C MB DG UN S Y P S W U A RI E IVER IT RE S AREHO SE , F AY MAN A E R. CL G C . , F N E . C . flonbou : ETTER LA E , ‘ QEuiu bu r z I o o P RINCE S TRE E T . [ gb , S A A HE R AN D CO iBem: . S . R K HA F A B OC U . i cimig : . S N M’ N P . P U T S O . fi sh) 320th : G . A S S MA MILLAN AN D CO . L T D . B umbag ant QIaItu tta: C , r eser ved] V ' C N Av c . H ( C ’ ’ ; Camér z ag e Co u n t) Geog r aph er K E N T GE OR E F BOSWORT G . H , With Maps, Diagrams and Illustrations C amb r idge at th e U n iver sity Pr ess Qtamhr ihgz P RIN D B Y OHN C L AY M . A . TE J , AT T H E U N IV E RS ITY P RESS (0 7 0 M BE CONTE NTS PAGE W T h e o Ken t. Co unty and Shire . rd Its Origin and Meaning Its o o N General Characteristics . P siti n and atural Co nditi o ns Bo . o o z S . Si e . hape undaries Detached P rti n Surface and General Features Watershed . Rivers Geo l o gy and So il Natural Histo ry — Ro und th e Co ast Lo ndo n to Sheppey — R o und th e Co ast Sheppey to Dungeness — T h e Co ast Gains and Lo sses — T h e Pro tecti o n o f th e Co ast Sea-walls and Gro ynes — T h e Co ast Sand- banks and Lighth o uses Climate and Rainfall — o S m o o Pe ple Race , Dialect , ettle ents , P pulati n — M o Wo o o k Agriculture ain Cultivati ns , dlands , St c vi CONTENTS Ho ps and Ho p- picking Industries and M anufactures — M inerals E xhausted M ining Industries Fisheries and Fishing Stati o ns — E o Shipping and Trade T h e Chief Po rts . xtinct P rts o Cinque P rts . Trade R o utes Histo ry o f Kent — o o m o Antiquities Prehist ric , R an , Sax n a E Architecture ( ) cclesiastical Cathedrals , Churches , Abbeys — — Architecture (b) M ilitary Cast1es — — r c m F m o o . o M Architectu e ( ) D estic a us Seats , an r o o H uses , C ttages — — o mm o o C unicati ns Past and Present R ads , Rail 1 1 2 ways , Canals — Administrati o n and Divisi o ns Ancient and M o dern T h e o o f o o o f th e o . R ll H n ur C unty T h e V o f , Chief Towns and illages Kent ILL U STRAT IONS Canterbury Cathedral ff o Shakespeare Cli , D ver T h e Weald o f Kent Dymchurch Church Upn o r Castle Reculver Church T h e o o W T ad R ck , near Tunbridge ells T h e Penshurst Oak G reenwich Ho spital Margate T h e F e S isher Gat , andwich Fo lkesto ne Harbo ur Thanet and th e River Wan tsu m (fro m an o ld map) R o mney Marsh T h e o o Phar s , D ver G reenwich Observato ry S S Church treet , andwich A Kentish Ho p Garden o M o Allingt n Castle , aidst ne M aidsto ne Old Ho uses o n DealBeach Do ver Castle Sarre Wall T h e Cmqu e Po rts and Ancient To wns o E b b sfleet to o mm mo th e Cr ss at , erected c e rate landing St Augustine Facsimile o f Do mesday Bo o k Palaeo lithic Flint Implement Neo lithic Celt o f G reensto ne viii ILLUSTRATIONS ’ Kit s Co ty Ho use Richbo ro ugh Castle Patrixbo urne Church Bar fr esto n e Church ’ to M o Gateway St Augustine s nastery , Canterbury To nbridge Castle Ro chester Castle Leeds Castle Ightham M o te o o o m D rway , C bha Hall o o Old H uses , Chidding st ne At Penshurst o o o k Kn le H use , Seven a s R o chester Castle Canterbury Cathedral fro m th e Meado ws ’ Fo o o o o m rt H use , Gravesend (General G rd n s H e) Sir Philip Sidney o f o Part Garden fr nt, Penshurst Place Chilham Church Chiddingsto ne . Aylesfo rd Bridge and Church . E astry Diagrams MAPS o o Kent , T p graphical Geo l o gical E W ngland and ales , shewing annual rainfall T h e o o n . 2 6 0 2 Illustrati ns pp 4, 7, 3 , 5 5 , 5 , 7 , 7 , 1 1 1 m F F 8 0 0 0 8 1 1 8 ar e o o o M . , , , and fr ph t graphs by essrs rith Co . o o n . 6 1 0 1 1 1 2 , Ltd , Reigate ; and th se pp 39 , 9 , 5 , 3 , and 5 ar e o m o o T h e o m s o c o fr ph t graphs by H eland A s iati n , Ltd 1 h e Th e Ken t. County and S ir . Word Me lts Orig in and aning . It has been well said that our national history is made up of local history , and that our knowledge of the history of England as a whole will be all the better if we learn something of the way i n which the English T kingdoms were formed . his will help us to understand the relation which our modern divisions bear to the T ‘ m m ancient ones . hese odern divisions are na ed counties ' Stafio rd and shires, and we call one Kent and another afiix sbir e shire . In the latter instance , we note the , while in the former there is not this special ending . Let diiIeren c e us endeavour to find out the reason for this , and we shall then be in a better position to understand the origin of the county of Kent in the early days of our history . Look carefully at a map of England and make a list ' /yz r e of the divisions that end in s . It may at once be said that these are portions or sbar es of a larger division : T S ff hus ta ordshire was once a part of Mercia, one of the great kingdoms in early English days . Again Berkshire G m and loucestershire were for erly parts of Wessex , B . K . 2 K ENT another English kingdom . Now look at the map and hir e f pick o u t the divisions that do not end in s . O these it may generally be said that they are the survivals of the old English kingdoms, which have kept their former extent and in some cases their original names . Perhaps we could not take two better counties S than ussex and Kent to illustrate this fact . Both these counties were originally kingdoms and have retained their bou he earliest times when settle in England . Th e history of England tells us that our English i m forefathers divided our land nto several kingdo s, of S which Kent and ussex were two ; so that, for fourteen n hundred years, these two counties have kept the ames . T that they now bear hat is a very remarkable fact, and one of the deepest interest for us who are going to read about the geography of Kent . History and geography m have a very close connexion at ti es, and here the one subject helps to illustrate the other . T h e very word Kent has a history that carries us back to a period before the invasion of Julius Caesar . While most of our present English counties have English names, ring one of Keltic an t1 u 1t rs witness to its q y, and leads i to u n der an d m st . us that there is much in a na e Norfolk, S ff S u olk, Essex , ussex and Middlesex are all good English words , whose meaning is evident at a glance . But with ff Kent the case is entirely di erent, and one has to learn a good deal of history to know h o w it g o t its name and M M why it has kept its name . COUNTY AND SHIRE 3 0 B C was Pytheas, who lived about 3 5 . , one of the earliest explorers who visited our land , and he mentions Cantion as one of the places he visited . Ptolemy , who 1 0 A D flourished about 5 . , and was one of the greatest of ancient geographers speaks of Cantium , which may be said , roughly, to be represented by the modern Kent . In those early times we may safely say that the Kelts were living in England , and so it comes about that Kent is C ain t derived from , a Keltic word meaning the open country, and was given to the long slip of land lying - along the sea shore and the T hames . ° E n /151) C/Jr an ic le Can twam In the g , Caint becomes [ an d Cen t D o mesda B ac k and , and in the y it is written ben tb C .