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A Corpus-Based Discourse Study of Chinese Medicine in UK National Newspapers*

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A Corpus-Based Discourse Study of Chinese Medicine in UK National Newspapers* 2017 年 1 月 外语教学与研究（外国语文双月刊） Jan. 2017 第 49 卷 第 1 期 Foreign Language Teaching and Research (bimonthly) Vol.49 No.1 A corpus-based discourse study of Chinese medicine in UK national newspapers* Qian Yufang Zhejiang University of Media and Communications Tony McEnery Lancaster University Abstract: With the increasing focus on personal health in society, the media pays more and more attention to health issues. The media has the power to set agendas to create both public awareness and concern. The discourses they construct influence the shape of public opinion. This study merges corpus analysis and discourse studies to explore the discursive constructions around Chinese medicine in British newspapers. We found that the agenda surrounding traditional Chinese medicine set in British national newspapers is an important factor in imparting knowledge on Chinese medicine, influencing the understanding of issues the readers are concerned with, and shaping the public opinion on Chinese medicine. Keywords: corpus-based, discourse studies, Chinese medicine, British national newspapers [ 中图分类号 ] H13 [ 文献标识码 ] A [ 文章编号 ] 1000-0429(2017)01-0073-12 1. Introduction As early as 4000 B.C., there were legends about Shennong, who tasted hun- dreds of herbs before they were used medicinally. During the third century B.C., the Classic of Internal Medicine, an eighteen-volume document, laid the theoret- ical foundation for traditional Chinese medicine. It is still considered to be one of the greatest medical classics in China. Over 4,000 years, scholars and medi- * This paper is part of the research project “A corpus based comparison between Eastern and Western political discourses” (12 BYY043) supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China. ·73· 外语教学与研究.indd 73 17-1-19 下午2:02 2017 年 外语教学与研究 第 1 期 cal practitioners have documented the ways of maintaining health and treating illness through the use of herbs, acupuncture, and intelligent life-style practices (Liu 1988a). Chinese medicine encompasses Chinese philosophy, embodying people’s lifestyles and the ways in which they interact with nature. In accord- ance with the theory of the Five Elements (wood, fire, water, metal and earth), traditional Chinese medicine theory emphasises the whole concept of ‘harmony between man and nature’ and ‘therapy based on differentiation between syn- dromes’ (Zhao & Zhao 2010: 1409). Chinese medicine serves as an alternative health treatment, playing a role in serving public health in the UK. The growth and popularity of complementary medi- cine in Britain is one of the most prominent and influential developments to occur in health care from the 1980s onwards (Lewith et al. 1996). In 2007, there were more than 3,000 Chinese medicine clinics in the UK (Li et al. 2010). How do British newspapers construct discourse around Chinese medicine? How do these discourses reflect British public attitudes towards Chinese medicine? What kind of role do newspapers play in shaping public opinion towards Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)? This study will scrutinise reports from 16 British national newspapers in the last 30 years to explore their representation of Chinese medicine. This observation of discourse focus upon Chinese medicine provides specific ev- idence of the media’s role in public health vis-à-vis the use of traditional Chinese medicine in the UK. 2. Data collection The Traditional Chinese Medicine Corpus (TCMC) was constructed using texts published by sixteen British national newspapers between 1986-2015 from a data- base called LexisNexis. The corpus contains article containing one of the follow- ing four terms: Chinese medicine, Chinese herbs, Chinese medication and Chinese medical herbs. The files retrieved were saved in plain text format, with one for each year’s data, totalling 3,099 texts of 2,791,910 tokens. The programme WordSmith Tools 6 (Scott 2014) was used in this study. It is an integrated suite of tools for corpus exploration and statistical analysis, including concordance, wordlist and keyword functions amongst other utilities. 3. Corpus analysis Corpus techniques such as keyword, cluster and concordance analysis are used to explore perceptions of TCM in serving public health in the UK during the last 30 years. To do this, we first of all observed the frequency with which TCM was mentioned in UK national newspapers from 1986 to 2015, and then carried out corpus analysis. ·74· 外语教学与研究.indd 74 17-1-19 下午2:02 Qian Yufang Tony McEnery A corpus-based discourse study of Chinese medicine in UK national newspapers 3.1 Number of articles on TCM in UK national newspapers (1986-2015) Figure 1. Number of articles on TCM in UK national newspapers per year (1986-2015) It can be seen that until 1995 the number of articles on Chinese medicine expe- rienced a steady increase. From 1998 to 2000 the number of articles increased no- tably. This elevated rate of reporting on Chinese medicine remained stable through 2015, with minor fluctuations. Examining the corpus data may explain the reasons, either positive or negative, for the sustained news focus on Chinese medicine. 1） Treatment and efficacy (47.3%) 2） Animal parts used in TCM (17.1%) 3） Official concern towards Chinese medicine (9.6%) 4） The Royal family’s interest (5%) 5） Others (21%) Looking back at the dissemination of TCM in the UK, we can find that Chinese medicine clinics first appeared in the UK in the early 1980s. The purported efficacy of TCM in treating the symptoms of many illnesses, from multiple sclerosis to infer- tility, attracted the attention of the press. For example, The Independent (29 January, 1991) published an article entitled “Dr Luo and her Chinatown magic; Hundreds of people queue at her surgery for relief from eczema. Now Western doctors are look- ing at her methods, says Mark Handscomb”. The publicity surrounding the skills of Dr Dinghui Luo dramatically increased interest in TCM in the UK and through- out Europe. Media coverage of other successful cases in the treatment of disorders increased public interest in unorthodox medicine. The Royal family’s interests in alternative medicines were frequently reported, especially Princess Diana’s interest in TCM, which was mentioned 158 times from 1998 to 2015. In the 1980s, the British Government was unlikely to interfere with what might be viewed as the rights of individuals to choose the traditional health care therapies in which they have confidence (Stone & Matthews 1992: 75). TCM increased in popularity. However, in 2000, several media outlets revealed some near-fatal inci- ·75· 外语教学与研究.indd 75 17-1-19 下午2:02 2017 年 外语教学与研究 第 1 期 dents in which patients undergoing TCM treatments were given incorrect drugs. In one case two women suffered serious kidney damage after taking the herbal prepara- tion Aristolochia instead of the harmless drug Stephania. These incidents led to more awareness from the government and practitioners. Measures were to introduce tight- er regulation of alternative therapies. The Chinese Medicinal Plants Authentication Centre at Kew Gardens was established. In the same year, the Herbal Medicine Reg- ulatory Working Group (HMRWG) and the Acupuncture Regulatory Working Group (ARWG) were founded and the House of Lords Science and Technology Committee published a 140-page report on Complementary and Alternative Medicine (Select Committee on Science & Technology 2000), which covered a range of therapies in- cluding Chinese medicine. Since then, Chinese medicine in the UK has been gradu- ally moving toward standardization (Cheng & Shen 2010). In the last thirty years, issues like i) the evidence of the effectiveness of Chinese medicines; ii) the risks to patient safety from Chinese medicines and Chinese medi- cine practices; iii) the establishment of educational standards for training practition- ers and the benchmarking of standards for accrediting practitioners and iv) animal parts used in Chinese medicine have been discussed in British national newspapers. 3.2 Keyword analysis As Scott (1997) points out, keyword lists tend to reveal three types of words: proper nouns, keywords of aboutness and grammatical words. That is to say, the overall charac- terisation of the aboutness of the corpora may be undertaken by using a keyword anal- ysis and exploring the links between the keywords. In this article the exploration of the keywords will be supported by looking at concordance lines. Our aim in using keywords analysis is to assess the aboutness of the TCMC over the last 30 years. Five hundred keywords were extracted by comparing the TCMC with the English Gigaword corpus via WordSmith Tools 6. In order to uncover the main issues in the UK press related to TCM over the last thirty years, the keywords list was grouped into eight categories, which subsequently required more detailed qualitative analyses of individual keywords via concordancing to ascertain why they occurred in the TCMC, and the most common ways in which they were used. In this paper, we will focus on the analysis of the first three categories, i.e. TCM concept, Chinese medicines and animals. Table 1. Semantic categories of keywords in the TCMC Semantic category Keywords TCM concept Yin, Yang, chi, health, remedies, energy, complementary, remedy, medication, Qi, diagnosis, holistic Chinese medicines ginger, ginseng, wine, alcohol, ginkgo, plant, milk, meat, seeds, garden, food, water, ingredients, drugs, vitamins, supplements, zinc, capsules, tablets, soup, tea, herb, fruit Animals tiger, rhino, wildlife, bear, horn, bile, elephant, seahorse ·76· 外语教学与研究.indd 76 17-1-19 下午2:02 Qian Yufang Tony McEnery A corpus-based discourse study of Chinese medicine in UK national newspapers 3.2.1 Yin and yang Examining the keywords in Table 1, we can see that the key concepts in traditional Chinese medicine Yin and Yang, Qi (pronounced Chi, the Chinese term for energy), and holistic treatment have been frequently represented in the British national newspapers since the 1980s. The phrase yin and yang occurs 117 times, qi 284 times, Chi 785 times, and energy 1941 times in the TCM corpus.
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