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Part 4: Conclusions and Recommendations & Appendices

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Part 4: Conclusions and Recommendations & Appendices Twentieth Century Naval Dockyards Devonport and Portsmouth: Characterisation Report PART FOUR CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The final focus of this report is to develop the local, national and international contexts of the two dockyards to highlight specific areas of future research. Future discussion of Devonport and Portsmouth as distinct designed landscapes would coherently organise the many strands identified in this report. The Museum of London Archaeology Portsmouth Harbour Hinterland Project carried out for Heritage England (2015) is a promising step in this direction. It is emphasised that this study is just a start. By delivering the aim and objectives, it has indicated areas of further fruitful research. Project aim: to characterise the development of the active naval dockyards at Devonport and Portsmouth, and the facilities within the dockyard boundaries at their maximum extent during the twentieth century, through library, archival and field surveys, presented and analysed in a published report, with a database of documentary and building reports. This has been delivered through Parts 1-4 and Appendices 2-4. Project objectives 1 To provide an overview of the twentieth century development of English naval dockyards, related to historical precedent, national foreign policy and naval strategy. 2 To address the main chronological development phases to accommodate new types of vessels and technologies of the naval dockyards at Devonport and Portsmouth. 3 To identify the major twentieth century naval technological revolutions which affected British naval dockyards. 4 To relate the main chronological phases to topographic development of the yards and changing technological and strategic needs, and identify other significant factors. 5 To distinguish which buildings are typical of the twentieth century naval dockyards and/or of unique interest. These objectives have been delivered through Parts 1-4 and Appendices 2-4. Limitations were imposed on the project by problems of access and weather. The weather during winter/spring 2013 was very cold, wet and windy, making it too arduous to remain at Portsmouth Naval Base for more than two hours at a time. Some planned visits had to be cancelled. Effecting access to Devonport Naval Base took eight months. The short time available to see the Devonport site from a car did not allow detailed comparison with the listing descriptions and archival evidence, and the researchers were not allowed to take photographs. Some buildings were viewed internally, such as the Quadrangle (N173-177, N186-191, N203), North Yard Offices (N215) and the former Pipe Shop (N110). This was converted in 2002 into a Layapart Store for removed Vanguard items and now the HQ Store and Office forVanguard class operations, supporting the nuclear fleet. It was only possible to see the Refuelling Facility (D154) and Frigate Complex (N217) from the outside. The second day of the Devonport visit in September 2013 was very wet, which affected visibility. Lack of data also affected the writing up of Part 2. Devonport Part 2, unlike Portsmouth Part 3, does not show all the building numbers and grid references because the team was unable to obtain all the relevant details. 205 Twentieth Century Naval Dockyards Devonport and Portsmouth: Characterisation Report It is emphasised that much of the two sites is inaccessible to the public. Visitors to the Devonport Naval Heritage Centre can see the yard by bus and visit HMS Courageous, and the southwest corner of Portsmouth Dockyard is a public heritage area, from which some of the naval base can be viewed; it can also be seen from the nearby Spinnaker Tower. Both yards can also be viewed on Google Earth. Nevertheless, their material culture is largely invisible, so this report goes some way to impart this evidence. Now that the report is in the public domain, its findings can be further explored. It is expected that this material on the two twentieth century dockyards will stimulate future researchers to delve much more deeply within the historical sources indicated and reveal further unknown information and attitudes. 4.1 Primary findings The project has demonstrated: 1. Some significant earlier dockyard buildings were demolished during the twentieth century, but those which remain are largely protected by listing and give a unique character to both dockyards. 2. Those structures still at risk, such as the South Saw Mills (S128, S148-150), South Smithery (S126) and the Turncock’s House (part of S103) at Devonport; at Portsmouth nos 2-8, The Parade (1/125-1/132), the Former Naval Academy (1/14, 1/16-1/19), the east wing of the Iron and Brass Foundry (1/136), Dock No. 6 and Store No. 25 (1/118), some of which have not been in use for decades, will require £millions to restore them. Portsmouth Block Mills (1/153) is in an excellent refurbished state, but it needs additional means of access to the upper floors to be usable and its continued lack of use renders it vulnerable to ongoing decay. Current government policies do not make such expenditure likely in the near future. 3. Already gone are almost all Portsmouth’s Victorian/Edwardian Barracks, Devonport and Portsmouth air raid shelters, Devonport and Portsmouth’s giant cranes and Portsmouth Floating Dock. Less of Portsmouth’s rail track remains than at Devonport, while 1970s-era cranes at Portsmouth are being replaced, so its wharf and dock scenes are changing. South Yard, Devonport will soon be lost as a dockyard and will change drastically through commercial redevelopment. 4. MoD documents of the 1960s and 1970s show that in the thrust for modernisation the survival of some historic buildings was due to lack of money in specific budgets to demolish and rebuild, rather than an appreciation of their significance. 5. Pre-twentieth century dockyard buildings have adapted remarkably well to the current needs of the MoD, commercial businesses and museums. A few examples at both dockyards (South Saw Mills (S128, S148-150), and South Smithery (S126) at Devonport and the Block Mills (1/153) at Portsmouth) have not found a naval re-use due to the cost of renovating them fully, or other re-use through problems of security access. 6. From the beginning of the twentieth century, new worksites and accommodation aimed to improve hygienic and recreational conditions to develop personnel confidence and self-esteem beyond merely providing a progressive environment for living and working. 7. Neoclassical styles of architecture in both dockyards continued well into the twentieth century before new building types made an appearance, such as the Modernist Boathouse No. 4 at Portsmouth (1940, 1/6) and the 1979 Brutalist NAAFI at Devonport and Workshop Complexes at Portsmouth (1976 and 1979, 2/139-140 and 2/109-110). Late twentieth century buildings continued neoclassical elements, creating a tapestry of old and new building styles. Strands of influence can only be touched upon in a report such as this, but they will bear further fruitful research. 8. The MoD has preserved some historic buildings by moving them. Portsea’s Unicorn Gate was re-sited in 1868, the Round Tower (1843–48, 3/262) and Frederick’s Battery (1843–48, 3/250) 206 Twentieth Century Naval Dockyards Devonport and Portsmouth: Characterisation Report Part 4: Conclusions and recommendations were carefully relocated rather than demolished in the 1860s. The columns and pediment from the former Portsea Quay Gate were incorporated into HMS Nelson Gate in 1902, and the remains of Portsea’s Lion Gate were built into the Semaphore Tower (1/50) in 1929. Victory Building (1993, 1/100) displays in its portico the lion and the unicorn, recalling the town gates. In 1979 the plaque and metal box, which formerly housed a gas jet for workers to light their pipes and cigarettes in the 1863–65 Great Extension wall near Unicorn Gate, was refurbished by dockyard apprentices and incorporated into the rebuilt section. 9. Buildings continued to segregate personnel by rank and gender through the design of accommodation, dining and recreation facilities into the 1970s. 10. Time-work-discipline is evident through the muster bell, the clocking-in machine, clocks on buildings and the waiting area for artificers to queue for pay at Portsmouth. 11. Devonport is still grey and Portsmouth still red. Their dominant historical colours, reflecting their respective underlying geology, have continued through the twentieth century. 12. PNBPT has brought back or is bringing back some hitherto fully unusable Portsmouth buildings into profitable re-use: Boathouse Nos 4, 5, 6 and 7 and the Cellblock (1/6, 1/27-1/28, 1/23, 1/29 and 1/2) 13. Pre-twentieth century and twentieth century structures form a tapestry of old and new material culture. Devonport’s 1976 Frigate Complex is juxtaposed with North Yard Offices (1903, 1910, N215) and the Quadrangle (1852-61, N173-177, N186-191, 203), while Portsmouth Round Tower (1843–48, 3/262) and Frederick’s Battery (1843–48, 3/250) were consciously tied to the 1979 Arup Offices (3/261). Buildings signify a series of overlapping stories to be researched by architectural, social, maritime, political, economic, technological and local historians, geostrategists, historical geographers, economists and civil engineers. 14. A variety of sources have been blended to tell a series of stories. Buildings can be interpreted by, and interpret, archival collections. Buildings which have disappeared still survive in the archives. The inclusion of rarely cited collections raises awareness of them to potential researchers. 15. There is continuity in including dates on such architectural elements as rainwater hoppers, plaques and stones. Vistas, such as the Portsmouth Georgian storehouses and the ropehouse complexes at Devonport and Portsmouth have continued at Devonport with the North Arm range of buildings ending in the NAAFI building (N007), and the parallel range which includes the nuclear refuelling facility, the FMB workshop complex and the Mast and the Periscope Shop.
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