Canterbury Cathedral

ff o Shakespeare Cli , D ver T h e Weald o f Kent Dymchurch Church Upn o r Castle Reculver Church T h e o o W T ad R ck , near Tunbridge ells T h e Penshurst Oak G reenwich Ho spital Margate T h e F e S isher Gat , andwich Fo lkesto ne Harbo ur Thanet and th e River Wan tsu m (fro m an o ld map) R o mney Marsh

T h e o o Phar s , D ver G reenwich Observato ry S S Church treet , andwich A Kentish Ho p Garden

o M o Allingt n Castle , aidst ne M aidsto ne Old Ho uses o n DealBeach Do ver Castle Sarre Wall T h e Cmqu e Po rts and Ancient To wns

o E b b sfleet to o mm mo th e Cr ss at , erected c e rate landing St Augustine Facsimile o f Do mesday Bo o k Palaeo lithic Flint Implement Neo lithic Celt o f G reensto ne viii ILLUSTRATIONS

’ Kit s Co ty Ho use Richbo ro ugh Castle Patrixbo urne Church Bar fr esto n e Church ’ to M o Gateway St Augustine s nastery , Canterbury To nbridge Castle Ro chester Castle Leeds Castle Ightham M o te

o o o m D rway , C bha Hall

o o Old H uses , Chidding st ne At Penshurst

o o o k Kn le H use , Seven a s R o chester Castle Canterbury Cathedral fro m th e Meado ws ’ Fo o o o o m rt H use , Gravesend (General G rd n s H e) Sir Philip Sidney

o f o Part Garden fr nt, Penshurst Place Chilham Church

Chiddingsto ne .

Aylesfo rd Bridge and Church . E astry Diagrams MAPS

o o Kent , T p graphical Geo l o gical E W ngland and ales , shewing annual rainfall

T h e o o n . 2 6 0 2 Illustrati ns pp 4, 7, 3 , 5 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 ,

1 1 1 m F F 8 0 0 0 8 1 1 8 ar e o o o M . , , , and fr ph t graphs by essrs rith

Co . . o o n . 6 1 0 1 1 1 2 , Ltd , Reigate ; and th se pp 39 , 9 , 5 , 3 , and 5 ar e o m o o T h e o m s o c o fr ph t graphs by H eland A s iati n , Ltd 1 h e Th e Ken t. . County and S ir . Word Me lts Orig in and aning .

It has been well said that our national history is made up of local history , and that our knowledge of the history of England as a whole will be all the better if we learn something of the way i n which the English T kingdoms were formed . his will help us to understand the relation which our modern divisions bear to the T ‘ m m ancient ones . hese odern divisions are na ed counties

' Stafio rd and shires, and we call one Kent and another

afiix sbir e shire . In the latter instance , we note the , while in the former there is not this special ending . Let

diiIeren c e us endeavour to find out the reason for this , and we shall then be in a better position to understand the origin of the county of Kent in the early days of our history . Look carefully at a map of England and make a list

' /yz r e of the divisions that end in s . It may at once be said that these are portions or sbar es of a larger division : T S ff hus ta ordshire was once a part of Mercia, one of the great kingdoms in early English days . Again Berkshire G m and loucestershire were for erly parts of Wessex ,

B . K . 2 K ENT

another English kingdom . Now look at the map and

hir e f pick o u t the divisions that do not end in s . O these it may generally be said that they are the survivals of the old English kingdoms, which have kept their former extent and in some cases their original names . Perhaps we could not take two better counties S than ussex and Kent to illustrate this fact . Both these counties were originally kingdoms and have retained their bou he earliest times when

settle in England . Th e history of England tells us that our English

i m forefathers divided our land nto several kingdo s, of S which Kent and ussex were two ; so that, for fourteen

n hundred years, these two counties have kept the ames

. T that they now bear hat is a very remarkable fact, and one of the deepest interest for us who are going to read about the geography of Kent . History and geography m have a very close connexion at ti es, and here the one subject helps to illustrate the other . T h e very word Kent has a history that carries us

back to a period before the invasion of Julius Caesar . While most of our present English counties have English

names, ring one of Keltic

an t1 u 1t rs witness to its q y, and leads

i to u n der an d m st . us that there is much in a na e Norfolk, S ff S u olk, Essex , ussex and Middlesex are all good English

words , whose meaning is evident at a glance . But with ff Kent the case is entirely di erent, and one has to learn a good deal of history to know h o w it g o t its name and M M

why it has kept its name . COUNTY AND SHIRE 3

0 B C was Pytheas, who lived about 3 5 . . , one of the earliest explorers who visited our land , and he mentions

Cantion as one of the places he visited . Ptolemy , who 1 0 A D flourished about 5 . . , and was one of the greatest of ancient geographers speaks of Cantium , which may be said , roughly, to be represented by the modern Kent . In those early times we may safely say that the Kelts were living in England , and so it comes about that Kent is

C ain t derived from , a Keltic word meaning the open country, and was given to the long slip of land lying

- along the sea shore and the T hames .

° E n /151) C/Jr an ic le Can twam In the g , Caint becomes

[ an d Cen t D o mesda B ac k and , and in the y it is written

ben tb C . In later histories it takes the form Kent, as you

e th e. resen t T s e it on the map of England at p time . here m is one other fact of interest that may be entioned . Kent has two cathedral cities— Canterbury and Rochester— and m this probably arose because , in early English ti es, it was m — subdivided into two kingdo s East and West Kent .

Canterbury was the capital of East Kent , and its name ” - —b r i Cant wara y g means the town of the men of Kent .

T h e Can tu ar Archbishop of Canterbury signs his name , which is simply a contraction of C an tu arien sis the See Latinised title of the .

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 5

h e . , 2 . General C aract ristics lts Position

and Natural Conditions . It is generally admitted that Kent is one of the most interesting of our English counties, and there are many reasons why this county should be the first to be noticed in studying the geography of England . Kent h as been the scene of some of the most note in worthy events our history, about which we shall read

ma was in later chapters . Here it y be mentioned that it the first English landing- place of Julius Caesar and his R oman army ; Hengest and Horsa, the leaders of the

Jutes, first conquered Kent and settled in it ; and , at a later date, Augustine first set foot in Kent to Chris

i n ise t a it .

Again , Kent is the land first seen by the majority of v visitors from the Continent, and they tra el through the ” n Royal cou ty to reach the metropolis . Kent may be

- regarded as the corner stone of the kingdom , guarding it ff with chalk cli s, the white walls of old England . T h e T m broad estuary of the ha es, washing its northern shore, is covered with vessels that carry to London the riches of all parts of the world , while Kent itself has numerous ports that have a large and increasing trade .

T h as hus we see that Kent the first claim on our attention, because of its importance in our national history, and also m owing to its favourable situation for trade and com erce .

- Kent is a maritime county. in the south east of England .

It is nearer to France than any other portion of England , 6 K ENT and the Strait of Dover is only about 2 0 miles across at T h e - its narrowest part . extent of the Kentish coast line is

O - considerable, and measuring both the pen sea board and T the estuary of the hames and Medway, there is a total - 1 0 length of water line of about 4 miles .

Kent is one of our agricultural counties , and has always been famous for its corn and hops, apples and cherries , sheep and deer . It has been well named the G ” arden county, and a French visitor to England, more 2 00 than years ago, remarked that the grass seemed to be

finer and of a better colour . than elsewhere . After a long “ T h e and glowing account of Kent , he thus concludes, eye cannot but be much delighted with the natural and even neglected beauty of the country, and the English ” have reason to value it . In every way Kent has great advantages as an agri

its cultural county . Its soil is fertile ; climate is equable ;

and there are special facilities, both by land and water,

u for carrying its produce to s itable markets . T h e north-western portion of Kent is now part of

is the county of London , and in this small area a large

industrial population , who either work in the metropolis

or gain their livelihood in the boroughs of Deptford,

G . reenwich , Woolwich , or Lewisham We know how the position of G reat Britain as the ff centre of the land hemisphere has a ected its history, and

made it the greatest maritime nation . In a similar way, We may attribute the wealth and prosperity of Kent to n its fine position , its nearness to the Continent, its le gth

of coast, and its fertility of soil . Kent may be con

8 KENT

. S z e. S h e. B h 3 i ap o undaries . Detac ed

Po rtion .

w th e - Kent, hich occupies south eastern extremity

of England , may be considered a peninsula with two T h e promontories . northern promontory is formed by

Fo ren ess F and the North oreland , while the southern

promontory is Dungeness . T h e 6 length of the county is 4 miles, if measured F from London to the North oreland , and the breadth ,

measured from the North Foreland to Dungeness , is 8 he 3 miles . T circumference of the county is about 1 0 7 miles, and this encloses an area of acres or 1 554 sq . miles .

In point of size , Kent is the ninth English county, and embraces an area about one thirty—third of the whole

of England . It is interesting to note that Kent is a little S m larger than Essex , rather smaller than o erset , and more than twice as large as any other county in the T hames

basin . If we compare the shape of Kent with that of other

English counties, we shall find that it is more compact, and is roughly the shape of a quadrilateral . T h e boundaries of Kent on the north are the estuary T Sea of the hames and the North , while on the east and

- Sea S south east the county is bounded by the North , trait

. O n of Dover, and the English Channel the west, Kent S - S is bordered by urrey, and on the south west by ussex

and the river Rother . It will thus be seen that on the S I! E SHAPE BOUNDARIES 9

- west and south west the boundaries are mainly artificial , while on the other sides they are natural . T here is one peculiarity connected with Kent that may be noticed in this chapter . A part of Kent is situated in Essex, and is known as North Woolwich . T here are other counties where the same thing occurs, but it is very difficult to get a satisfactory explanation of this fact . Why a portion of Kent should be in Essex has given rise to many theories, none of which is entirely acceptable . Perhaps this isolated portion of Kent in Essex dates from the time when Essex and Kent formed one was kingdom . When the separation came about , it probably arranged , for some reason or other, that Kent should resume its former territory plus this district in

n e Essex . O of our historians gives what is probably the best reason for part of Kent being in Essex . He says S ff that Count Haimo, heri of Kent in William the Con ’ u ero r s q reign , had land on both sides of the river at

) 0 11 Woolwich , and in this way the property the north bank in Essex became included in the county of Kent . T here are also some parishes that have outlying portions in other parishes . It is given as an explanation that as some of these isolated spots are in the centres of forests, or in places where there were forests in ancient times, the inhabi tants of the lowland , or open land , had parts of forests given them for purposes of fu el and that when the trees were cut down , and the place left bare in the middle of the forest, they claimed that land as

wn part of their o parish .

h as It now been settled , by Act of Parliament, that 10 K ENT these outlying portions may be joined with the district in w hich they are situated , if both parties interested 1n the m locality are agreed to the a algamation .

. S f e Ge e 4 ur ac and n ral Features .

We shall understand the succeeding chapters in the geography of Kent all the better if we first get a good

T h e W eald o f K ent

h e idea of the chief features of its surface . T surface of

u c h afac ter Kent is q ite English in , for, although there

‘

are no mountains or hills of any height, there is con siderable T variety in its physical features . here are

marshlands along the T hames and also in the south ; SURFACE AND GENERAL FEATURES 11 there are breezy downs and fertile valleys ; broad plains and the region known as the Weald, which was once part of an extensive forest , T h e most interesting feature of the county is the T range of hills known as the North Downs . hey enter S the county from urrey, a little north of Westerham, and ff extend to the chalk cli s of Dover, where they terminate S ff in hakespeare Cli , a bold and picturesque headland ’ made famous by Shakespeare s reference to it in King

Lear T h e . North Downs may be called the backbone f K . of ent, although not a continuous range A re erence to the map will show that it is broken in three places in S Kent , by the rivers Darent , Medway, and tour . T h e North Downs occupy the main portion of the h e county and contain the highest points . T chief eleva

Fo lkesto n e tions are within a short distance of , where Paddlesworth Hill and some others attain a height of over 600 m feet ; and near Westerha , where the Downs reach ’ elevat1o n Betso m s 8 1 1 their maximum in Hill , feet high . South of the T hames valley there is a district with some wooded hills . Greenwich and Blackheath are S ’ familiar names , and hooter s Hill near Woolwich is T 424 feet in height . his , however, is a region of little importance when compared with the North Downs as a whole .

T h e two North Downs really divide Kent into parts . T o the north of the Downs runs a narrow strip of low land, broken by river estuaries and marshy islands, such S as the Isle of heppey, and , for the most part, devoid of interesting scenery . Between Dartford and G ravesend 12 KENT

an m r e o - m y anufactures are ca ri d o n . T the south of the Downs lies a belt of undulating country belonging to T a the Wealden district . his lower l nd is separated from S R ussex by the river other, and ends at the English

Channel in Romney Marsh .

T h e w eald f Weald ( orest) is a large tract, extending

R S In m w as from omney Marsh to urrey . ancient ti es it ’ An dreds— a forest, known as Wald . Most of the forest

land has been cleared , and towns and villages have Sprung T up . here are still , however, some beautiful woodlands,

and the whole district is very picturesque . Indeed the G Weald is called the arden of Kent, and well it T fi deserves this name . here are rich corn elds , smiling

- pastures, fruitful orchards, and beautiful hop gardens

and the comfortable homesteads, with substantial farm

- - - buildings, hop oasts and well stored stack yards, all go to h s ow that Kent is one of the most fruitful of our counties . T h e district known as Romney Marsh h as an area e R e of about acres . It ext nds from Hythe to y ,

1 8 1 2 . a distance of miles, and has a breadth of about miles R D omney Marsh also includes Walling, enge, and some T h e other marshlands, and embraces twenty parishes .

sea Marsh is protected from the by Dymchurch Wall , an d f T h e , but for this, the sea would over low it at once . drainage of the Marsh is effected by a number of divisions “ ” waterlin s called g , and the district is now provided with

s good roads . Cattle and heep are reared in great numbers, T h e for there is abundance of good pasture . sheep are a peculiar breed , hardy, and able to endure privations from d the cold and amp . R L F 13 a R AND G AT R S t SU FACE ENE A E U E

T here is no doubt that the whole of Romney Marsh

a re was once covered by the se . Perhaps it was first claimed by the Romans ; and when the Saxons settled h e t . T here, they were called Marsh men hey, how e ever, did littl to protect the marshes from the inroads of the sea ; but there are records of this work being undertaken at a later date by the Archbishop of Canter

bury, who owned this land .

D ymchurch C hurch

In a later chapter we shall have something mo re to

- al say about the building of the sea w l , and its repair by “ ” the Lords of the Levels . Here we would remark

R ; that although omney Marsh is not, at first sight, one a of ! the most be utiful parts of Kent, yet it has features 14 K ENT

ff T h that appeal to the best a ections of our nature . e - f wide stretches of rich grass lands, the locks of docile

" -o f- - sheep , the hospitable dwellers in this out the way peninsula, and the number of its churches all go to

R has show that omney Marsh a character of its own , e both in the physical and economic lif of Kent .

. W e he . ve 5 at rs d Ri rs .

From the previous chapter it will be gathered that the watershed of Kent is the chalk range o f the North T v D . owns his line of hills is cleft by se eral rivers, flowing northward to the T hames . From west to east the T hames receives the following feeders from Kent R ' D f . O avensbourne, Cray, arent, and Medway course, T ‘ the hames cannot be called a Kentish river, but as it bounds the northern shore of the county it will be specially notic ed in the chapter on the coast of Kent . Here we need only note that the estuary of the T hames extends to the Nore Lightship ; and that from London “ T m ’ ” to the Nore the ha es is the world s exchange . T here is a ceaseless passage of vessels to and from all parts of the world ; and , although this part of the T hames is not beautiful as regards its scenery , its com l m merc ia i portance is unrivalled . T h e most important of all the Kentish rivers is the T Medway . It is the finest tributary of the hames and has a total length of 60 miles . A glance at the map

fo r - will show that it is the great outlet Mid Kent .

16

From its mouth to a spot between Aylesford and

Maidstone the Medway is tidal , although formerly the

fl . o r b T h e tide owed a mile two a ove Maidstone . S Medway has four sources, two of them being in ussex,

O n e S . one in Kent , and one in urrey of these streams G in S rises near East rinstead ussex, and flowing to Pens

- hurst, it receives the Eden , a little mill stream . It then T proceeds by onbridge to Yalding, where it is increased T h e by the waters of the T eiss and Beult . main stream R now pursues its course past Maidstone to ochester, where

the estuary is very picturesque . For the last twelve miles of its course the estu ary of the Medway is deep and nearly

n S it a mile across . O its way to heerness passes Chatham

U n o r T and p Castle, and enters the hames between the S G Isles of heppey and rain , after it has received the water th e S of wale . T h e R avensbourne , a little stream ten miles long , rises near Keston Common and flows past Bromley and f T he Lewisham to Dept ord . Cray, which gives its name to several villages and to Crayford , rises near

O rpington and falls into the Darent near Dartford . T h e D Darent, which gives its name to arenth and e Dartford , rises near W sterham and runs under the

North Downs, through which it forms a pass . It passes '

O E n esfo rd S . tford, y , and utton on its way to Dartford , f T and after a course of twenty miles alls into the hames . T h e country through which the Dart flows is ve ry pic tu res u e - q , and, in part of its course , it provides water power for paper mills and gunpowder works .

f T e are Besides the rivers lowing into the hames, ther WATERSHED AND RIVERS 17

S f - the tour, which lows in a north easterly direction to the S v R trait of Do er, and the other, which is the boundary

T h e S is on the Sussex side . tour entirely a Kentish l river throughout its course of 40 mi es . It rises in two m G strea s, which are known as the reater and the Lesser T h e S Stour . Lesser tour rises near Lyminge and joins

R eculver Church

S h . T e G S the other river at tourmouth reater tour, or m main stream , rises near Lenha , and passing Ashford

its and Canterbury, proceeds to junction with the Lesser

S . T h e f tour two rivers now form a channel , lowing by

so T . two mouths to the sea, as to form the Isle of hanet T h e R northern branch falls into the sea at eculver, the

B . K . 2 18 KE NT

S southern passes andwich to enter Pegwell Bay . T his

Wan tsu m channel, formerly called the , was at one time

of great importance . Both the G reater and Lesser Stour — have excellent trout and salmon trout .

T he R Ro th erfield S other rises at in ussex, and for several miles forms the boundary between Kent and S . sea R e ussex It enters the at y , but formerly its mouth was at New Romney . In the reign of Edward I it deserted the old channel for the present one .

6. Ge o ol g y and S o il .

G th e stu d By eology we mean y of the rocks, and we / must at the outset explain that the term r ock is used by the geologist without any reference to the hardness or compactness of the material to which the name is applied ; thus he speaks of loose sand as a rock equally with a hard substance like granite . R 1 ocks are of two kinds, ( ) those laid down mostly

2 . under water, ( ) those due to the action of fire T h e first kind may be compared to sheets of paper

T beds one over the other . hese sheets are called , and such

beds are usually formed of sand (often containing pebbles),

mud or clay , and limestone, or mixtures of these materials . T fl f-lat hey are laid down as at or nearly sheets, but may afterwards be tilted as the result of movement of the ’ earth s crust, just as you may tilt sheets of paper, folding

them into arches and troughs , by pressing them at either

so end . Again , we may find the tops of the folds pro GEOLOGY AND SOIL 19

du c edwashed away as the result of the wearing action of

- rivers, glaciers and sea waves upon them, as you might cut o ff the tops of the folds of the paper with a pair of T m shears . his has happened with the ancient beds for ing ’ parts of the earth s crust, and we therefore often find them

tilted , with the upper parts removed . T h e other kind of rocks are known as igneous rocks, which have been melted under the a ction of fire and

become solid on cooling . When in the molten state they have been poured out at the surface as the lava of

volcanoes, or have been forced into other rocks and cooled

in the cracks and other places of weakness . Much material is also thrown out of volcanoes as volcanic ash

dn . and dust, and is piled up the sides of the volcano

S m ma so uch ashy aterial y be arranged in beds, that it partakes to some extent of the qualities of the two great

rock groups . T h e production of beds is of great importance to s geologist , for by means of these beds we can classify the

rocks according to age . If we take two sheets of paper,

u ei' and lay one on the top of the other on a table , the pp w S m one has been laid do n after the other . i ilarly with two beds, the upper is also the newer, and the newer will

- m remain on the top after earth move ents, save in very exceptional cases which need not be regarded by us here, and for general purposes we may regard any bed or set of beds resting on any other in our own country as being et the newer bed or s . T h e movements which affect beds may occur at ffe m . O n e set ma f di rent ti es of beds y be laid down lat, 2— 2 20 K ENT

n th e then throw into folds by movement, the tops of

o ff beds worn , and another set of beds laid down upon the

o f worn surface of the older beds , the edges which will abut against the oldest of the new set of flatly deposited beds , which latter may in turn undergo disturbance and renewal of their upper portions .

n Agai , after the formation of the beds many changes T may occur in them . hey may become hardened , pebble

. beds being changed into conglomerates, sands into sand stones, muds and clays into mudstones and shales , soft deposits of lime into limestone, and loose volcanic ashes T into exceedingly hard rocks . hey may also become cracked , and the cracks are often very regular, running in S two directions at right angles one to the other . uch

oin ts cracks are known asj , and the joints are very important

ff . T in a ecting the physical geography of a district hen , as the result of great pressure applied sideways, the rocks

may be so changed that they can be split into thin slabs, which usually, though not necessarily, split along planes standing at high angles to the horizontal . Rocks affected

l tes in this way are known as s a . fl If we could atten out all the beds of England , and arrange them one over the other and bore a shaft through

them , we should see them on the sides of the shaft, the

newest appearing at the top and the oldest at the bottom , S 2 . as shown on p . 4 uch a shaft would have a depth T h e of between and feet . strata beds are

divided into three great groups called Primary or Palaeozoic , S T econdary or Mesozoic, and ertiary or Cainozoic, and b elow the Primary rocks are the oldest rocks of Britain , GEOLOGY AN D SOIL 21 which form as it were the foundation stones on which the

other rocks rest . T hese may be spoken of as the T h e Precambrian rocks . three great groups are divided T h e into minor divisions known as systems . names of these systems are arranged in order in the figure with

a very rough indication of their relative importance , though the divisions above the Eocene are made too

thick, as otherwise they would hardly show in the figure .

O n the right hand side, the general characters of the rocks

of each system are stated . With these preliminary remarks we may now proceed

to a brief account of the geology of the county .

In considering the geology of Kent it will be well ,

at the outset , to note that, as a rule , the older rocks are

exposed on the surface in the south of the county, while

the more recent are found in the north . Further, it is well to remember that two great forces have helped to

its m give Kent present physical for . First, the district

known as the Weald has been raised , while the beds in T h the north of Kent have been depressed . e second

process has taken place by the agency of rain and rivers, so that the softer parts have disappeared more rapidly T than the hard . his accounts for the presence of the

an d e hills vall ys of Kent .

We will begin with a description of the oldest rocks, and proceed step by step to the newer and later- formed T h e rocks . Wealden Beds, which occur in the south of 2 000 T h the county, have a thickness of over feet . e

strata have been divided into two classes, the Hastings

Beds and the Weald Clay . It is believed that the entire 22 KENT

r 1ver mass was deposited in the estuary of a great , for the

- fossils found are either fresh water shells, or bones of crocodiles or of a great land reptile . T h e f Hastings Beds are chie ly sandy , and are in the T h e extreme south of the county . scenery of this tract is varied and beautiful , and the ground is hilly . Very fine exposures of the sandstonerocks are to be seen round T ’ R T unbridge Wells, where Harrison s ocks and the oad

R Ru sth all ock at Common are the best examples .

T h e o ad o e b e W e s T R ck , n ar Tun ridg ll

T h e fl Weald Clay is a low, at tract of land from four to six miles wide, which runs east and west by

r h T unbridge to Romney l\/Ia s . I t is a brown or blue clay, badly drained and mostly in pasture . At Hythe the - Weald Clay yields fresh water and marine shells ,

CHA RACT E RS o r Ro c xs

Rec en t 85 Pleisto c en e san ds su erfic ia de o sits , p l p RTIARY Plio c en e d Eo c en e c lays an san ds c h i efly

c h a k at to p Cr etac eo u s l san dsto n es mu dan d c a s b e o w , l y l

sh a es san dsto n es an d OND RY l , A Jur assic o o liti c limesto n es

r edsan dsto n es an dmar s su m an , y Tr iassic l g p salt r ed san dsto n es magn esi an limesto n

san ds o n es sh a es an d c o a s at to t , l l p san dsto n es in midd e Carb o nifer o u s l limesto n e an d shales belo w

r ed san dsto n es Devo nian , sh a es s ates an d mes o n es l , l li t

san dsto n es an d shales thin limesto n es

MARY Or do vic ian

Camb rian

Pr e-Camb rian GEOLOGY AND SOIL 25

T h e Chalk ends the series of strata known as the S R T econdary ocks, which are succeeded by ertiary T formations of a recent period . hey are found in a tract of land , from six to eight miles wide, running T h e along the south side of the T hames . oldest of T T S the ertiaries are the hanet ands, which are evident T at Pegwell Bay and Reculver . hey are fine grey or

ff . bu sands, but quite destitute of fossils T h e th e T S Woolwich Beds rest on hanet ands, and are to be seen in the great p 1ts at Lewisham and Charlton . T hey are also exposed at Cobham Park, near Canterbury, T and at Herne Bay . hey consist of mottled clays and sand and pebbles, in which some fossils are found .

We have now reached the London Clay , which is 8 0 S 4 feet thick in the Isle of heppey . It forms the top ’ of Shooter s Hill and is found in the wooded tract between

. S it Canterbury, Whitstable, and Herne Bay In heppey contains bands of septaria, which are nodules of carbonate T h e of lime and iron pyrites . former is used to make T h e cement, and the latter to make copperas . London

Clay is also used for brick and tile making . In the

London Clay great numbers of fossils have been found, such as nautilus shells, crabs, turtles, sharks , birds, and 2 00 over species of plants . T h e last of the geological divisions of Kent we shall as T class the Alluvial deposits . hese are found in a T m narrow strip along the hames, at Woolwich, Plu stead and elsewhere ; on either side of the Medway estuary ; R m and in the district of the o ney Marsh .

Before we pass to the next chapter, we may profitably 26 KENT

consider the soil of the county . Kent is one of the chief agricultural counties of England, and has long been famous for the fertility of its soil, and the varied and bountiful crops it produces . In such a large county, ff and with such di erent physical features , the soil varies in quality and character . Chalk soils of little value are found on the sides of hills and on the borders of the

T hames . Loamy soils of various depths and quality a are common in the v lleys . Clay soils that are cold o and tenacious are c mmon in the west of Kent, or ff G sti and heavy as in parts of the Weald . ravelly soils prevail about Dartford and Blackheath , while sandy soils are frequent in West Kent , on the commons and heaths . S ff heppey has much deep , strong, sti clay, and its R m marshes have a surface of vegetable mould . o ney m Marsh has a soil of fine soft loa , with a mixture of sea- T n sand . hanet is in a high state of cultivatio , owing to its rich soil ; while the Weald has long been famed its for fertility .

. N H 7 atural istory . m Various facts, which can only be shortly entioned here , go to show that the British Isles have not existed as such , and separated from the Continent, for any great length of geological time . Around our coasts, for instance, are in several places remains of forests now sunk beneath sea the , and only to be seen at extreme low water . Between England and the Continent the sea is very shallow, but a little west of Ireland we soon come to NATURAL HISTORY 27

G i very deep soundings . reat Br tain and Ireland were

thus once part of the Continent, and are examples of

what geologists call recent continental islands . But we also have no less certain proof that at some anterior T he period they were almost entirely submerged . fauna fl and ora thus being destroyed, the land would have to be restocked with animals and plants from the Continent fl m when union again took place , the in ux of course co ing

Th e P enshurst O ak

As ' . was n o t from the east and south , however, it long

before separation occurred , not all the continental Species

could establish themselves . We should thus expect to find that the parts in the neighbourhood of the continent

o ff were richer in species and those furthest poorer, and

this proves to be the case both in plants and animals . W hile Britain has fewer species than France or Belgium ,

h eland has still less than B ritain . 28 K ENT

T h e flora of Kent is as rich and varied as that of any

part of England . Indeed , Kent would not be called the Garden of England if it were not well stocked with fl owers . T his abundant and diversified flora is partly owing to the fact that Kent possesses the necessary conditions to enable nearly all our plants to find a

suitable home . T h e county has a long stretch of tidal river with its f - T ff resh water and brackish marshes . here are cli s of stiff R London clay between Whitstable and eculver, which ff T are followed by the chalk cli s of hanet, and the sandy — shingle of Pegwell Bay . Extensive sand dunes near Sand R m ff wich , Deal, and New o ney ; the sheltered undercli from Dover to Fo lkesto n e ; and the coarse shingly beach at Dungeness together afford a variety of soil for the most fl varied ora around the long coast . h e ff T he T inland parts o er equally varied conditions .

’ ff strata elevatio n di erent soils , geological , , and exposure fl to shade and moisture favour great diversity in the ora . T h e most important and distinctive feature of the Kentish flora is to be found in the abundance and variety of the

. O u t orchidaceous plants of 44 British species, no less T h e than 3 3 are found in Kent . purple orchis and the

spotted orchis are especially common .

Sir Lord Avebury, who is better known as John

u The Sc en er L bbock, has written a charming book on y

n lan d of E g . In that volume he gives a botanical sketch of the Kentish commons ; and it will be interesting to “ : read his description of them A Kentish common is ,

however, no mere bit of bare worthless land , sparsely NATURAL HISTORY 29

covered with bents and other coarse grasses and weeds, but is set with birches and junipers , broom and gorse, wild roses and hollies, yews and guelder roses , clematis and honeysuckle , growing over white , pink and blue milkwort, blue veronica, pink heather, and yellow rock rose , sweet with the fragrance of the furze and roses, and the aromatic scent of the pine woods . In the hollows are many pools, fringed by reeds and rushes, irises and water grasses, with green carpets of sphagnum , studded with red sundew, and dotted over with the pure white flossy flags of cotton grass ; while on the water repose the f beautiful leaves and still more lovely lowers of the lilies, fl over which hover many butter ies , while brilliant metallic ” - dragon flies flash or dart about . T h e number of species of animals found in Kent is

so fairly large, that it will be possible to refer to only a R very few of them . eference will be made to some of m m the do estic ani als in the chapter on agriculture, and the fishes will be noticed in the chapter on the fisheries of Kent . T h e wild animals of Kent are similar to those that T are found in most English counties . hey comprise l among others the badger, fox, hare, rabbit, squirre , stoat T h e and weasel . otter is almost extinct . Fallow deer are preserved for the parks ; and the fox is kept for the chase . We cannot look in Kent for any great abundance of

- the northern water fowl or larger birds of prey, such as

firth s S we find, for example , on the and moors of cotland

b u t or northern England, taken as a whole the birds of 3 0 K ENT — Kent are of very numerous species as numerous, prob T . du ably, as those of any other county his is partly e

to the varied nature of the country, to which we have

already referred, and partly to geographical position .

is Kent , it true , does not experience the full force of the stream of migration which strikes Lincolnshire and

Norfolk with such especial strength in the season , but,

sh e — e on the other hand, receives as do s the neighbouring county of Sussex—many a rare continental visitor from

the south , and hence brilliantly coloured strangers like the bee-eater or golden oriole are more frequently seen

here than further north ( too often , unhappily, to fall victims to the ruthless collector) and many a rare warbler

escapes notice by virtue of its inconspicuous plumage . Kent is especially noteworthy as having three birds par tic u larly appertaining to it so far as their names are

concerned, though they are not in any way limited to the T S county . hey are the Kentish plover, the andwich tern , T h e and the Dartford warbler . two former are found over O ld a large part of the World , and the latter in various

places in southern Europe .

Just as we noticed that the woods, the marshes, a the shingle , and the s nd accounted for the luxuriant

f so r lora of Kent , we may obse ve that the same varieties of soil and flora account for the butterflies and moths and

th e numerous insects . It is well known that many larvae

thrive mainly, if not solely, on their own special food

plants, and thus, if a certain species is required it is only

- necessary to cultivate the food plant, and the desired

' a T u species will soon ppear . hus we need not be s rprised

3 2 KE NT

G “ G Below Deptford , we come to reenwich , the reen ” town , which was a favourite station of the old North men . G reenwich is a town that has played an important

as part in our history, and we shall make further reference “ ” to this royal borough , we will only note that it is O famous for the Hospital and the bservatory, both of which are of national importance .

G reenwich H o spi tal

G Leaving reenwich , we soon reach Woolwich , which m R once had a dockyard , but is now fa ous for the oyal

O n 15 Arsenal . the opposite shore North Woolwich ,

- which has a steam ferry running every few minutes . Among the historic ships that have been launched from

u een E liz abet/y Woolwich dockyard we may mention the Q ,

1 Ro al So ver ei n 1 6 - in 5 59 , the y g , in 3 7, and the ill fated

Ro al eo r e was h G 1 1 . y g , in 75 It about this last vessel t at ” “ e Cowper wrote his poem T h e Loss of the Royal Georg . ROUND THE COAST 3 3

-o f-a- At Woolwich , the river is a quarter mile wide, and the land on the Kentish shore begins to rise . Erith , “ ” the old haven , is about four miles distant, and is rapidly becoming a riverside town of some note . Near Erith i pier there are some public gardens along the r ver, and T h e about a mile lower we come to Dartford Creek .

- G river now runs south east until we reach reenhithe , which has considerable trade in chalk and lime . From G 1 8 E r ebu s Ter r o r reenhithe , in May, 45 , the and , under

Sir John Franklin , sailed on their last fatal expedition to

fl' G Wo r cester the Polar Seas . O reenhithe lies the , a ship which is used as a training college to prepare the sons of T h e gentlemen for the naval profession . river now turns

- - f north east and then south east to North leet, which is quite close to G ravesend . f Much chalk is still burnt at North leet, and lime is T h e fl exported to Holland and elsewhere . ints from the - S ff chalk pits are sent not only to ta ordshire , but even to

. G China, for the use of the potteries ravesend almost forms one town with Northfleet and is a place of consider m able i portance, for it occupies the first rising ground

- after entering the river . O utward bound vessels lie here to complete their cargoes ; and the right to convey passengers to and from London was once the privilege of m S 1 the boat en of this town . ebastian Cabot in 553 , and 1 6 m Martin Frobisher in 5 7 , asse bled their little ships at

G u een m ravesend , after ( l Elizabeth had wished the fare at G well reenwich . — Below G ravesend the river widens to half- a mile and 8 the depth at low water is 4 feet . Here the T hames

B K . . 3 3 4 K ENT

Yke H o e its h forms p , the last of sixteen reaches . T e fl banks on either side are at, and there is little of interest ,

for no object breaks the level line of shore . After passing

Hope Point , the river runs almost due east to the Isle of G its rain , and here waters mingle with those of the

n G is . O Medway the Isle of rain Port Victoria, whence

steamers run to Sheerness and the Continent . Sheerness S is a dockyard on the Island of heppey, and of great

importance , as it is the headquarters of the Commander

n - i Chief at the Nore . T h e S Nore Lightship is on the Nore and , midway S S T between heerness and hoeburyness, where the hames

n o w is six miles wide . We are fairly in the North Sea and the long line of the Kentish coast runs south -east to

Warden Point .

th e S he e to 9 . Round Coast pp y

Dung eness .

T h e S is wale the channel, or river as it is sometimes S called, which separates heppey from the mainland . It was formerly part of the water-way from London to m Dover, but has long ago lost its i portance . Crossing S the wale, we arrive at Whitstable, an ancient town ,

T u n m . fa ous for its oyster fisheries his picturesque, yet

tidy port is fu ll of queer nooks and unexpected corners .

“ Between Whitstable and the opposite Essex coast, the 1 tideway has a breadth of 8 miles . From Whitstable onwards for nearly 2 0 miles the coast runs generally east

with not a harbour of importance .

3 6 KENT

- Herne Bay is a rapidly growing sea side town , a few miles east of Whitstable . It is a popular resort in the season , and, among its attractions, there are good sands T h e ff a and a long pier . cli s become higher as we p R proach eculver, which has only twin Spires to remind us of its former importance , when it commanded the Wan tsu m northern entrance to the river , separating

T he Wan tsu m T hanet from the mainland . was once used by vessels to avoid the passage round the Forelands . ff Birchington is next reached ; there the chalk cli s , which are such a prominent feature on the Kentish coast, are first seen . From this town , they continue almost R m without a break to a sgate . W estgate is next passed on our way to Margate, which is one of the most popular of all the Kentish seaside resorts . Londoners have long valued a trip to “ G Sea Margate, ate of the , and every year it seems to

‘ offer greater attractions to its visitors . We now round T the Isle of hanet, passing the North Foreland , on our T h e m way to B roadstairs and Ramsgate . for er is much

frequented for its quiet, its bracing air, and extensive U ff sands . pon a point of the cli overlooking the harbour

and pier is Bleak House , which was, for some time, the

residence of Charles Dickens . Ramsgate has a south- western aspect and is c o n se m quently milder than Margate . It has a harbour of ore than 5 0 acres in area and capable of receiving 400 vessels m o f at one ti e . It thus forms a harbour refuge for the t Downs, and , with its two fine piers, is a very favouri e R e watering place . amsgate is near Pegw ll Bay, famous Th e F e G te S d h ish r a , an wic 3 8 K ENT

bbsfleet . E for its shrimps is of historic interest, for it was probably here that Hengest and Horsa landed in the fifth century and St Augustine and his missionaries at the S close of the Sixth century . Further south is andwich , a

its - decayed seaport, now famous for golf links . S Leaving andwich , we find that the coast runs almost S due south to the outh Foreland . From Sandwich to

lo w Deal the coast is generally , marshy, and uninteresting . Deal and Walmer have two historic castles and fine

beaches . Looking seawards at Deal , the Downs present m an animated scene with their nu erous vessels . When ’ St Margaret s is reached the cliffs are high and there is T a considerable bank of shingle . here is a lighthouse S at the outh Foreland, which stands 3 74 feet above sea- ff fi level . From the cli s, a magni cent view can be S D obtained across the trait of over, which is here at its ’ t narrowest . Between S Margaret s Bay and Dover the 0 chalk cliffs attain a height of from 3 00 to 40 feet . Dover has always been an important port from the ff R . time of the omans Between the cli s, we see a busy

port , with its fine harbour and piers ; while on the heights S are the fortifications and barracks . outhward from

is S ff 0 Dover the celebrated hakespeare Cli , 3 5 feet above

sea the . Near this spot, it is contemplated to construct a

tunnel to Calais . Between Dover and Folkestone the cliffs consist of

‘ 0 0 chalk and rise to 5 feet . In East Wear Bay a great landslip took place in the m1ddle of the last century and — formed an undercliff known as the Warren a picturesque tract and a happy hunting ground for the geologist and

40 K ENT

T Kent . Along the hames estuary and thence as far as Folkestone the sea has made serious inroads on the land but from Folkestone to Dungeness the land has gained at

se the expense of the a.

F o lkesto n e Harb o ur

T h e most serious losses of land h ave occurred on S R heppey , at Herne Bay , eculver, and Whitstable while the sea has retreated from the following towns that were

— L mn e R R once seaports y , omney, Hythe, ichborough , S T S S . tonar , andwich , and arre hanet , that was once

Wan tsu m so an island , is now only by name, for the is T h e S S practically dried up . wale , which divides heppey THE COAST— GAINS AND LOSSES 41

o its fr m the mainland , is now only a portion of former width . Let us notice the portions of Ken t that have suffered T he ff most from the inroads of the sea . cli s on the north S 0 of heppey are being destroyed at a rapid rate , at least 5 T h e acres having been lost in 2 0 years . church at

Minster, now near the coast , was in the middle of the

1 8 0 island in 7 . If the present rate of destruction con

tin u es , the whole island will be lost at a not very remote

date . sea Herne Bay can no longer be called a bay, for the

m so has washed away the for er headlands, that the line of T h e coast is almost straight . twin spires of Reculver m mark the site of an ancient town bearing that na e . R f R eculver was once a lourishing oman city, having its

castle and camp, and a mint for the coinage of gold and R silver . Not only did oman emperors live here, but the

early kings of Kent made it their home . T h e R loss of ec ulver has been very gradual . In ’ - — m a sea. 1 8 Leland s time it was half mile fro the In 7 5 , the north wall of the castle had been lost by a fall of the f T he 1 f. 8 0 cli churchyard was entire in 5 , and there was th e ff 1 8 0 a highway between the church and cli s, but in 9, the distance of the church from the cliffs was only a few

yards . An eminent geologist has reckoned that the cliffs between Reculver and the North Foreland lose about two

T n feet yearly ; while those on the south of ha et, between R amsgate and Pegwell Bay , lose as much as three feet

each year . 42 KENT Shakespeare Cli ff at Dover has lost much of its ’ T grandeur since Shakespeare s time . here was a great i ff 1 8 1 0 landsl p from this cli in , and one yet greater in 1 8 72 ; while quite recently other falls from this lofty T eminence have occurred . here is every reason to believe

ff sea that Dover itself has su ered much from the , for the

was harbour , in former times , an estuary . T h e famous Goodwin Sands are said to have formed ’ part of the mainland in Earl Godwine s days . According to history this portion of Godwine ’s estate was over

se 1 S whelmed by the a in 099 . hakespeare refers to the Goodwin Sands in the M er e/pan t of V en ic e as follows

T he the c Goodwins , I think they call pla e ; a very dangerous ” flat the s m lie e . and fatal , where carca es of any a tall ship buri d

T hese sandbanks consist of about 1 5 feet of sand resting T on blue clay . hey are divided into two parts , the North Goodwin and the South G oodwin ; and between i T s . them an inlet called rinity Bay At high water, the sands are covered , but at low water they may be walked upon with safety, and games of cricket have been played on them . We Shall refer to the Goodwin Sands when we deal with the lighthouses and lightships round the

Kentish coast .

T h e sea most extensive district reclaimed from the . is R T h e that known as omney Marsh . work of reclama R tion was probably begun by the omans, and continued S T h e by the axons . first portion to be reclaimed was an

Old R . island , on which the town of omney now stands T h e old town of Lydd once stood upon another island , as

44 KENT

ld T h e ea O G . s did Ivychurch , Winchelsea, and uildford swept round them , and rose far inland at every tide .

Burmarsh and other districts were reclaimed more recently, and by degrees the whole became firm land . Large additions were made to it from time to time f by the deposits of Shingle along the coast, which le t

n several towns , formerly seaports, stra ded upon the beach

L mn e is far inland . y left high and dry more than three

sea miles from the , and Sheep now graze where the R oman galleys once were rowed . West Hythe , once a

Cinque Port, has now a wide stretch of shingle between ld R sea. O the town and the omney , past which the

R f sea other lowed , is about two miles from the .

u ac c u mu Dungeness, running almost due so th , gains latio n s so of shingle rapidly, that it is said to have extended more than a mile seaward within the memory

T 0 8 1 of persons now living . his dep t extends from the m shore in the for of a triangular promontory , the base of

si which measures x miles and the length three miles . T h e 60 00 Shingle deposit covers an area of acres, having T h e a height of about five feet above high water . bulk fl are of the pebbles consists of int , and mixed with these chert and other Stones from the Wealden series and

Greensand formation . THE PROTECTION OF THE COAST 45

— Th e Pro tection o f th e Coast S ea =

walls and Groynes .

We will now consider some of the means that have been adopted to save the coast from further incursions of the river and the sea . Let us begin with the walls and embankments along the T hames . Before the river had been confined within its present channel , it was a very much broader estuary . In many parts, between London m G . T h e and ravesend , it was several iles wide higher tides covered Plumstead and Erith marshes on the th e south , while East Ham and Barking marshes were T also submerged on the north , or Essex shore . hus the river meandered in many winding channels at low water, leav ing on either side expanses of rich mud and ooze . It is not certain whether the Britons or the Romans T built the walls of the hames, but they are the result T h e of skill and bold enterprise . river is now several

feet higher than the level of the surrounding country, b and is practically an aqueduct , raised and supported e

tween its artificial banks . It has been estimated that

these embankments, winding along the river side, up

creeks and little streams, round islands and about marshes, T m from London to the mouth of the ha es, are not less 0 0 than 3 miles long . At various periods breaches in the walls of the

T h as hames have occurred , and their repair often been

m ffi ex en s1ve ost di cult and p . In the reign of Henry VIII 46 K ENT

the marshes at Plumstead and L esn es were submerged and were not reclaimed for a long time ; and the low lands east of G reenwich were also inundated and r e at claimed a later period . From this time the banks on the south side of the T hames have been secured

from breaches .

F T - urther along the estuary of the hames, sea walls

have been built at Westgate , Margate , and elsewhere . Between B irchington and Herde ' Bay the sea-wall and o T c ast have been protected by groynes . hese groynes 1 0 consist of oak posts, feet long, and spaced from 4 to

T o 5 feet apart , driven into the clay beach . the posts T h e are bolted strong horizontal planks . groynes extend

at right angles from the shore, and their length is about

1 0 1 3 feet . In front of Herne Bay there are 9 groynes, and all along the sea- coast a similar system of groynes

prevails . T hese groynes have been the means of sto ppln g the

drift of the shingle to the west , and causing a great accu

mu l tio n - a above high water level . Most of the authorities

along the coast forbid the carting away of Shingle , which is now of such importance in protecting the cliffs from ff a the wasting e ects of the se .

O n - - the south east coast of Kent, and north east of f Dungeness, is a low lat tract of valuable grazing land, which is protected from the sea by Dymchurch Wall . T R his extensive district is known as omney Marsh , and

8 1 0 - its surface is from to feet below high water level .

It is therefore certain that , if this artificial protection were removed, the sea would quickly submerge the

48 K ENT

V 1o len c e - S against the sea wall at andgate, where a breach 0 was of 4 feet long made, and thousands of tons of shingle

were thrown on the roadway .

1 — = = 2 . Th e Co ast S and b anks and Lig ht e h ous s .

T h e T ffi navigation of the hames is now very di cult , and it requires great skill on the part of pilots to avoid the numerous Shoals and sand- banks that occur in the T estuary . A glance at a good map of the hames will show that the navigable portion of the river is a narrow a S channel in the middle of the stre m . ome of the sand

o n as z— S banks the Kentish side are follows Nore and ,

T h e S . Flats , and Margate and O ff G S the east coast of Kent are the oodwin ands , T which have long been of evil repute to mariners . hese 1 0 famous sands extend for miles, at a distance of 5 or

6 miles from the coast . Between the G oodwins and the coast there is a safe anchorage for ships, which is known as the Downs . T h e 1 2 water varies in depth from 4 to fathoms, and it is the largest natural harbour of refuge round our coast . Now in order to assist mariners in navigating o u r

- e river mouths and Shor s there are placed , at various points along the coast, lighthouses, lightships, beacons

u and buoys . It is a c rious fact that very little was done in the way o f lighting our coasts till the beginning Th e P o D o ve har s, r 5 0 K ENT

of the nineteenth century . It is tr u e that about 2 000 years ago towers or beacons were erected on the coast R ‘ by the omans, and one of these , known as the Pharos , i still stands at Dover . But it s worthy of note that a hundred years ago there were only about 3 0 lighthouses and lightships round the B ritish coasts, whereas now 0 there are nearly 9 0 . T h e authority that has “ the duty of erecting and maintaining lighthouses and other marks and signs of ” the sea is known as the Elder Brethren of T rinity

T - House . hey derive their income from light dues 00 000 levied on Shipping, and as this amounts to J£3 , per annum , they are able to erect and maintain light Ste T houses, lightships, beacons, buoys, . hey also have the power to appoint and license pilots, and remove wrecks when dangero u s to navigation . Now let us glance at a few of the lightships and lighthouses around the Kentish coast . In the estuary T S is of the hames is the Nore and , and on it fixed the famous lightship which guides the shipping in and out of the Port of London . T his light was first placed here 1 2 in 73 by Mr Hamblin , who moored a vessel called the

E x er en T he p im t on this sand . light from this ship was found so valuable that the Nore Light was placed under T h e the control of T rinity House . vessel was a red

No r e T h e hull , with the name on its sides . white light

- revolves every half minute . R T ounding the Isle of hanet , midway between R Margate and amsgate , there is the North Foreland

Lighthouse . It is one of the oldest in England , for it

1 68 was first erected in 3 , to take the place of a beacon SAND -BANKS AND LIGHTHOUSES 5 1

o ff G S that had long warned mariners the oodwin ands . 8 0 h e 1 0 1 8 . T It was rebuilt in 79 , and altered in present 2 0 v - light is visible for miles , and occults e ery half minute ,

n - five showi g white and red for twenty seconds, followed by an eclipse of five seconds . G As we should expect, we find that the oodwin S T ands are well lighted . here are four lightships , and

— - in foggy weather fog horns and fog sirens are sounded .

Besides the lightships, no less than nine buoys are moored T h e round the Sands . Goodwin lightships are as fol

: G lows the North oodwin Lightship , which shows a

fl - S G w white ash light ; the outh ood in Lightship , which

-f G u shows a double lash white light ; the ll Lightship , which displays a white revolving light ; the East Good i wn a . Lightship , which shows green revolving light T hese four lights are visible at a distance of 1 0 or

1 1 h as miles in clear weather . Each vessel a red hull ,

with its name on its Sides . At the South Foreland there is now only one light at f house a height of 3 74 feet . It shows a white lash at 6 light visible a distance of 2 miles .

T h e u m Point of D ngeness is ost dangerous , and very ffi w di cult for ships to eather . At one time , there were 2 0 T h e no fewer than wrecks visible in the East Bay . main lighthouse is about 3 1 0 yards within high water

flash - mark , and is a blue brick tower . Its white light is 1 - visible at a distance of 7 miles . A fog siren is sounded

in thick weather, and there is also a signalling station . T h e other lighthouse, with a red cylindrical tower, stands 3 8 feet above high water and 48 0 yards from

the main lighthouse . 5 2 K ENT

1 m . e 3 Cli at and Rainfall .

When we speak of the climate of a district we mean h the average weather of that district . T e climate of our country is everywhere changeable , yet the average of the T changes is not the same for all parts . hus we should say that Kent is on the whole drier and colder than

Cornwall , and if we enquired why this is the case, we ff should find that there are many reasons for this di erence . S m ituation , elevation , vegetation , and many other inor causes are at work to make the climates of Kent and ff Cornwall di erent .

Again , even in Kent itself we find there is variety in T h e the climate . west is drier than the east , and the

r north is colder than the south . In other dist icts we fl find local in uences at work , such as configuration and ff aspect , which tend to make a di erence in the climate

t o - of w places not far apart . A hill slope facing south wards receives the rays of the su n more directly than T does a mpe towards the north . hus it comes about that the southern faces of hills are more sunny and more genial We also know that a sandy surface is the cause of greater extremes of temperature than a heavy clay soil and that vegetation tends to make the climate more e quable . T h e climate of a country has a marked influence

n o its productions , so that we find crops grown in the south-east of England that would not grow in the

in northern part . We know, too, how the climate CLIMATE AND RAINFALL 5 3 f luences the character of people , and how the weather T is one of the factors in our enjoyment of life . here is a Meteorological Society in London which collects from numerous stations particulars of the temperature of the air, the hours of sunshine, the rainfall , and the h e m direction of the winds . T su mary of these appears

n so see day by day in our ewspapers , that we at a glance , by means of a chart or map , exactly what kind of weather has been experienced over the British Isles . At the end of the year these results are totalled and averaged , and we are then in a position to compare and contrast the character of the climate at various places . In this chapter we will compare someo f the climatic G results of Kent with those of England or reat B ritain , as the case may be . In 1 90 5 the mean temperature of England was while that of Kent was T he mean temperature ° in Kent varied from at to 48 7 at T u n \ Margate

. T ff bridge Wells his is a considerable di erence , but can

sea be easily explained by the nearness of Margate to the , T and the fact that unbridge Wells is inland . T he hours of bright sunshine in England in 1 9 0 5 m 1 6 1 6 8 . a ounted to 53 5 , and in Kent to 7 Here, again ,

Kent is in advance of the average for the whole country ; T but, curiously, unbridge Wells, for the same year, had 1 hours of bright sunshine against 5773 at Margate . Margate had 74 sunless days and T unbridge Wells 60 sunless days . T he information with regard to the rain fall of a is country of the highest importance, and it will be

5 6 KENT

T h e of Kent inches . highest rainfall in Kent in

that year was at Paddlesworth , with inches, and

' o f the lowest was at Herne Bay, with a record It is also interesting to note that in 1 90 5 there were 1 86 G 1 8 rain days in reat B ritain , and 7 in Kent . A rain day is one on which inch or more is mea

G n sured . ree wich is a most important station for

meteorological observations . Its rainfall for 1 905 was inches ; its rain days numbered 1 61 ; and its 2 wettest month was June , when 43 3 inches of rain fell . Now let us compare the rainfall of Margate and 1 T unbridge Wells . In 90 5 the rainfall a t Margate w 1 . T u n was inches , hich fell on 73 days At

o u 1 bridge Wells the rainfall was inches 77 days . f O course these results vary from year to year, but they

so have been collected for a number of years , that the average may easily be worked out fo r any place that has

its station for the collection of weather data .

Land fogs are now rare along the south of Kent ,

T sea- owing to improved drainage . here are fogs in the m east, where the Atlantic and Arctic waves of te perature

are apt to clash . In the neighbourhood of London and along the T hames there are frequent fogs in the autumn and winter . T h e - prevailing winds are southerly and south westerly , e T h e and from them there is l ast protection . south of

Kent is , however, well protected from the northerly and

T h e is . easterly winds . high land of the Downs remark — able for its brisk bracing air ; and the sea side resorts all round the coast have a bracing climate . P O — RA A T S TT M NTS 5 E PLE CE, DI LEC , E LE E 7

1 e e— e D e S e eme 4. P op l Rac , ial ct , ttl nts ,

Population .

f Long be ore our English forefathers settled in Kent, this district was inhabited by a B ritish tribe known as the

an ii C t . We know something of these B ritons from a ’ traveller named Pytheas, who visited Kent before Caesar s

T h e an ii invasion . C t resembled the people of Gaul in habits and mode of life, and probably there was some connexion betwee n the people on both sides of the

Channel . R f After the omans had de eated the Britons , the work of civilisation went on , until the victors had to leave our shores , and the Northmen settled in our land . In A D 449 . . the Jutes landed in Kent , which they eventually conquered , for they either killed the Britons or drove T them away to the west . hus the history of the county of Kent, as far as its people were concerned , began anew S in the fifth century . ince then many changes have

sa taken place , but we can y with a fair amount of

- accuracy, that the Kentish people of to day are descended S from the Jutes, Angles, and axons who came over here in the fifth and Sixth centuries . T h e language now spoken in England is based on the

S f - speech of our axon ancestors . O the Anglo Saxon language there were two chief dialects , the Northern and

S . the outhern But after the Norman conquest, these

so six dialects increased , that we now recognise dialects, S of which Kent belongs to the outhern . T h e true 5 8 KE NT

K K dialect of ent is found in East ent , especially in the

Weald , where many of the oldest forms of speech still T survive . here we may hear many old English words ’ that were used in Chaucer s days, and some of the

' peculiarities of Speech are likely to c o n tin u e fo r many years to come .

o f In connexion with this question race and dialect , it is interesting to note that east of the Medway we Speak “ the of A man of Kent, while one who dwells on “ ” m n west of that river is called A Kentish a . T his distinction no doubt dates from the time when there were two kingdoms in Kent , one having its capital at R ochester, and the other at Canterbury . T h e social life of the people of Kent was con siderably changed by the settlement of Skilled artisans in

wool and silk from the L o w Countries and France . T h e people from Holland an d Belgium were known as m Fle ings and Walloons, and they settled at Cranbrook and

in its neighbourhood, where they began the manufacture

of woollen cloths . Broadcloth halls were built, which were the centres of great activity and helped to make

Cranbrook one of the most prosperous towns in Kent . Cranbrook was at the height of its prosperity when Q ueen 1 Elizabeth visited it in 5 73 . T h e Walloons , Huguenots , and other refugees settled S at Canterbury , andwich , and Dover at the time of the th great religious persecutions in e Netherlands and France . 1 6 0 m 1 00 In 3 these visitors nu bered 3 persons , and after R the evocation of the Edict of Nantes, they were double T that number . hese strangers have left their mark C S t ee S dw h hurch r t , an ic 60 K ENT

f on the social and industrial li e of Kent , and although the woollen and silk trades have passed away, the names of French and Flemish descendants yet survive in many a

Kentish parish .

Now let us come to the present day, and consider the character of the population of Kent . When the census 1 0 1 was taken in 9 , there were people in the ancient county of Kent ; but as a portion of the county d is now include in London , the population of the present administrative county was How the population has increased will be evident when we remember that in 1 8 0 1 it was T h e number of people to the 61 8 8 square mile in Kent is , against 55 for England and T h e Wales . population of Kent has mainly increased in

- in the north western , or Metropolitan portion , and Dover,

G . Folkestone, Chatham, and illingham Looking more closely at the figures we find that about two-thirds of the

an d people in Kent live in towns or urban districts, the remainder in the villages or rural districts . T h e census of 1 9 0 1 shows that there were more T h e females than males in Kent . former numbered and the latter People of foreign origin 1 0 1 2 living in Kent in 9 numbered 43 5 , and these came h from all parts of the world . W ere did these people live when the census was taken Of course the greater number were in houses , of which were inhabited . T h here were many people , owever, who were not living e in houses . For instance , about w re in military

H M . 0 0 . . barracks, and 9 5 in naval barracks or on ships

In workhouses, hospitals, asylums , and industrial schools P OP — R T S TT M TS 61 E LE ACE, DIALEC , E LE EN

there were over and in merchant vessels, inland

( 0 00 barges , and boats there were 4 people . T h e census returns are of the most interesting character, and give everything of value that relates to the condition and o‘ccupation of the people of each T county . his chapter has had many figures in it, but we will just finish by noting that there were 594 blind 8 00 0 people, 545 deaf and dumb people , and about m 1 0 1 lunatics and i beciles in Kent in 9 .

e — M v 15 . Ag ricultur ain Culti ations ,

W k . oodlands , S toc

We will now proceed to consider the agricultural

products of Kent and their relative values . Every year the Board of Agriculture issue a report in which the vegetable products are arranged under the following z — divisions corn crops, green crops , clover, sanfoin and h a grasses for hay, grass not for y, flax , hops, small fruit . T h e portion of land that does not produce any of these

crops is said to be bare fallow , which accounts for 7554

. See m acres in Kent ( diagra s at end of volume . ) T h e corn crops are grown on acres , and c o n S 1st of wheat, barley , oats , rye , beans , and peas . T hus about one-seventh of the area of Kent is devoted

'

to these crops , of which wheat, oats , and barley are

the most important . T here is very little rye grown in

Kent , but beans and peas account for acres . T h e green crops consist of potatoes, turnips, swedes, 62 KE NT

e e mangold, cabbage, rape, and v tches or tares, and th y

- cover about acres, or one thirteenth of Kent .

- A small portion of the county , about one thirtieth of its

area, is devoted to the growing of clover, sanfoin and S grasses . ome of this produce is for hay, and part is not

for hay, the land being broken up in rotation . T h e largest portion of agricultural land in Kent is

given over to permanent pasture , or grass not broken up T in rotation . his area of permanent pasture is no less

- than acres , or nearly one half of the whole

county .

u Very little flax is grown in Kent , but hops and fr it

o is ccupy a most important place . It worth remembering

that out of the acres of hop plantations in England,

As - no less than are in Kent . hop growing is the

most characteristic cultivation of the county, we will give

a separate chapter to this subj ect . the Fruit is largely grown in Kent , and , owing to m proxi ity of London , a good price is obtained for the v arious kinds , such as cherries , strawberries, apples, pears ,

i filbert f s. O plums , currants , gooseberries, and these, the

Specially Kentish fruit is the cherry , which grows in the T district on the border of the hames in West Kent, and

along the Darent and the Medway, but particularly at

G T Po lestead. T illingham , eynham , and here are few

prettier Sights than a Kentish cherry orchard in Spring, whe n the trees are covered with their beautiful white o R bloss ms . Cherries were certainly grown by the omans

while they occupied our country , but the best kinds of cherries were introduced into Kent from Flanders in

64 K ENT

= 1 6. H Ho ic k ops and p p in g .

We will devote this chapter to the hop plant, its F cultivation , and its importance . rom the previous

‘ chapter , it will be gathered that the Kentish hop gardens occupy five-eighths of the area covered by all E - - - our nglish hop gardens, and one thirty second of the

. t whole area of Kent It seems probable, however, tha there will be a serious decrease in the area devoted to

th e ' lar e the cultivation of the plant, owing mainly to g

i importation of cheap hops from Amer ca . T h e R hop plant was well known to the omans , and was used by our old English forefathers in the making of their beer . Although it was native and early used in

England , it does not appear that it was cultivated in our country till the early years of the reign of Henry VIII . h T e hop grows luxuriantly, with an abundance of

‘ h as foliage . I t long, rough , twining stems and rough T h e leaves . part of the plant used in brewing, and sold

- as hops, is the ripe cone Shaped inflorescence of the T h e an d m . fe ale plant hop requires a deep , rich soil , h e grows best in a sheltered position . T plants are m m obtained fro cuttings taken fro the old plants, and do not come to full bearing till the third year .

- set Hop poles are to the plants in spring, and removed at the end of the season in autumn . Formerly, hops were

so grown on straight poles , but the best are now grown that after climbing its own pole to a height of about four feet , the bine is trained along strings stretched to

66 K ENT

T the top of the next row of poles . hus, when the

- crop is ripe , the hop garden looks like a number of

greenhouses with roofs of foliage . As soon as the hops

are ready to be picked , the strings are cut , and the upper part of the bine hooked down so as to be within easy T h e reach of the picker . cones are ready to be gathered

when they have turned to an amber brown colour . T h e - hop pickers have large baskets or bins, into which

the hops are picked . Each of the baskets holds about 1 2 0 5 or bushels , which is as much as the fastest hands da T h e can pick in one y. contents of the baskets are “ ” emptied into sacks , and sent to the oast or drying

T - house . hese oast houses are quite a feature in hop T m land . hey are ostly built of brick , and , to a height 1 1 T 4 5 t , . of or fee are circular hey terminate in“ a

cone, above which is a cowled chimney, through which

the vapour from the hops escapes . T h e drying of the hops is a most important operation , a d n requires constant attention and much Skill . In the

- lower part of the oast house is a furnace , in which burns

a clear fire of Welsh coal , or coke , or charcoal . Into

1s this some sulphur thrown , as this gives a better colour

- to the hops . Above the furnace are the drying room

- flo o r . O n and cooling a circular floor, formed of strong

- - wire netting, and covered with coarse hair cloth , the warm

- flo wers air ascends to the hop , which lie to a depth of two

n or three feet . Whe the hops begin to shrivel , they are : o fl taken the kiln and laid on a wooden floor to cool . T h e drying never ceases during the time of picking, and ffi is one of the most di cult parts of the preparation . O n HOPS AND HOP - PICK ING 67 the cooling floor the hops are tightly packed into bags or “ ” pockets, ready to be sent to the brewers . - m Hop gardens are to be found in ost parts of Kent , m but the best hops are grown at Bar ing, East Farleigh , Be and Hunton , in the neighbourhood of Maidstone . G tween Faversham and Canterbury, and between odstone — and Ashford are , however , the chief Kentish hop districts . T m G here are any varieties of hops , such as the oldings, G G olden Hops , rape Hops, and Farnham White B ine, but the G oldings are the best and richest .

- In the season , a hop garden is one of the most m picturesque sights in Kent . Men , wo en , and children m m are all at work , fro early orning to the close of day . “ ” T h e an d work is particularly healthy, , if the hopper ma is diligent, as much as four or five shillings per day y m be earned . At the end of August , crowds of people fro S as the East and outh of London , well as from more

distant parts, flock to Kent to take part in the hop

picking .

1 . I e M f 7 ndustri s and anu actures . It will be gathered from the previous chapters that

Kent is mainly an agricultural county, and not in any sense a manufacturing county like Yorkshire or T Lancashire . here are , however, some few important

in du str les m f and anu actures carried on in Kent, and

with these this chapter will deal . Ship-building gives employment to a large number of R e G m S men at Chatham, och ster, illingha , and heerness . 5— 2 68 KENT

S R D Both Chatham and heerness are oyal ockyards , and as such occupy a very important place in the history of our country . Chatham Dockyard h as about 5 000 men

in working it , and these are employed in building and

o u r — m repairing great war ships , so e of which cost

T - here are Special store houses , where m b giant masts, innu erable pulleys , ca les, and anchors T h e d are kept . whole ockyard covers upwards of 0 0 4 acres , and constitutes one of the wonders of our country .

S D so heerness ockyard , though not large as Chatham ,

- comprises wet and dry docks , store houses , and other T h e buildings . harbour is generally full of vessels , and 2 000 0 work is found for or 3 0 0 men . Woolwich Arsenal is a crowded hive of workers and employs from to men at a busy time . It is the only Government establishment of its kind in

our country , so that it is of the utmost importance . T h e 0 Arsenal covers 3 5 acres, and it has seven miles of

road and as many of railway . A visit to this wonderful arsenal enables one to understand what it means to make

u n the implements of war . In the G Factory men are

making all kinds of cannon , from the lightest to those T m 8 1 1 1 0 . h e its of or tons Carriage Depart ent, with

1 000 — men , is devoted to the construction of gun carriages h e and all kinds of military vehicles . T Laboratory turns

out shot and shell , rockets , fuses, and torpedoes ; and some idea of its work may be gained from the fact that cartridges per week can be made in the T h e S e building . tores Department hous s war material INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES 69

be of every kind , from which about troops could m 1 8 equipped at any ti e . Woolwich Arsenal has steam

600 0 . hammers , and turns out tons of guns in one year T he forty- ton hammer falls through a space of 1 5 feet and cost over It will thus be apparent that Chatham and Sheerness Dockyards and Woolwich Arsenal give employment to many thousands of skilled workmen . At Erith , on the T hames, electrical apparatus of all kinds is made ; and at Ashford the works of the South- Eastern and Chatham Railway employ a large number of men in making railway coaches and waggons . Gunpowder is made at Dartford ,

T v destru c Faversham , and unbridge ; and lyddite , a ery tive explosive, takes its name from Lydd , a place used for S experiments in firing . B ricks are made at ittingbourne , 000 Milton , and Faversham, and employ not less than 5 hands . Stone is worked by quite a colony of masons at

No rthfleet Maidstone, while cement is manufactured at 0 00 by 3 men . T h e manufacture of paper is one of the most import ant of Kentish industries . With the single exception of

- Lancashire, Kent has more paper mills than any other English county ; and it also claims that the first mills for paper manufacture were established at Dartford by

ir S m h S . T e John piel an , early in the reign of Elizabeth - m Kentish paper ills are chiefly on the Darent and Medway,

St n esfo rd E . at Dartford , Mary Cray, Maidstone, and y T here are nearly 5 00 0 people in Kent who are engaged

in the manufacture of paper, which is made from rags ,

a r an d - T h e an d esp rto g ass, wood pulp . Special better

MINERALS 73

“ u ar ries ( l of Kentish rag, a hard calcareous sand T stone , are largely worked near Maidstone . his stone is much used for churches and public buildings in London and the neighbourhood . A less durable stone is worked

o lkesto n e m m Ash at F ; while at Bethersden , five iles fro ford , some good marble is obtained . From the North

Downs hard grey chalk , used for work in the interior of

churches , is dug .

u Iron pyrites and septaria , or calcareous nod les , are collected at Fo lkesto n e and the Isle of Sheppey and used

for various purposes . Chalk, gravel , and sand are dug in

many places, and are employed for such purposes as - h e building and road making . T making of bricks and cement at N o rthfleet and Sittingbourne is referred to in the industries of Kent . Much attention has been drawn to the finding of coal m in Kent, owing to the work of so e companies that have m been for ed during the last ten years . Boring close to S ff 1 8 86 m hakespeare cli began in , and coal easures were

1 8 0 1 S Struck in 9 at about the depth of 1 0 0 feet . ince

that year, other successful borings have been made at

R0 er so le Dover, Waldershare , Fredville, and also at p , and seams of coal varying from 7 feet to 2 0 feet have

been proved . In all these instances coal has been reached 1 1 0 0 ffi at a depth of about feet , and it is thus su ciently

near the surface to be worked . Professor Boyd Dawkins

S - c o alfield thinks there is every evidence of a outh Eastern , d m im which will rank , when fully eveloped, a ong the portant c o alfields and cause centres of industry to be

established in Kent . It is worth quoting the anticipa 74 KENT

“ wh o : tions of Professor Boyd Dawkins, writes thus It will probably attract a large population to the lonely l downs, that will by their labour add to the wea th of the nation , and at the same time , convert the white into the ‘ ’ ‘ black country , or at all events into studies in black and white T here was a time in the history of Kent when it

- - was the scene of iron furnaces and iron mills . In the reig n of Elizabeth there were over 1 00 iron - furnaces in S S ussex, urrey, and Kent, and the timber in the Weald of Kent was cut down in such quantities that it was ff T s feared other industries would su er . oward the middle of the eighteenth century the iron industry decayed , owing ffi to the di culty of procuring fuel to work it successfully . In the neighbourhood of Cranbrook some of the farms bear such names as the Forge and the Furnace , and thus indicate the positions of some of the iron -works in the days of old . It is interesting to note that the fine railings ’ of St Paul s Cathedral were made from iron from the

mines at Lamberhurst , once a great seat of the iron manufacture of the Weald .

1 h e F h S . 9 . Fis eri s and is ing tations

T h e fisheries round the coasts of England are of great m to i portance , and give employment many thousands

of people . Marine fishes are produced in enormous

quantities without human aid , yet the amount of capital v Sea and labour required to capture them is ery large . FISHERIES AND FISHING STATIONS 75 m going vessels and boats are costly, and expensive achinery T h e has to be carried on board . vessels and gear are subjected to very hard wear ; and sometimes both vessels and gear are lost altogether . T h e capture of fish and its consumption have greatly increased since the introduction of steam . Before the age of steam very little of the fish found its way beyond

was fish er- the coast towns, where it sold by the folk from

fish house to house . Now the is no sooner landed than

o f it is packed , and carried by the railways to all parts f . O our country course , the increased demand for fish is

o u latio n wh o also due to the rapid growth of our p p p are glad to buy a cheap and palatable food .

Although there are fisheries round the south , east, and w est coasts , it is worth noting that those on the east coast are four times more productive than those on the T west . his is chiefly owing to the great shoals of the

Sea so North , from which we obtain large a supply of fish T h e i . fisheries on the west coast are at a dsadvan tage because they are so far from the large and populous centres . m As we should expect fro their situation , the fisheries T of Kent, both in the estuary of the hames and in the Sea North and English Channel , are of considerable

- importance . Many of the Kentish coast town s have

sea- fish er ies more or less interest in the , and the number

of men employed in the season is very large . We may divide the sea- fish eries of Kent into four Sea classes . First there are the North , or deep sea m R trawlers, and boats fro amsgate , Dover and Folke 76 K ENT

stone are chiefly engaged in this, the most important

S i o ff- in - . s branch econdly, there shore and shore fishing, which is practised by the fishermen of Margate , Deal ,

. T and Dungeness hirdly, there is estuarine fishing in T S the widest part of the hames estuary, heerness and

£1

O ld H o us es o n D eal B each

Q l een b o ro u gh being the ports chiefly concerned with this is the -fish class of fishing . Fourthly, there shell branch , in which Whitstable and Faversham are interested . T h e methods of catching the fish vary with each

sea - class . For the deep fishing the trawl net and drift

“ net are used , although on the Dogger Bank some fish FISHERIES AND FISHING STATIONS 77 such as cod are caught singly on long lines and not with nets . When the fish were caught, the old method was “ ” to place them in the well of the boat , where they S were kept alive by a constant change of water . ince

- - the use of steam carriers and ice, these well boats are not of so much importance , although they still play their part on the Kentish coasts . T h e other methods of catching fish round the Kentish

- - b . mean s coast are y of shrimp nets, dredge nets , kettle nets, and crab and lobster pots . Kettle fishing is employed chiefly for the capture of the various species of flat- fish which frequent the shallow waters covering the

- 1 2 0 sands at high tide . Kettle nets are about yards long T and 4 feet high . hey are fixed in position by stakes driven into the ground , and to these the head and ground T h e f m ropes are attached . nets are in the or of the letter

V , with the apex of the V , which has a purse , pointing away from the shore . As the fish follow the rising tide

an d they are carried between the . nets, arrive at the hollow

. O n of the V their return on the falling tide , they are T h e carried into the purse at the apex . nets are visited

fish when the tide is falling, and the are quickly removed . T h e methods of catching crabs and lobsters are well sea- known to all visitors to our side towns . Crabs and

- lobsters are taken in traps , which are dome shaped cages - w made of wicker ork , or netting stretched on a strong T h e frame . trap is baited with pieces of fish , and there are openings in the sides , in the form of funnels, projecting

T h e - into the interior of the trap . oyster dredge is like a m m s all trawl , but the outh is made by a rectangle of iron 78 KENT

bands , and the net is usually composed of iron rings linked together . It would not be possible to name all the varieties of

so fish caught round the Kentish coast, we will mention only the principal . Flounder, plaice, dab , sole , halibut , turbot, brill , cod , haddock, whiting , ling, herring, Sprat , whitebait , shad , and pilchard are among the best known .

- fish Among shell may be mentioned oysters, scallops , mussels , cockles , periwinkles, and whelks shrimps and T prawns are most abundant ; and , in the hames , smelt afe and mullet caught . T he T hames fisheries are not of the value they once T h e T were . hames has been poisoned by sewage , which

- ln has destroyed the only salmon river the county , although some individuals occasionally attempt to pass up stream . T h e tiny fish known as whitebait is caught in the T hames and sent to London , where it has a ready sale . T h e Ministerial whitebait dinner at Greenwich was once a very important function , but has now fallen into abeyance . Some of the largest English oyster -beds lie o ff “ Whitstable, and the natives from that town always T h e “ command a high price . spat or young brood is freq u ently brought from a great distance and laid in the bed , where they remain for three years before they are brought to market . Such large fish as the sturgeon and shark are occasion T h e ally found in Kentish waters . sturgeon is sometimes T captured in the hames, and is then presented to the

Lord Mayor of London . In recent years more than one

8 0 KENT

Deal is a little port of some 1n terest from its position w o o dwm S ith regard to the Downs and the G ands ; It ’ is h as m - b one of Lloyd s stations , and a ti e ball tower, y which ships in the Downs may correct their chronometers . jn m jfi every way , Dover is the most i portant of the - T Kentish sea ports . his is mainly owing to its position with regard to the Continent . It has not a good natural harbour, but large sums have been spent to improve its

Its accommodation . trade chiefly depends on the conti n en tal S service , and it is the terminus of the outh R — Eastern and Chatham ailway . Dover has ship building,

' - so me c o ast ffi rope and sail making, fisheries and tra c . Eggs and all kinds of agricultural produce are largely T h e i mported from France . harbour has been much m i proved in recent years , and consists of two docks and T h e - a tidal basin . continental mail boats depart from

-fin e the Admiralty Pier, on to which the boat trains run . T 600 l his pier, feet ong , forms one side of a national harbour of refuge , which is now being constructed . T 60 0 his harbour, with a water area of over acres , will

is take the largest vessels , and estimated to cost T h e Dover Harbour Board are also constructing a graving dock , a commercial harbour, and a water station where

' continental passe n gers will be able to join their trains S i under cover . ome idea of the mportance of Dover as a sea- port may be gained from the fact that its yearly tonnage , entered and cleared , amounts to nearly one m illion tons .

is sea- m Folkestone a thriving port, and has uch trade e with the Contin nt . In one year no less than

8 2 KENT

tons were entered and cleared . G reat improvements have been made in the harbour by the South - Eastern R and Chatham ailway Company , who are developing

traflic both passenger and goods . Kent is one of those counties that have seen the

sea— h rise and decay of several ports . T e ports already

S arre W all mentioned have shown signs of steady progress ; but e - there are some that hav really ceased to be sea ports , or R T are such only in name . From eculver on the hames R sea to ichborough on the east coast, there was once a

Wan tsu m channel known as the , filled by the water of

S T sea the tour . his passage was a short cut for vessels SHIPPING AN D TRADE 8 3

T h e Wan tsu m bound for Sandwich and London . was closed at the end of the fifteenth century, and then S R R andwich , ichborough , and eculver lost their import ea- ance as s ports . Sandwich was once the resort of vessels of all sizes h e from many quarters . T action of the tide silted up m the haven , and no atte pt was made to save it . Now

o sea it is nearly two miles fr m the , or four miles by

S Its the winding course of the tour . ancient glory has ffi departed , and visitors have some di culty in believing that the present quaint town was once a port of great reputation . Hythe is another port from which the sea has

- retreated . It is now a clean , well ordered town , with a

s a bank of shingle one mile in width before the e is reached .

R ' omney is also an extinct port, for it stands more than

sea S o rdwic h S one mile from the . turry, F , tonar, and S arre have all lost their positions as ports, owing to the vast changes that have been worked by the sea in this part of Kent .

2 1 . e . e Cinqu Ports Trad e Rout s . A special reference must be made to the Cinque

. O Ports , some of which are in Kent riginally there were five ports, hence the French name, but afterwards h e two others were added to the confederation . T Cinque S R Ports are Hastings, andwich , omney, Hythe , and Dover, T R e and the two Ancient owns are Winchelsea and y .

Besides these seven ports, almost every town from Pevensey in Sussex to Faversh am in Kent was attached

6—2 8 4 KE NT

to the Cinque Ports , and we find that these lesser towns “ ” “ ” . S were called limbs ome of the limbs, such as

T sea enterden , were far from the . T h e origin of the Cinque Ports is not quite clear, but most writers are agreed that they were fortresses that the Count of the Saxon Shore had under h is control to guard — the landi n g places round the south eastern coast of

o r 1 1n England . Whatever their g , they have filled an

important place in our history, although Dover is at

present the only one of them in a flourishing condition . T h e C inque Ports had in early days to provide so many ships and men to serve the King for a certain period in each year, and in return for these duties they T - had many privileges . hey were all self governed , and their freemen were allowed to trade free of toll in all T h e English boroughs . men were exempt from military ff duty , and all o ences were tried before the Lord Warden . In the fifteenth century the Cinque Ports began to decline , for the sea had retreated from the towns, and

R so King Henry VII formed a new oyal Navy, that the assistance of Cinque Port seamen was no longer needed . T h e Cinque Ports , however, Still keep some of their old privileges and retain many quaint customs . Down to quite recent times Walmer Castle was the residence of the Lord Warden , but has now been handed over for T h e is public use . present Lord Warden Lord Brassey, who fills an office that has been held by such great men S as Pitt, Wellington , Lord Palmerston , and Lord alisbury . It will thus be seen that in the past Sandwich and

o rts‘ with r e ard Dover were the chief p g to the Continent . CINQ UE PORTS TRADE ROUTES 8 5

S m andwich has declined , but Dover has so i proved its i s . position , that it now the premier port of Kent It is - m the chief trade route fro Kent to the Continent , and

fine vessels leave here every day for O stend and Calais . T h e route from Dover to Calais is the shortest, and the

hour, while the whole journey from London to Paris takes under 7 hours . Another popular route to the

o lkesto n e Continent is from F to Boulogne , a distance of 2 6 miles .

T h e C in qu e P o rts an d Anci en t T o wns

Port Victoria and Q i een b o ro u gh in North Kent are R R the headquarters of the oyal Mail oute to Holland , h G . T e ermany, and North Europe ships from these two sea 2 0 ports trade with Flushing, and the journey is 5 miles . 8 6 KENT

2 2 H . o f Ke istory nt .

T h e county of Kent has bee n the scene of some of the most important events in our history . Its position at the narrowest part of the Channel brought its people from the earliest times into close connexion with those on the

Continent, and it thus became the scene of three

important landings, each of which stands out as a land ’ mark in England s story .

B C . In 5 5 . , Julius Caesar landed in Kent, probably e between Walmer and Deal , and at onc began the R oman invasion of B ritain . He was stoutly opposed by

the Britons, and was forced to leave England for a time .

R B . C . eturning in 54 , Caesar was more successful , but he h R . T e soon left our shores, never to return omans again

A . D invaded Britain under Claudius in 43 . , and remained

1 0 A . D . from that date to 4 . as rulers of our land T h e second landing in Kent was that of our English A D th e forefathers in 449 . . It is generally believed that first tribe to land in Kent were the people known as th e T h e Jutes, under the leadership of Hengest and Horsa . site of their landing is supposed to have been at Ebbs i T h e n T . fleet hanet English conquered our land , T h e which was divided into various kingdoms . Jutes

n allowed Kent to retain its Keltic ame , and it was also

made one of the kingdoms . Perhaps , at one time , it consisted of two kingdoms—East Kent and West Kent — T which were gradually united under one ruler . here

1 . were 3 Kings of Kent, of whom two were B retwaldas

8 8 KENT

After a few years they invaded T hanet and besieged

R . In 1 0 1 1 lu n ochester the Danes took Canterbury, p

al u t dered the city, burned the Cathedr , and p the people to the sword . A year later they cruelly murdered Arch ]Elfheah Al h e e G h bishop ( p g ) at reenwic . G l odwine, Earl of Wessex, had arge possessions in E Kent ; his daughter, dith , married Edward the Confessor . It was during G odwine ’ s earldom that the men of Dover

refu sm rose against Eustace , and the Earl of Wessex, g to punish the rioters , was forced to leave England . When William the Conqueror fought against Harold at Hastings , the men of Kent were put in the van of the ff th e battle , and seem to have su ered terrible loss . After R e battle , William visited omn y, Dover, and Canterbury

n h e on his way to Londo . T people of Kent did not please him , and , as a result, he gave nearly all the land of the English owners in Kent to his own followers .

O do , Bishop of Bayeux , was the first Norman Earl , and

o his p ssessions in Kent were most extensive . T h e next great event in the history of Kent after the Conquest was the murder of Archbishop Becket in his 2 1 1 0 own cathedral at Canterbury on December 9 , 7 . T he shrine of Becket drew pilgrims from far and near, and from every Kentish port people landed and found thei r way through the wild forest land of Kent to do ” homage and offer gifts to the holy blissfu l martyr . T he end of the fourteenth century witnessed the ’ T he outbreak of Wat T yler s rebellion . rising began f T - at Dart ord , where Wat yler murdered a poll tax collector . It is said that no less than rebels ’ ’ ufilfi xg s . afl W an n u V éy r ” “Allu re: bag ' eBn mpr fblmffc

0 .9mmcar . 111 n lfli al mw bfi mau xa bi fl “ 12 m ? lf 4 p uc fm ab ball q i . 42 0 2113 { 11 50 11 “ 7 7 6 0 bu mmer mfua I CU “elf 111 1 . 11 £3 . “AI-g ' / l m Mal m 0 13 “ / ten 3 6 a e- R M u ' p E A) n o fo lmfe In dmo f u nv u . diots. V t i .

bin s". ca . lbs. 111 r . fem Tri ms!“ ml ag M m

’

. c cu .

m 1 T R.

W W ° - . o m o W 7p fl orw a erad} a) muf sn a fu mf m1 .

F c i a s mile o f D o mesday B o o k 9 0 KENT

T in n followed Wat yler his march to Lo don . over

W ~ 1 8 1 . at T killed an d Blackheath , in June 3 yler was , many of his followers were pursued into Kent, and either ’ the died in fighting King s soldiers, or were executed . T h e middle of the fi fteenth century saw a second T rising in Kent . his time the leader was Jack Cade, a tanner of Ashford . With a following of men , R S he defeated the oyal army at evenoaks, and then T the marched on London . here rebels did considerable damage, but eventually were overcome . Jack Cade fled S 1 0 to ussex, where he was slain in 45 . Another rebellion in which the men of Kent were 1 T h e concern ed took place in 554. leader of this Sir T insurrection was homas Wyatt, a gallant young T he knight, of Allington Castle, near Maidstone . cause of this rebellion seems to have been the marriage of Mary with Philip of Spain . Wyatt raised men whom he gathered at Maidstone, and led to London . Here e they were rout d and dispersed , and Wyatt, after a

T . desperate struggle , was taken p risoner at emple Bar

He was kept in confinement for some time, and then executed . T he period of our history which goes by the name of the Reformation was a time of great change in Kent . R 1 Fisher, Bishop of ochester, was executed in 5 3 5 , and from that year onwards the new religious movement had T free play . Henry VIII gave his chief agent , homas m “ Cromwell , unli ited power ; and this Hammer of the ” Monks , as he was called , was the means of closing all T the religious houses in Kent . heir annual income

9 2 K ENT

R r skirmishes De uyte sailed away, but a feeling of shame was in the hearts of all true Englishmen that it was possible for the honour of England to be thus lowered . It is not possible in this chapter to give an account of v T h e many other minor e ents in the history of Kent . “ R ” oyal County has made wonderful progress, both in wealth and population , and it will ever be the wish of all true “ Men of Kent ” and “ Kentishmen that it may continue to flourish .

2 e — h m 3 . Antiquiti s Pre istoric , Ro an ,

S axon .

T he earliest history of the people who dwelt in Kent is not derived from written records , but from the relics or antiquities that have been du g up in various parts of the T h e county . earliest written records of Kent and its 2 00 people do not carry us back more than 5 years ago, so that prior to that period , and even after it for some time , we are dependent for our knowledge of the dwellers in Kent on the traces they have left of their handiwork . Antiquaries have divided the earliest portions of our ’ S country s history into the tone Age , the B ronze Age , and the Iron Age . After this last period we generally R S Speak of oman antiquities and axon antiquities , which

E C correspond with the history of our land from 5 5 . to

A D . 1 0 66 . Antiquities representing all these five divi

tlme n R sions of have been fou d in Kent, but the oman antiquities are among the most interesting relics in

England . P ala eo li thic F lint Implement ’ (Fr om Ken t s Carver n )

N eo li th ic C elt o f G reens to n e Fr om Br idlin ton Tor t s. ( g , ) 9 4 K ENT Kent has yielded some good specimens of the work S - a of the tone Age , such as arrow and spear he ds of flint, T and axes and hammers of stone . hese have been found T in various parts, but especially in the valley of the hames , S G R at wanscombe , reenhithe , and between eculver and ‘ h Herne Bay . T e Bronze Age marks the period when early people began to use metal , and specimens of bronze w implements, such as celts and s ords , have been found at

’ Anci en t C ro ml ech : K it s C o ty H o u se

Woolwich , Dover, Canterbury, Ashford , Hythe , and

is diflic u lt sa elsewhere . It to y when the Bronze Age ended , but there is no doubt that when once a metal such

u as bronze was used , it was soon discovered that iron co ld th e be fashioned into weapons with sharp edges . Perhaps u se of bronze was continued for ornaments and trinkets th e for some time i nto the Iron Age , which would be period when the B ritons were living in Kent .

9 6 KENT

T h e R omans had three strong fortresses in Kent, and the remains of them remind u s of the power of the T h e R conquerors of the B ritons . massive walls of ich

L mn e R borough , y , and eculver are among the most R T h e remarkable oman remains in Britain . Pharos , or

is R m lighthouse , another o an monument that still stands

r at Dove . It was probably the centre of an entrench R ment, and formed a beacon to guide the oman ships into the harbour .

Richb o ro ugh C as tl e

' T h e remains of the Saxons in Kent are b o th n umero u s S and interesting . axon graves and cemeteries have been

O O sen al S pened at g , arre, Darenth , Faversham , Minster,

an d and elsewhere , in them have been found spears , ANTIQ UITIES 9 7

shields, knives , swords, and ornaments, such as beads, brooches , etc . In other parts peculiar vessels made of wood , metal , and glass have been unearthed , and may now be seen in the museums at Maidstone and Canter

h S sc eattae T e . bury . earliest axon coins were called T R hey were of silver, and have been found at ichborough ,

R . eculver, and in other parts of East Kent It was during the Saxon period that ch u rches and m b u t an onasteries were first built in Kent, of these tiqu ities we shall read something in the section on

Architecture .

2 4. Arch itecture ( a) Eccl esiastical

he h he b b e . Cat drals , C urc s , A ys

We will consider the architecture of the buildings in a Kent under three divisions, viz ( ) Ecclesiastical , or 6 buildings relating to the Church ( ) Military, or Castles

c ( ) Domestic, or houses and cottages . T here is one fact worth noting with regard to all — these classes of buildings , and that is that as indeed is universally the rule— the architecture of the county has ff m T been a ected by the aterials accessible . hus we find

flin ts that stone, wood , , and bricks are used either because they could be easily obtained , or because of the wealth or otherwise of the builders .

Now with regard to the ecclesiastical buildings , let us consider first the churches and cathedrals, and then glance m m at the re ains of the abbeys, onasteries, and other

B . K . 9 8 K ENT

T h e religious houses . churches o f Kent are of various ff styles and of di erent ages, so that it will be well to S n classi fy them as axo , Norman , Early English , Decorated ,

and Perpendicular .

P atri xb o urn e C hurch T owards the end of the twelfth century the round arches and heavy columns of Norman work began gradually to give place to the pointed arch and lighter style of the first period of G othic architecture which we know as

Early English , conspicuous for its long narrow windows, and leading in its turn by a transitional period into the — highest development of G othic the Decorated period . T his , in England, prevailed throughout the greater part of the fourteenth century, and was particularly characterised T h e by its window tracery . Perpendicular, which , as its m m m na e i plies, is re arkable for the perpendicular arrange

100 KENT

though not of the first rank , has very much of Kentish

character, inasmuch as its external work is of Kentish rag with flints . AS S we might expect , there are very few axon h churches in Kent . T e probability is that the first churches were of wood , and thus perished through the S fire of the Danes or by decay . axon churches may be S seen at Ly minge , wanscombe , and Cheriton , and part of the church in Dover Castle is of this period .

B ar fr es to n e C hurch

T m here are many examples of Nor an work, both plain and rich . Among the best Norman churches are St -at— ff T Margaret Cli e , Minster in hanet , the nave of

R Bar fresto n e ochester Cathedral , , Paddlesworth , Patrix T ' bourne , and Darenth . hese are all interesting, but

Barfresto n e is probably the finest . ARCHITECTURE 101

When we come to the Early English style, the m T h e m examples are very nu erous . agnificent choir of m Canterbury Cathedral is a very fine exa ple , and the choir and transept of Rochester Cathedral both belong

. O to this style ther early English churches are at Hythe , ’ ’

St St S . Martin s in Canterbury, and Clement s at andwich T h e Decorated style prevailed in the reigns of the 1 0 0—1 T h e three Edwards , from about 3 3 99 . churches in this style that deserve most attention are Hever, Barham ,

m S . He e, tone , and Chilham T h e Perpendicular style was common from the reign

R 1 . T h e of ichard II to 547, or thereabouts churches in m this style are generally not rich , but the ost highly finished Specimen is the western portion of Canterbury

T h e a Cathedral . Kent churches of this period h ve large porches , generally of wood , and there is a good deal of

- T h . e C h isle wood screen work churches at Ashford , hurst, Cranbrook, and the nave of Canterbury Cathedral m are excellent speci ens of Perpendicular work . Before the Reformation religious houses such as m abbeys, priories , nunneries, and hospitals were nu erous m in Kent . Henry V III deter ined to close these religious m T houses, and e ployed homas Cromwell as his agent in T h e m suppressing the monasteries . s aller ones were first d close , and then the great abbeys shared the same fate . Some of these buildings were fine specimens of the Skill

- of the architect, but to day we have only gateways or

m u s towers , or some other frag ents to remind of their former beauty . Among the monastic buildings of which portions 102 KENT

’ St remain , we may mention Augustine s Abbey and the ’

St. Priory of Christ Church at Canterbury , Martin s

’ t e s M o e C e b G ateway to S t Augus in nast ry, ant r ury

’ St Radegu n ds Priory at Dover, Malling Abbey, and

Abbey near Dover .

104 K ENT

With regard to the position of the Norman castles , we find that in Kent many are built on low ground and surrounded by waters , collected by damming up some stream . In a country where there were no inaccessible

T o n b ridge C as tl e

rocks , the builders had to be content with the securities T h e furnished by water and the low ground . castles at Leeds and T onbridge are both good illustrations of these methods of defence R o chester C as tl e 106 K ENT

1 Dover Castle has a fine pos tion , for it is built on the ff a T h e high cli s overlooking the se . area covered by this castle is 3 5 acres , and although it has been much altered , it is a good type of a Norman castle, with keep , courts ,

- u watch towers, and undergro nd passages . Rochester Castle has a Norman keep 70 feet square 1 0 and 4 feet high . Like Dover, this castle is noteworthy

n for the strength and massive character of the maso ry .

Canterbury Castle has the third largest keep in England , and is said to have been built by William the Conqueror .

L eeds C a stl e

S is altwood Castle, near Hythe , most picturesquely

lo w situated , with wooded hills on either side and the T sea . in front here was a broad , deep moat within the outer walls ; and beyond the moat, which is now dry, is

- the gate house , flanked by two circular towers . Hever

108 KENT

b T uilder, or on the locality . In udor times , and still

' S mu c h t u sed as more in tuart times , brick was , as well

wood and stone .

us Before dealing with the mansions of Kent , let

fo r is glance a while at the ancient palace of Eltham . It interesting as having been the residence of some of our English Kings ; and from the time of Henry III to that of Henry VIII it was the scene of royal splendour and

- feasting, and the meeting place of several parliaments and T h e i councils . chief remaining part of the palaces the T h e fine hall with a magnificent roof of oak . moat also

- remains, and this is spanned by an ivy covered bridge .

h as a Kent many great and famous mansions , and lso

a number of picturesque manor houses and farm houses .

It was considered a very desirable county , as it was near

- the metropolis, and was fruitful , well wooded , and very

pleasant . Hence we find that the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries witnessed the building of the best of these

stately mansions , some of which remain almost unaltered

to this day . O n e of the oldest and most charming of the old houses 1 0 of Kent is Ightham Mote, or Mote House, miles west

of Maidstone . It is built round a square courtyard, and h is surrounded by a deep moat . T e building is of various

styles, ranging from the Perpendicular of the reign of

Edward III to the T udor of the sixteenth century . . S Knole House, near evenoaks, is perhaps the largest f T h e o the Kentish mansions . earliest parts were built e in the fifteenth , century , but the main portion is chi fly

! Elizabethan . It is a quadrangular house , with embattled

1 10 K ENT

u gateways and square towers, and is most beautif lly situated in an extensive park, which has deep hollows and a splendid variety of trees . T m Penshurst Place near onbridge , and Cobha Hall ’ i n the north of Kent, are two of Kent s finest mansions . T h e former is specially famous as the home of the S idneys, and the latter as being the work of Inigo Jones , the great architect . T h e numerous farm houses of Kent that date from the 1 6th or 1 7th century were in many cases constructed h of timber . Perhaps , owever, the most picturesque domestic buildings left in the villages are the old fashioned cottages, which please the eye with their quaint gables and great chimney stacks . T hey present a vivid contrast to the ugly and monotonous buildings of the present age that are raised in our towns , both small and large . It would be diflic u lt to find a county that can boast o f so many charming villages , with their picturesque cottages , as Kent . Next to the village church it is probable that the country cottage appeals most to the heart and

’ m in ever imagination of an English an , and y part of Kent , in the village and on the outskirts of the town , there still remain these witnesses to the pride of the village mason and carpenter . T h e materials used for cottage building varied with fi m the locality, but in Kent we nd that brick and ti ber,

- - plaster, weather boarding, and weather tiling were used

for the walls, and tiles for the roofs . In the east of

Kent cottages built of flint and stone , roofed with tile ,

1 12 K ENT

h e are common . T beauty of Kentish cottages lies in the individuality shown in their construction , and the ff m the e ective use of the aterials common to district . T h e most beautiful examples of cottage architecture G in Kent may be seen at Cranbrook, oudhurst , Pens hurst, and Chiddingstone . In the towns there are some good examples of picturesque architecture, and a walk S through Canterbury , or andwich , or Deal , will Show how much pride our forefathers took in the sound work and good appearance of their houses . T h e great difference between these ancient cottages and houses and those of modern date is that the former harmonise with their surroundings , while the latter do T not . hese old cottages gain in beauty with age , but the ugly modern construction of yellow bricks and slate m m roofs w ill certainly not i prove as ti e advances . No painter would put on canvas o n e of the mean houses of w our new to ns , whereas the old Kentish cottages are ff often sought after for their artistic e ects .

2 mm — P r e= 7 . Co unications Past and — sent Roads, Rai lways , Canals .

Before we deal with the present condition of the roads and railways of Kent , it will be well to give a glance at the past history of the internal c o mmu n ic a tions . Probably the most ancient road through Kent is ' “ ’ T that known as T h e Pilgrims Way . his is gener ally considered to be a British road and runs from

1 14 K ENT

T Southampton to Canterbury . races of it are yet visible S throughout Kent, urrey, and Hampshire , and its course is often marked by long lines of Kentish yews , usually creeping half- way up the hills and avoiding for the most part the towns and villages , and the regular roads . It is “ ’ ” T h e was called Pilgrims Way , as it is the route that followed by pilgrims to Canterbury . It is well known that the Romans were great in

n making roads . Kent was , perhaps , the first cou ty that gave them experience in England , and we find the roads they formed have been continued to the present time . T h e Roman roads were thoroughly made and were of various kinds , as military roads, branch roads, and private

n o roads , but there is doubt that the roads were con structed in the first instance for the convenience of the soldiers . T h e old Roman road leading from Lymn e to Canter

T wo bury is still called Stone Street . other roads ran m R fro ichborough and Dover to Canterbury, where they T h e S united . road to London , or Watling treet as it was F called , then followed its course by aversham ,

S R G . ittingbourne , ochester, and ravesend It is thus R evident that the omans were intent , first upon uniting

. R D their military towns in Kent , viz ichborough , over ,

L mn e R y and eculver, and then pushing a good road, as straight as possible, through the great Kentish forest to

London .

We can now come down to more modern times , when we shall find that the roads of Kent have been

much improved , both in character and extent . It is ,

1 16 K ENT

T h e journey was made from Penshurst to Lamber

: hurst, and then Walpole writes Here our woes increase . T h e roads grew bad beyond all badness , our guide fright

ened beyond all frightfulness . However , without being at all killed , we got up, or down , I forget which , it

At P en shurst

so S was dark, a famous precipice called ilver Hill and about ten at night arrived at a wretched village called

h rb rid Ro t e e. g We had still six miles hither, but deter d mined to Stop , as it woul be a pity to break our necks ! before we had seen all we intended . But, alas there was only one bed to be had ; all the rest were inhabited COMMUNICATIONS 1 17

l by smugg ers , whom the people of the house called mountebanks . We did not at all take to this society ,

set but armed with links and lanthorns, out again upon ’ this impracticable journey . At two o clock in the morning we got hither to a still worse inn , and that ff crammed with excise o icers, one of whom had just ” shot a smuggler . T h e modern improvement in road - making in Kent 8 2 R 1 0 . dates from about In that year Mr ennie, the famous engineer, was surveying the Weald with a view to the construction of good roads . He found the country almost destitute of suitable roads , and the interior was m practically untraversed except by bands of s ugglers, who

- kept the country side in a state of terror . Since that date new roads have been constructed and T h e the old main roads improved . principal highways that traverse Kent start from London , and stretch across

- the country in the direction of east and south east, thus T h e connecting the metropolis with the coast towns . R most important is the Dover oad , which crosses Black heath and o ows t e route 0 at mg r Anot er trun me eaves t e o a ew ross and thence proceeds through Maidstone and Ashford to T he Hythe . Hastings Road leaves London and pro c eeds S T by way of B romley , evenoaks , and onbridge to

T wo Hastings . short but important roads diverge from R Canterbury , one going to amsgate and Margate , and S the other to andwich and Deal . Besides these main

- roads, there are numerous cross roads that connect these with other high roads . 1 18 KENT

T h e nineteenth century saw the introduction of rail-3

1 8 8 ways, and one of the first lines to be opened , in 3 , was that from London to G reenwich . Kent is now

S - R served by the outh Eastern and Chatham ailway, which is an amalgamatio n of the South - Eastern and the R T h e London , Chatham , and Dover ailways . former l 1 8 l 1 8 ine was opened in 44 and the atter in 59 , while the. m 1 amalga ation took place in 8 99 .

K o e o se S ev e o s n l H u , n ak

T h e m canals of Kent are quite uni portant , and only tw T h e R o are worth a short notice . oyal Military Canal runs for 2 3 miles from the Rother to Hythe . It was n co structed during our wars with Napoleon , but is now T h e G R in a neglected condition . ravesend and ochester

120 K ENT

which are grouped into five lathes ( from an Anglo-Saxon

w S - at ord meaning a division of land) , known as utton S St Sh e wa Hone, Aylesford , cray, Augustine , and p y.

- Each hundred had its own court , the hundred mote,

which met every month for business . Each hundred was

divided into townships, or parishes , as we now call them .

emo t Each township had its own assembly, or g , as it was

w . T then called , here every freeman could appear his assembly made laws for the township , and it also

ffi f b - appointed o cers to en orce these y laws , or laws of T ffi the town . hese o cers were the reeve , and the tithing

man , who was a constable , something like our policeman . T h e s court of the township was held whenever nece sary , and the reeve was the president, or chairman . Now let u s come down to our present mode of county T h e ffi government . chief o cers in the county are the - S ff T h e Lord Lieutenant and the High heri . former is

generally a nobleman or rich landowner, who is appointed by the Crown ; while the latter is chosen every year o n “ ’ ” St 1 2 th the morrow of Martin s Day, November . T h e County Council n o w conducts the main business 1 8 88 of the county, and since the Council House has T been at Maidstone , the county town . his County f o 2 2 . Council consists , 4 Aldermen and 7 Councillors T h e ffi latter are elected to their o ce , while the former

c o - T he are opted . County Council has most important

business to transact . It keeps the high roads and bridges in good repair ; it appoints the police ; it manages lunatic asylums and reformatories ; and generally carries into

effect the laws passed by Parliament . ADMINISTRATION AND DIVISIONS 121

T h e County Council represents the central form of w was 1 888 county government, hich started in but for local government in the towns and parishes another Act 1 8 was passed in 94, and new names were given to the

In local bodies . the large parishes the chief authorities

R o ch es ter C as tl e

are now called the District Councils , of which there are 2 2 in Kent , while the smaller parishes have their Parish T Councils, or parish meetings . here are, however, some towns in Kent that are called boroughs , and these have 1 22 K ENT larger and different powers of government than the e parishes . Cant rbury is called a county borough , and he has the power of a county council . T oldest boroughs

o lkesto n e G in Kent are Deal , Dover, Faversham , F , raves R end, Hythe , Lydd , Maidstone, Margate , New omney,

b o ro u h R S T ( ieen . h g , ochester, andwich , and enterden T h e G more recent boroughs are Chatham , illingham ,

R T . amsgate , and unbridge Wells 2 6 U Kent is also divided into Poor Law nions , each of G which is under a Board of uardians, whose duty it is to manage the workhouses and appoint various officers to

( if carry on the work relieving the poor and aged .

o f u stic e sesslo n s For purposes j Kent has two quarter ,

e u which m et at Canterb ry for East Kent, and at Maid m stone for West Kent ; and a nu ber of petty sessions , each having magistrates or justices of the peace , whose duty it is to try cases and punish offenders against the

. 1 so law In Kent there are 4 9 civil parishes, that it will

be seen that there must be a large number of magistrates .

For ecclesiastical purposes Kent has two sees, Canter R bury and ochester, the former being the seat of the

s Archbishop and the latter of the Bishop . Each ee is

divided into archdeaconries , rural deaneries , and parishes . An ecclesiastical parish is not always the same as a civil

parish , and there are more of the former than the latter . 1 For purposes relating to education , there are 7

Education Committees for the larger towns and boroughs . An education committee is appointed by the Kent County C m ouncil , and this has the anagement of the schools in h d of t e . the rest county, both elementary and secon ary

124 KENT

f his two daughters , who a terwards became Q ueen Mary

1een and Q Elizabeth . Henry VIII often visited Hever e Castle , wh re Anne B oleyn lived with her father . ’ S James I s two daughters , the Princesses Mary and ophia, were both born at G reenwich Palace ; and it was King William III who converted this palace into a hospital for

seamen . When we think of Canterbury and Rochester we naturally connect the two cathedrals with the names of a

long line of archbishops , bishops , and deans . From this

list the name of Becket stands out , for Canterbury Cathedral was the scene of his martyrdom on that dark

December evening in 1 1 70 . Among great English statesmen Kent h as been the

Sir home of Walsingham and Nicholas Bacon , who were ’ d 1 rs ( u een a v se . two of l Elizabeth s chief Lord Chatham,

the great statesman and orator, lived at Hayes Place , near

so n Bromley, and there , too , his , William Pitt, was born 1 T h e in 759 . younger Pitt was further connected with

Kent , for he became Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports,

and often resided at Walmer Castle . Many of our statesmen since Pitt have been Lord Warden , but the

Duke of Wellington , our greatest general , was the most famous . For many years he spent much of his time at

1 8 2 . Walmer Castle , where he died in 5 a James Wolfe , who gave us Canad , was born at

Westerham in 1 72 7. He gained his victory at the cost of his life, and his body was brought home and buried at G G reenwich Church . G eneral ordon was also connected with Kent , for he was born at Woolwich , and his good F o o e G ve e d rt H us , ra s n

’ (G en eral G o rdo n s H o me) l 26 K ENT

G work is still remembered at ravesend , where a monu

ment has been erected to this great hero . Kent has on its roll of honour a number of distin

S ir P hilip S idn ey

u ish ed . g historians and antiquaries William Camden,

B r itan n ia the writer of , or an account of the B ritish Isles ,

1 62 L ambarde lived at Chislehurst, where he died in 3 . ,

128 K ENT

S f Old Alfred Austin , lives at win ord Manor , near Ash

K Can ter bu r ford . Chaucer has made ent famous by his y

Tales , which describe the personages who went fromthe T S ’ abard Inn at outhwark to Becket s Shrine . Wyatt t S lived at Allington Cas le , while the name of idney will

was ever be associated with Penshurst , where he born in 1 S 554. Marlowe , a contemporary of hakespeare, was T born and educated at Canterbury . here is a memorial to this dramatist in the centre of the O ldButter Market

in his native town .

Lovelace , the cavalier and poet, was imprisoned for ” supporting the Kentish Petition . It was then that he

- wrote the well known stanzas, beginning

ri m Stone walls do ot a prison ake, No r iron bars a cage ; Minds innocent and quiet take m That for an her itage.

T h e family of Lovelace had property at Canterbury as

well as at Bethersden .

William Caxton , the first English printer, was a “ 1 2 2 nativ e of Kent . In 4 , he says , I was born and

1n K learned my English ent , in the Weald , where ” T h e English is spoken broad and rude . introduction of printing into England by Caxton was one of the greatest

events in the history of our nation . Among other literary men we can mention only “ T h e . Hooker, Evelyn , Barham , and Dickens judicious

Hooker, a learned divine of the Elizabethan period , was

rector of Bishopsbourne , and is now remembered by his

Tae L aws o E cc lesiastical P o lit . learned work, f y John THE ROLL OF HONOUR 129

th e Diar Evelyn , the author of celebrated y, lived at ’ S Deptford . It was at Evelyn s place at ayes Court that Peter the G reat resided when learning the art of ship R 1 8 8 building . ichard Barham , born at Canterbury in 7 ,

I n o ldsb Le en ds was the author of the g y g , a series of

humorous metrical tales . Dickens , the great novelist of

C hilham C hurch

d the Victorian era , lived in his early ays at Chatham , R and knew well the district around ochester . He spent G ’ the later years of his life at ad s Hill Place . S We must let the name of idney Cooper stand alone,

for he is essentially a Kentish artist . He was born at

Harbledown , near Canterbury , and excelled as a painter f of cattle . A school of art was ounded by him at m Canterbury, and forms a fitting me orial to his work .

B . K . 13 0 K ENT

T here now remain to be mentioned two of th e greatest men of science . William Harvey, the discoverer

o lkesto n e of the circulation of the blood, was born at F 1 8 w i n 5 7 , and in that to n there is a fine statue to his

The Or i in o memory . Charles Darwin , whose book g f Species first clearly sets forth the principle of natural h selection , lived at Down in the neig bourhood of

O rpington . He may be said to have wrought a greater change in scientific thought than anyone since the day of Newton .

C hiddingst o n e

13 2 KENT

B r o ml ey is a market-town on the river Ravens e the m bourn . It stands on high ground in idst of a richly wooded and picturesque country . The Bishops of Rochester used to live at Bromley Palace ; and n ear by stoodthe stately buildings of m . 1 6 Bro ley College ( pp . ,

Ayl esfo rd B ridge an d C hurch

the the e C an ter b u r y on Stour , is eccl siastical capital T h e the m All E of England . Archbishop is Pri ate of ngland and the n ew e e TV estmin ster e crowns Sov r ign in Abb y . Besides its m e m m t i portanc as a cathedral city , it is a unicipal and parlia en ary

o n e . e bor ugh , and a cou ty by its lf It is probably the old st seat of CHIEF TOWNS AN D V ILLAGES 13 3

i E the e St M Christ anity in ngland , and anci nt Church of artin , m the M e built partly of Ro an brick , has been called oth r Church of E e ar e me m the e ngland . Th re so re ains of anci nt city walls ; but of x W he o n e T h N m Si e t . e gat s , est Gate is only now standing or an Castle has been converted into gas-works ; and the old Guildhall e Th e e the e has be n rebuilt . Cath dral stands on sit of an early

e the . T he church , p rhaps built by Britons first church was rebuilt m m the by Lanfranc , and uch enlarged by Ansel , under care of Prior e h e] E r n u l h . t e p Conrad finish d chanc , and it was in this glorious building that Becket was murdered . This cathedral was destroyed ” W m 1 fire e E 1 8 . by , and r built by nglish illia in 4 The nave and e 1 8 the e trans pt were rebuilt in 3 7 , and grand c ntral tower was e 1 T h e e m 0 0 e add d in 495 . pr sent cathedral is uch as it was 4 y ars m mm ago . Canterbury is not a anufacturing or a co ercial centre, but it has a large trade in grain and h0 ps and manufactures of linen ’

e . e e and worst d The King s School was found d by H nry VIII , e M e and has educat d arlowe, Harvey , Lord Tent rden , and other ’ e men St e e gr at . Augustine s Coll ge, a b autiful building , stands on the site of an ancient monastery of which the noble entrance e M e e gate built in 1 3 0 0 alone r mains . any v nts of great interest ar e e the m associated with Cant rbury , very na e of which calls up ’ N m m Can ter bu r Tales. the e ories of Chaucer s y owadays , city is m e e e fa ous for its cavalry and infantry barracks, and v ry y ar it has “ W ” . I 8 6 1 8 8 1 0 1 l s “ its Cricket eek ( pp 3 , 7, 7. 5 , 7, 7 , , 94, , ow

Ch ath am 8 0 the M m ( 3 , 5 4) stands on edway and is both a uni c i al m p and parlia entary borough . T he chief features o f the town are the h e . T Dockyard , Barracks , Convict Prison , and Hospitals o n e the m m the m Dockyard is of ost fa ous in kingdo . Chatham ar e g e Lines elaborate fortifications , consistin of trenches , batteri s , Fo r and subterranean passages . purposes of defencethere is a chain m m m of ode forts . Chatha is a town of some antiquity and Roman em e e d g d . . 1 6 60 6 68 r ains hav b n f un in its n i hb urh pp , e e o o oo ( , 7, ,

Ch isl eh u r st ( 742 9) is eleven miles from London and a me e favourite residence of London rchants . It has o n of the most 13 4 K ENT

ea u mm e e e 0 0 b utif l co ons , surround d by b autiful tre s , and about 3 a m W ee the se . m e f t above Ca den , alsingha , and Bacon lived h re ; N m . 1 0 1 and apoleon II I died in exile at Ca den House ( pp . ,

r the m th eW C an b r o o k ( 3 949) is principal arket town of eald . the e e the It was once centre of the clothing trad , introduc d by F m the e E T he e the le ings in r ign of dward III . work ceas d early in 1 8 ar e m th century , but there still re ains of the picturesque cloth

. . 8 1 10 1 halls ( pp 5 , 7 , 74, ,

Cr a s Th e are the e y , , four parishes situated on little riv r Cray , e e above B xley . The scen ry of the Crays is varied and pleasing . - e r - m There are fine woods near by , and hop gard ns , f uit far s , and -m are m the e e paper ills nu erous . The order of Crays in d sc nding ’ the river is as follows : S t Mary C r ay S t P au l s ’ C r ay F o o t s C r ay ( 5 8 1 7) and N o r th C r ay ( p 69)

s the m D ar en th ( 3 49 3 ) tands on river Darent , two iles south d In the u m m east of Dartfor . neighbo rhood , so e extensive Ro an

- - buildings have been discovered , and an Anglo Saxon burying place.

the m D ar tfo r d on river Darent , has i portant powder

e -m T he e -m e mills and pap r ills . first pap r ill is said to have be n ’ m Wat u erected here by Sir John Spiel an . Tyler s ins rrection of

. 6 1 . 16 2 6 3 77 began at Dartford ( pp , , 9,

m - D eal is a borough , arket town , seaport , and pleasant - -e m watering place on the south ast coast . It is also fa ous as a pilot h m t O t e . t sta ion , and is pposite Goodwin Sands It is hought by any

B . C T he that Julius Caesar landed at Deal in 5 5 . Castle was built

he e he . 8 e t t . 6 80 by H nry VII I for d fence of coast ( pp 3 , 7 , 79 , ,

e m m D eptfo r d is thr e iles fro London Bridge, and stan ds on the river Thames and river Ravensbourne. It was once a

the e m . E Royal Dockyard , but is now City cattl arket John velyn , th e e t diarist, lived at Say s Court ; and it was at Dep ford that

e e he e he . 6 16 1 t t . P t r Great l arnt art of shipbuilding ( pp , , 3 ,

13 6 KENT

G illin gh am is a borou gh of modern growth . It the Me - m stands on dway , north east of Chatha , and is celebrated e - d . . 6 for its ch rry orchar s ( pp 7,

G r avesen d m et is a borough , arket town , and riv 2 m e m the port , about 4 il s fro London by rail . It is port of London t and a pilot sta ion . It has facilities for boating and yachting , but u d g . . 1 2 2 1 2 its chief in stry is fishin ( pp 3 3 , 79 , , 3 ,

G r een w ic h is a borough on the Thames about 3 5 m e m e e il s fro London Bridge. Gre nwich was a royal resid nce as early 1 0 0 o u r m e e as 3 , and several of onarchs w re born in the palac or e t ee the the liv d here . Gr nwich Hospital was built on site of palace m me and was long a ho e for disabled sea n . This splendid building n o w N e . e e is the Royal aval Coll ge Gre nwich Obs rvatory , built

~ m we e the m . F on high ground in Park , is world fa ous ro it r ckon its m m m m our longitude ; and astrono ers ake ost careful astrono ical , m m e e agnetic , and eteorological obs rvations . Greenwich has sev ral m e e n e . . 6 1 1 2 anufactur s , and tel graph and e gine ring works ( pp , 3 , 6 8 8 8 1 2 1 2 5 . 7 , , 3 , 4)

H r 6 2 6 e e e n e B ay ( 7 ) is a seaside r sort , occupying an agr eable he t t . 6 0 1 6 . 2 6 position on nor h coast ( pp 5, 3 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 5 ,

2 th e M m e Hever ( 7 3 ) stands on edway , seven il s west of e The m m e Tonbridg . ost i portant building is Hev r Castle, which was built in the reign of Henry VI and was recently restored . V e e her Henry III us d to visit Anne Bol yn at this castle , and father e th e is buri d in church . ( p .

the t Hy th e ( 5 5 5 7) is one of Cinque Por s , but there is now h a n m e t e the se . a stretch of shi gle , a ile wide, betwe n town and It is well known from the Government School of Musketry and fl 0 1 10 6 1 1 8 1 2 2 . 8 1 . 2 2 0 its ri e butts ( pp , 3 9 , 4 , 47, 3 , 94, , , , , W L ee is at the southern en d of Blackheath . hat was once a pleasant village h as been built over and now forms part of London . 9 - 6 five m no rth M . T he L eeds ( 5 0 ) is iles east of aidstone Castle, t e the a s at ly building , stands in centre of a finely wooded park and is CHIEF TOWNS AND VILLAGES 13 7

the e T he m t gr at attraction of this part of Kent . ain por ion dates m the 1 m the e e m fro 3 th century, but uch of pr s nt building is odern . 1 0 ( p. 4) L ew ish am lies to the south of Greenwich and is

ea n . 6 r lly part of Londo ( pp . ,

L y dd ( 2 675 ) is a borough and market-town a little to the - w m e south west o f Ne Ro n y . Lydd is an ancient town and a mem the m the vic in itv ber of Cinque Port of Ro ney . In is a ” m m T he “ e m — e ilitary ca p . lyddit shell is anufactured here h nce m . . 2 6 its na e ( pp 4 , 9 ,

L mi 1 0 0 the o n e y n g e ( 3 ) is to north of Hythe , and has of the m . . 1 ost ancient churches in Kent ( pp 7, m m m mn s . L y e west of Hythe, was fa ou in Ro an ti es T he R m m e the t o ans had an i portant station h re, and ruins of heir b e e e ar e . . 0 6 1 fortr ss still to s en ( pp 4 , 44, 9 ,

Maids e o n the Me the ton dway , is county town of e e ar ° e T h e th . v e Kent . chi f objects of interest e ry larg and im th e e o f the the portant church , anci nt palace archbishops , and e e m e ee coll g . In ediaeval and lat r history it has b n associated with th e e W at Sir m W r volts of Tyler , Jack Cade , and Tho as yatt . In F m the 1 648 airfax stor ed and captured town after a stout resistance. ar e e e e e -m m There industri s conn ct d with pap r aking , brewing , alting , - th e m m eme iron founding and aking of agricultural i pl nts . The e M b th e chief trade , how ver, is in hops , aidstone eing centre of the t 1 6 2 6 6 0 1 1 2 0 1 2 2 1 2 1 0 hop distric ( pp , 3 , 7, 9 , 73 , 9 , 9 , , , 3 ) 2

Mar g ate is a borough and popular seaside resort in e B m e e the Isle of Than t . athing achines w re inv nted and first 1 ex used here about 75 0 . Owing to its cellent sands and good air the v efl m n it is thronged in season with isitors chi y fro Londo . ( pp

Milton ( next Sittingbourne) ( 70 8 6) has a fin e church that e S x succe ded a a on building . ( p .

Mi ster 2 8 n ( 3 3 ) in Thanet , has an ancient church that was he m St e erected by t onks of Augustin . 13 8 K ENT

Min ster 1 0 6 e ( 3 ) in Sheppey , has an anci nt church of great em . e the interest R ains of an abb y , built in seventh century , still h t e . 1 stand near church ( pp . 4 ,

N ew Ro mn e 1 2 8 m y ( 3 ) was once a fa ous Cinque Port , but is now without a harbour . It has little trade, but is celebrated for s 1 8 its great sheep fair in Augu t . ( pp . , 3 9, 47,

N r th fl e m the o eet on the riv r Tha es, is in parlia ar e e me mentary borough of Gravesend . There larg Portland ce nt he m t . works , li e and brick works in neighbourhood ( pp . 3 3 ,

m - O r p in gto n ( 42 5 9) is three iles south east of Chislehurst . Much fruit is grown for the London markets and hops are also e cultivat d . ( p .

' P en sh u r st ( 1 678) stands at the junction of the Eden with h M m m t e edway . Penshurst Place is one of the fa ous ansions of

e t . K nt , and is associa ed with the Sidneys Penshurst village is

e . . 1 6 1 10 1 1 2 1 1 very pictur sque ( pp , , , 5,

Q u een b o r o u gti ( 1 5 44) is a borough on the river Swale in m m e m e . th e Isle of Sheppey . It onc returned two e b rs to Parlia ent There is an oyster fishery ; and a daily service of steamers runs to F g . . 6 8 lushin ( pp 7 , 5,

e - Ramsg ate is a popular wat ring place in Thanet . There is a good harbour and the fin e pier was built by Smeaton in

- m 1 m . 75 0 . So e ship building is carried on and the fishery is i portant

R r o ch este is a city , borough , and port on the M m t m an d S x edway . It was of i portance in Bri ish , Ro an , a on

m see e E e . ti es , and its was found d by th lbert The cathedral was the 1 th h mm e 60 A . D . r 1 2t 1 th co enc d about 4 and rebuilt in , , and 3 T he e the centuries . castl keep still stands and is one of finest in e m our land . Rochester has industries conn cted with achinery, and h e em e C m many of t e peopl are ploy d at hatha Dockyard . There m is also so e shipping and fishing . The city is connected with

'

fi e M . t d y a n e dg e d . 1 6 6 l 1 2 2 S roo b bri ov r the e way ( pp 3 , , 7, g ,

140 KENT

T he the h n h e e e . t e e d are t sc n ry chief parade is Pantiles , and at N e i 1 60 6. chalyb ate Spr ngs , discovered by Lord orth in Tunbridge

. W e t ells has long be n a fashionable resor , and has associations with e e N e . Q ueen H nri tta , Dr Johnson , Beau ash , and other c lebrities

Walmer ( 5 2 48 ) is a pleasant little town and a favourite mme e e m its su r r sort . It has long b en fa ous for castle, which was e U e the ffi e e built by H nry VIII . ntil lat ly , it was o cial resid nc of

W . the the s . 8 10 Lord arden of Cinque Port ( pp 4, 7,

E astry

- h S e Wester h am ( 2 9 0 5 ) is a market town to t e west of ev n e W e a e m m oaks . G neral olf was native, and th re is a onu ent to

h e . I him t . I in Church ( pp ,

- ~ water in - Westg ate-o n S ea ( 2 73 8) is a pleasan t g place of m the . . 6 odern growth in Isle of Thanet ( pp 3 , CHIEF TOWNS AN D V ILLAGES 141

0 8 6 th e c o n Wh it stab l e ( 7 ) is port of Canterbury . It has sider ab le e m trad , and its oyster fisheries have been fa ous since m me . 0 Ro an ti s ( pp . 3 4, 4 ,

m T he Woolw ic h is a borough on theTha es. chief W the e o n e the m feature of oolwich is Ars nal , of ost extensive and m e m h e e ar e co pl te in the world . A ong t e oth r buildings of inter st h M m th e e t e . 6 2 ilitary Acade y , and H rbert Hospital ( pp . , 9 , 5,

W the - e y e to north east of Ashford, has a larg and m T he S -E handso e Church . outh astern Agricultural College is at W e y . 142 KENT

E NGLAND 8c WALES

F i 1 T h e o f K e o m ed t t o f . e g . ar a nt c par wi h hat E ngland an d W al es

T h o o f K e o m e 2 . e o F ig . p pulati n nt c par d with that o f England an d W al es

Density of popu lation Den sity of popu latio n of Densigy of popu lation of Lan eas/z ir e Engla n d an d Wales mile to mile 61 8 to 5 . 1 o mile 8 5 . ( 0 70 t 59 . ) ( 5 5 9 ) ( 9 )

m 1 0 1 m t ve e s o f o o to s . e F i . C o g . 3 para i d n ity p pulati n q il ( 9 )

t Ear/z dot r e r esen ts 1 0 eo le ( No e. p p p )

144 KENT

F i s a am s o s th e o o o ate a ea o f K en g . 5 . Thi di gr h w pr p rti n r t o C o C o s— W ea B a e O s R e B ea s gr wing rn r p ( h t , rl y , at , y , n an d P ea s) ( 1 9 05 )

d m o o o n a e u ti o n in F i . 6 is s o s g . Th iagra h w pr p rti t c l vati a es o f O ats W e an d B e 1 0 cr , h at , arl y ( 9 5 ) DIAGRAMS 145

F i d m o th e o o t o te e o f . i s g 7. This agra h ws pr p r i na ar a P erman ent P a sture to area o f th e C o un ty o f K ent ( 1 9 0 1 )

i m F i . 8 . s s o s th e di b tio n o f C o s g Thi d agra h w stri u r p , P e m e P as e etc in K e t 1 0 r an nt tur , . n ( 9 5 ) 146 ( K ENT

F i da m s th . s o s e o m ve e s o f g 9 . Thi i gra h w c parati ar a E ngland an d K en t under H o p s ( 1 9 05)

F i 1 d m is o m o o f th e m . 0 s b e o f g . Thi iagra a c paris n nu rs

S ee C o s an d C e. P s an d o es in K e h p; w attl ig , H rs nt

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