Fakulta Strojní Ústav Automobilů, Spalovacích Motorů a Kolejových Vozidel

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Fakulta Strojní Ústav Automobilů, Spalovacích Motorů a Kolejových Vozidel ČESKÉ VYSOKÉ UČENÍ TECHNICKÉ V PRAZE FAKULTA STROJNÍ ÚSTAV AUTOMOBILŮ, SPALOVACÍCH MOTORŮ A KOLEJOVÝCH VOZIDEL PŘEHLED A TRENDY VE VÝVOJI PŘEVODOVEK OSOBNÍCH AUTOMOBILŮ OVERVIEW AND TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PASSENGER CAR TRANSMISSIONS BAKALÁŘSKÁ PRÁCE AUTOR PRÁCE: Monika Rémišová VEDOUCÍ PRÁCE: doc. Dr. Ing. Gabriela Achtenová AKADEMICKÝ ROK: 2017/2018 STUDIJNÍ PROGRAM: Strojírenství STUDIJNÍ OBOR: Konstruování podporované počítačem Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem svou bakalářskou práci vypracovala samostatně a použila pouze podklady uvedené v přiloženém seznamu. Nemám závažný důvod proti užití tohoto díla ve smyslu § 60 Zákona č.121/2000 Sb., o právu autorském, o právech souvisejících s právem autorským a o změně některých zákonů (autorský zákon). V Praze dne 12. 7. 2018 …………………………………… Monika Rémišová Poděkování Ráda bych tímto chtěla poděkovat vedoucí mé bakalářské práce doc. Dr. Ing. Gabriele Achtenové za zájem, vedení, cenné rady a čas, který mi věnovala. Anotace RÉMIŠOVÁ M., Přehled a trendy ve vývoji převodovek osobních automobilů, Praha 6, 2018. Bakalářská práce na Strojní fakultě ČVUT v Praze. Vedoucí baka- lářské práce doc. Dr. Ing. Gabriela Achtenová. 47 stran, 3 obrázky, 27 grafů Bakalářská práce je zaměřena na převodové systémy, které byly používány v le- tech 1995 až 2016 v osobních automobilech. Jsou popsány funkce hybridních vo- zidel a jejich užití. Hlavním cílem je graficky zpracovat statistiku. Klíčová slova Statistika, převodovka, převodové ústrojí, pohon, osobní automobil Annotation RÉMIŠOVÁ M., Overview and trends in the development of passenger car transmissions, Prague 6, 2018. The Bechelor´s work at Machine faculty CTU in Prague. The supervisor of this bachelor´s work is doc. Dr. Ing. Gabriela Achtenová. 47 pages, 3 pictures, 27 graphs This bachelor´s work is specialized in gearbox that were used from 1995 to 2016 in passanger cars. There are described the functions of crossbred automobiles and their uses in this work. The main aim is the graphical proces of statictics. Key words Statistics, gearbox, gearbox device, propellant, passenger car Obsah 1 Úvod ............................................................................................................ 8 2 Historie a vývoj hybridního pohonu .............................................................. 9 3 Dělení hybridních pohonů a jejich koncepce ............................................... 11 3.1 Dělení podle hybridizace ...................................................................... 11 3.1.1 Micro-hybrid .................................................................................. 11 3.1.2 Mild-hybrid .................................................................................... 11 3.1.3 Full-hybrid ..................................................................................... 12 3.1.4 Plug-in-hybrid ................................................................................ 12 3.2 Dělení podle toku energie ..................................................................... 12 3.2.1 Sériový hybridní pohon .................................................................. 12 3.2.2 Paralelní hybridní pohon ................................................................ 13 3.2.3 Kombinovaný hybridní pohon ........................................................ 14 3.2.4 Range Extender .............................................................................. 15 4 Význam jednotlivých sloupců ..................................................................... 16 4.1 Zadávané údaje o vozidle (A – AG) ...................................................... 17 4.2 Zjištění počtů jednotlivých typů převodovek (AH-AL) ......................... 20 4.3 Počty převodovek dle množství stupňů řazení (AM-BB) ....................... 20 4.4 Výkony příslušných převodovek (BC-BS) ............................................ 21 4.5 Točivé momenty příslušných převodovek (BT-CJ) ................................ 21 4.6 Rozsahy příslušných převodovek (CK-DA) .......................................... 21 4.7 Další pomocné vyhodnocení, pro zpracování grafů ............................... 22 5 Vyhodnocení statistiky ................................................................................ 24 5.1 Vývoj sledovaných parametrů v letech 1995-2016 ................................ 24 5.1.1 Rozvoj jednotlivých převodových ústrojí ....................................... 24 5.1.2 Vývoj výkonů motorů jednotlivých převodových ústrojí ................ 25 5.1.3 Vývoj točivých momentů jednotlivých převodových ústrojí ........... 26 5.1.4 Vývoj rozsahů jednotlivých převodových ústrojí ............................ 27 5.2 Závislosti sledovaných parametrů v roce 2016 ...................................... 28 5.2.1 Závislosti související s točivým momentem ................................... 28 5.2.2 Závislosti v souvislosti s výkonem motoru ..................................... 33 5.2.3 Další závislosti v souvislosti s rozsahem převodového ústrojí ........ 37 5.2.4 Zařazení hybridních vozidel na trh ................................................. 40 6 Závěr .......................................................................................................... 44 7 Seznam použité literatury ........................................................................... 45 8 Seznam obrázků ......................................................................................... 46 9 Seznam grafů .............................................................................................. 47 1 Úvod Práce je svou tématikou zaměřena na převodové systémy používané v osobních automobilech v letech 1995-2016. Statistika z předchozích let ukázala, že nejvíce se používá pět různých převodových systémů, a to převodovka manuální (ručně řazená), samočinná, automatizovaná s jednou či dvěma spojkami nebo variátor. Pomocí katalogu jsou data shromažďována a vypisována do souboru MS Excel (dále jen excel). Hlavní sledované parametry motorizace jsou točivý moment a výkon motoru. Zjišťuje se, zda se jedná o automobil poháněný spalovacím motorem, elektromotorem nebo kombinací těchto dvou. Jestliže je automobil vybaven elektromotorem, pak jsou zajímavými parametry typ elektrizace, napětí, typ baterie a její kapacita. Co se týče převodového ústrojí, tak hlavními ukazateli jsou maximální rychlost automobilu, spotřeba paliva, typ samotné převodovky, počet stupňů řazení a stálý převod. Dále jsou zaznamenávány maximální a minimální převodový stupeň, z nichž je následně vypočten rozsah. Cílem práce je vyhodnocení statistiky trendu ve vývoji převodových systémů za období posledních jednadvaceti let a prozkoumání vzájemné závislostí jednotlivých parametrů. Pro zpracování celého období jsou použita data z let 1995, 2000, 2005 a 2015, která byla již zpracována. 8 2 Historie a vývoj hybridního pohonu První hybridní pohony se prakticky objevily se vznikem samotného automobilismu. První zmínka o nich je datována z roku 1665, kdy byly vytvořeny plány na malé parní vozidlo pro čínského císaře Khang-hsi. Vůz měl údajně být poháněn nejen párou, ale také tažen koňmi. V roce 1769 Francouz Nicholas Cugnot sestavil tzv. Cugnotův parní tahač s rychlostí 6 km/h. O 60 let později Sir Goldsworthy Gurney sestavil první parní kočár, který byl schopen dosáhnout rychlosti až 32 km/h. V 1. polovině 19. století sestavil skotský vynálezce Robert Anderson první elektrický automobil. Měl krátký dojezd a velmi obtížně se dobíjel. Dalším čistě elektrickým pohonem přispěl Sir David Solomon roku 1870. Představil lehký elektrický motor, kde vůz nebyl příliš dobře ovladatelný pro velmi těžké baterie. [1] Roku 1898 Ferdinand Porsche ve spolupráci s továrnou Lohner postavil první hybridní automobil zvaný Mixte. Použil benzinový motor, který poháněl generátor k výrobě elektřiny pro napájení elektromotorů. Toto zapojení by se dalo nazvat tzv. sériovým hybridem. Auto nepotřebovalo převodovku a podle studie Thomase Scholze mělo mít účinnost neuvěřitelných 83 %. V roce 1901 Porsche zvítězil se svým strojem Exelberg Rally. Jeho modernizovaná verze využívala elektromotory umístěné do všech čtyř kol. Dosahovala rychlosti až 110 km/h. [1] Roku 1905 Henri Pieper, německý vynálezce a konstruktér zbraní, předložil americkému patentovému úřadu žádost o patentování hybridního pohonu, prakticky stejného typu, jaký vynalezl Porsche. Patent byl schválen roku 1908, kdy se benzinové motory staly dostatečně výkonnými, a to se OBRÁZE K 1: Patentový nákres hybridního auta Henriho Piepera zrychlením na 25 km/h za 10 s. V roce 1915 společnost Woods Motor Vehicle vytvořila systém pohonu „Dual Power“. V podstatě šlo o paralelní hybrid, který pro pohon vozu při nízké rychlosti využíval elektromotor a při potřebě vyšší rychlosti nasadil benzinový agregát. [1] 9 Roku 1969 byl představený experimentální plug-in-hybrid. Automobil byl koncipován jako 3-dveřový hatchback pro přepravu osob na kratší vzdálenosti. Jako pohon sloužil dvouválcový benzinový motor (575 cm3) a elektromotor. Elektřina byla čerpána ze šesti 12V baterií uložených u zadní nápravy s možností dobíjení ze sítě. Čistě elektrický pohon byl možný pouze do rychlosti 15 km/h, kombinovaný až 100 km/h. Na konci 80. let se stala evropským průkopníkem automobilka Audi. Jednalo se o vůz Duo postavený v systému plug-in paralelní hybrid. Zadní kola poháněl elektromotor Siemens o výkonu necelých 9,7 kW a energie byla dodávaná Ni-Cd bateriemi dobíjenými ze sítě. Řidič mohl volit mezi čistě elektrickým pohonem či spalovacím motorem. V roce 1997 se představilo Audi Duo
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