Evidence from Chinese Electric Automotive Industry Leader BYD

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Evidence from Chinese Electric Automotive Industry Leader BYD 2016 Proceedings of PICMET '16: Technology Management for Social Innovation Catching Up in a Bidirectional Way: Evidence from Chinese Electric Automotive Industry Leader BYD Bowen Zhang, Xianjun Li, Donghui Meng, Lewis Liu Department of Automotive Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China Abstract--To catch up with leaders, whether latecomers for industrial practice, as some latecomer firms do use both should follow an “imitation to innovation” path or an ways to catch up at the same time. One important reason for “innovating to leapfrog” path is still not quite clear. To shine this gap between theory and practice is that the technology a some light on this issue, we focus on the case of BYD, a latecomer firm needs for catching up at a certain stage is latecomer growing from nobody to the pioneer of Chinese usually treated as a whole. In fact, the technology consists of electric automotive industry and the champion in world electric vehicle sales in a dozen years. We find that BYD catches up in a different parts, a latecomer firm may be weak in most of the bidirectional way by which it has kept doing imitation and technology that it needs to learn from imitation, but it may be innovation from the start and made them well balanced to relatively strong in a certain technology that it can do R&D achieve the best of cost performance. This is different from the and innovate. In other words, latecomer firms may not catch unidirectional view that a latecomers’ catching-up either starts up in a unidirectional way, either imitation or innovation, but from a reverse innovation way like "from imitation to in a bidirectional way that they do imitation and innovation at innovation", or from a leapfrogging way that requires the same time. "science-technology-innovation". Evidence is also found that To get a better understanding of this issue, this paper technology accumulation affects BYD's selection between focuses on the case of BYD, a Chinese electric vehicle (EV) imitation and innovation. This paper helps latecomers to make a better decision for their catching-up. player. EV technology can simply be taken as the combination of automotive technology and battery I. INTRODUCTION technology. While most of giants in automotive industry have little accumulation in battery industry, BYD is a latecomer in This paper focuses on the relationship between innovation automotive industry with battery experience. It only takes and reverse innovation in a latecomer firm’s catching up BYD 12 years to become the champion of world EV sales. process. A latecomer firm is a resource-poor late entrant to an BYD’s catching-up practice provides an interesting example industry, not by choice but by historical necessity [1]. about how latecomers with knowledge accumulation can Scholars have found that different from firms in developed successfully catch up in one of the most established industries countries that usually do innovation in a “Science – [8]. Technology – Innovation” way, latecomer firms usually do This paper is organized in the following manner. The next innovation in a reverse innovation way like “Acquisition – section presents a review of the literature forming the basis of Assimilation – Improvement”, which doesn’t require R&D this case analysis. This is followed by a section explains why work in early stages [2, 3]. Scholars have also found that case study is used and how the case is selected. Then comes a latecomer firms can catch up in a leapfrogging way, section elaborating on BYD case. After that the discussions especially the path-creating way which suggests latecomer and conclusions of the study are presented. firms entering new technological trajectory as soon as possible to gain advantages [4, 5]. In the path-creating II. LITERATURE REVIEW catching-up, no matter how much technological capabilities latecomer firms have accumulated, they have to do R&D and Latecomer firms are faced with two kinds of innovate since there is little for them to imitate. disadvantages. One is that latecomers are poor in technology Therefore, latecomer firms have at least two ways to catch accumulation and have limited access to advanced up. One way is reverse innovation, starting with imitation, technology and a healthy surrounding national system of following a “imitation to innovation” path to gradually reduce innovation. The other is they confront underdeveloped and the gap between latecomer firms and firms in developed unsophisticated users instead of demanding users who are countries [6]. The other way is innovation to leapfrog, paying very important for firms’ innovation [9, 10]. more attention to R&D work to take advantages of Therefore, in contrast with the R&D and design-led technological change to significantly reduce the gap with strategies typical of leaders and followers, latecomers began firms in developed countries or even overtake them and with acquiring outside mature technology and making become leaders of the new technology [7]. incremental improvements to manufacturing processes [11]. Little attention has been paid to whether latecomer firms They concern on output capabilities which describe firms’ can start to catch up by using both strategy at the same time, technologies and skills relating directly to the currently which may imply a latecomer firm use only one way to catch observable product, and show little interest in the ability to up. This weakens the explanatory power of existing theories enhance or develop the product [12]. After they accumulate 1172 2016 Proceedings of PICMET '16: Technology Management for Social Innovation basic technology, they start to do some product development [22]. Little research has been done on whether latecomers can to make the product introduced from leading markets to start their catching up by both imitation and innovation, and better fit less developed domestic market that they are more how to balance them. familiar with. After they have accumulated certain knowledge In addition, most existing research on latecomers’ in engineering and development, they start to do some innovation practice are based on evidence from East Asian research to innovate. And when they finish all steps above, economies which have a relatively small domestic market and they can start from more advanced technologies instead of rely on overseas market. However, China is large economy mature technology, and continue to follow Acquisition – providing a big domestic market for its latecomer firms. Assimilation – Improvement process to catch up [6]. This Since Chinese latecomer firms don’t have to compete in process is opposite to the AU model illustrating how product high-standard international market at their early time and can innovation and process innovation change in developed first develop their capabilities in domestic market, they may countries [13]. choose catch up strategies different from that of firms in The key to succeed in catching-up is to use less money small economies. and time to master the technology and make similar products in lower cost. In this way, a latecomer’s catching up is a III. RESEARCH METHOD learning process focusing on imitation instead of doing R&D to innovate [14]. This research is a theory building research focusing on However, by a reverse innovation way shown above, “how” questions,the behavior of those involved in the study latecomers can reduce the gap between leaders, but they are can’t be manipulated. A single-case study provides richer hardly able to become leaders, since they have to imitate details for us to look into the case and learn better about how leaders’ products. Those who would like to overtake leaders latecomer firms catch up [24, 25]. have to do R&D and make something different[15, 16]. We relied on both primary and secondary data for our Technological change is often seen as a chance for study. Primary data comes from interviews and observation. latecomers [5, 7, 17, 18]. When a new technological regime We visited BYD for two days, interviewed six senior comes, leaders are usually reluctantly to change to the new engineers and managers for one and a half days. Besides regime since they have made huge amount of investment in respondents from BYD, five engineers and four professors in old regime and they are not sure whether the new technology automotive field are interviewed, and each interview last one will prosper or die out. They continue to invest in old hour to two hours. Secondary data comes from diverse technology to compete against the new one, as a result, it is sources such as official website, annual reports, business often too late to enter and lead in the new regime. In addition, magazines, web content, BYD BBS, and Wikipedia. These leaders of old technology don’t have much accumulation in resources provide reliable data on both BYD innovation the new regime and entry barriers are low [5, 17, 19]. strategy and details during its development. Therefore, when a new technological regime occurs, BYD is a latecomer in automotive industry with battery latecomers should enter the new regime and start to do R&D background. It was set up in 1995 by a battery researcher, to develop their own technology and product and win in the Chuanfu Wang, with RMB 2.5 million and 20 members in new technological regime. Shenzhen, China. It engaged in rechargeable battery business, Another chance for latecomers lies in the fact that they are mobile phone components and assembly. Taking advantages more familiar with domestic market than leaders, and some of world battery industry transfer, BYD enjoyed a fast growth: latecomers do have some technology accumulation [16, 20]. it took BYD 7 years to become the 2nd world largest They can develop their own products according to domestic nickel-cadmium batteries manufacturer.
Recommended publications
  • Forecasting Hybrid Electric Vehicles Using TFDEA
    Portland State University PDXScholar Engineering and Technology Management Faculty Publications and Presentations Engineering and Technology Management 2013 Forecasting Hybrid Electric Vehicles Using TFDEA Shabnam Razeghian Jahromi Portland State University Anca-Alexandra Tudori Delft University of Technology Timothy R. Anderson Portland State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/etm_fac Part of the Engineering Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Citation Details Jahromi, Shabnam Razeghian; Tudori, Anca-Alexandra; and Anderson, Timothy R., Forecasting Hybrid Electric Vehicles using TFDEA, Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), Portland, OR, 2013. This Article is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Engineering and Technology Management Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. 2013 Proceedings of PICMET '13: Technology Management for Emerging Technologies. Forecasting Hybrid Electric Vehicles using TFDEA Shabnam Razeghian Jahromi1, Anca-Alexandra Tudori2, Timothy R. Anderson1 1Dept. of Engineering and Technology Management, Portland State University, Portland, OR - USA 2Delft University of Technology, Delft, Holland Abstract--The Toyota Prius was introduced in Japan fifteen improved in plug-in hybrids that have the possibility of years ago and over 60 additional hybrid electric vehicles recharging their battery by an external grid. automobiles and redesigns have been brought to the market The significant contribution of Electric vehicles in around the world since that time. There is major interest in decreasing both oil dependency and CO2 emission have made future of the electric cars as using “the alternative fuel” can them a hot topic and their technological trend in future is now significantly decrease the environmental and fuel dependency concerns.
    [Show full text]
  • 2017 Passenger Vehicles Actual and Reported Fuel Consumption: a Gap Analysis
    2017 Passenger Vehicles Actual and Reported Fuel Consumption: A Gap Analysis Innovation Center for Energy and Transportation December 2017 1 Acknowledgements We wish to thank the Energy Foundation for providing us with the financial support required for the execution of this report and subsequent research work. We would also like to express our sincere thanks for the valuable advice and recommendations provided by distinguished industry experts and colleagues—Jin Yuefu, Li Mengliang, Guo Qianli,. Meng Qingkuo, Ma Dong, Yang Zifei, Xin Yan and Gong Huiming. Authors Lanzhi Qin, Maya Ben Dror, Hongbo Sun, Liping Kang, Feng An Disclosure The report does not represent the views of its funders nor supporters. The Innovation Center for Energy and Transportation (iCET) Beijing Fortune Plaza Tower A Suite 27H No.7 DongSanHuan Middle Rd., Chaoyang District, Beijing 10020 Phone: 0086.10.6585.7324 Email: [email protected] Website: www.icet.org.cn 2 Glossary of Terms LDV Light Duty Vehicles; Vehicles of M1, M2 and N1 category not exceeding 3,500kg curb-weight. Category M1 Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of passengers comprising no more than eight seats in addition to the driver's seat. Category M2 Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of passengers, comprising more than eight seats in addition to the driver's seat, and having a maximum mass not exceeding 5 tons. Category N1 Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of goods and having a maximum mass not exceeding 3.5 tons. Real-world FC FC values calculated based on BearOil app user data input.
    [Show full text]
  • DX7 PRODUCT PROFILE PART 1 PART 2 Marketing Product
    DX7 PRODUCT PROFILE PART 1 PART 2 marketing product CONTENTS 目录 2 PART 1 Marketing 1. marketing analysis 2. DX7 position 1. Marketing Analysis competitive products focused : l DX7,2700mm wheel base ,marches towards midsize car market. l Considering from the close entry price,wheel base and market share,we sum up some of the competitive products as below: benchmarking core competitive competitive product: product: Haval H6 ChanganCS75 4 1. Marketing Analysis competitive products focused : major competitive products: Pentium X80 DongFeng FengShenAX7 subordinate competitive Chery Tiggo5 BYD S6 product: 5 1. Marketing Analysis competitive products focused : subordinate competitive products: GAC TrumpchiGS4 VenuciaT70 JAC S5 6 2. DX7 position Hitting Directly the Target Market--- Marching towards A-Class SUV Marketing Hitiing on City SUV face to the opportunity: Market demand:the market potential for A-Class City SUV is remarkeable. 7 2. DX7 position Dedicated to creating SEM'S first Intelligent City Luxury SUV with global fashion shape、 international building cars quality and supassing the same level market . 8 2. DX7position All-Around Safety Super Configuration l C-NCAP five star safety design Fashion Design l APA automatic parking system standard,super high strengh cage body l designed by global famous design l AVM All-around View Monitor structure company ---Pininfarina l voice recognition system l positive safety l Pininfarina sport esthetics system(ESC/ROP/HDC/HSA) l EAGLE fairshape design l BSW l LED daytime running lamp+AFS Excellent
    [Show full text]
  • Electric Vehicles in China: BYD Strategies and Government Subsidies
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com RAI Revista de Administração e Inovação 13 (2016) 3–11 http://www.revistas.usp.br/rai Electric vehicles in China: BYD strategies and government subsidies a,∗ b c d Gilmar Masiero , Mario Henrique Ogasavara , Ailton Conde Jussani , Marcelo Luiz Risso a Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil b Programa de Mestrado e Doutorado em Gestão Internacional, Escola Superior de Propaganda e Marketing, São Paulo, SP, Brazil c Funda¸cão Instituto de Administra¸cão (FIA), São Paulo, SP, Brazil d Faculdade de Economia, Administra¸cão e Contabilidade, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Received 20 October 2015; accepted 25 January 2016 Available online 13 May 2016 Abstract Central and local governments in China are investing heavily in the development of Electric Vehicles. Businesses and governments all over the world are searching for technological innovations that reduce costs and increase usage of “environmentally friendly” vehicles. China became the largest car producer in 2009 and it is strongly investing in the manufacturing of electric vehicles. This paper examines the incentives provided by Chinese governments (national and local) and the strategies pursued by BYD, the largest Chinese EVs manufacturer. Specifically, our paper helps to show how government support in the form of subsidies combined with effective strategies implemented by BYD helps to explain why this emerging industry has expanded successfully in China. Our study is based on primary data, including interviews with company headquarters and Brazilian subsidiary managers, and secondary data. © 2016 Departamento de Administrac¸ão, Faculdade de Economia, Administrac¸ão e Contabilidade da Universidade de São Paulo - FEA/USP.
    [Show full text]
  • Fakulta Strojní Ústav Automobilů, Spalovacích Motorů a Kolejových Vozidel
    ČESKÉ VYSOKÉ UČENÍ TECHNICKÉ V PRAZE FAKULTA STROJNÍ ÚSTAV AUTOMOBILŮ, SPALOVACÍCH MOTORŮ A KOLEJOVÝCH VOZIDEL PŘEHLED A TRENDY VE VÝVOJI PŘEVODOVEK OSOBNÍCH AUTOMOBILŮ OVERVIEW AND TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PASSENGER CAR TRANSMISSIONS BAKALÁŘSKÁ PRÁCE AUTOR PRÁCE: Monika Rémišová VEDOUCÍ PRÁCE: doc. Dr. Ing. Gabriela Achtenová AKADEMICKÝ ROK: 2017/2018 STUDIJNÍ PROGRAM: Strojírenství STUDIJNÍ OBOR: Konstruování podporované počítačem Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem svou bakalářskou práci vypracovala samostatně a použila pouze podklady uvedené v přiloženém seznamu. Nemám závažný důvod proti užití tohoto díla ve smyslu § 60 Zákona č.121/2000 Sb., o právu autorském, o právech souvisejících s právem autorským a o změně některých zákonů (autorský zákon). V Praze dne 12. 7. 2018 …………………………………… Monika Rémišová Poděkování Ráda bych tímto chtěla poděkovat vedoucí mé bakalářské práce doc. Dr. Ing. Gabriele Achtenové za zájem, vedení, cenné rady a čas, který mi věnovala. Anotace RÉMIŠOVÁ M., Přehled a trendy ve vývoji převodovek osobních automobilů, Praha 6, 2018. Bakalářská práce na Strojní fakultě ČVUT v Praze. Vedoucí baka- lářské práce doc. Dr. Ing. Gabriela Achtenová. 47 stran, 3 obrázky, 27 grafů Bakalářská práce je zaměřena na převodové systémy, které byly používány v le- tech 1995 až 2016 v osobních automobilech. Jsou popsány funkce hybridních vo- zidel a jejich užití. Hlavním cílem je graficky zpracovat statistiku. Klíčová slova Statistika, převodovka, převodové ústrojí, pohon, osobní automobil Annotation RÉMIŠOVÁ M., Overview and trends in the development of passenger car transmissions, Prague 6, 2018. The Bechelor´s work at Machine faculty CTU in Prague. The supervisor of this bachelor´s work is doc. Dr. Ing. Gabriela Achtenová. 47 pages, 3 pictures, 27 graphs This bachelor´s work is specialized in gearbox that were used from 1995 to 2016 in passanger cars.
    [Show full text]
  • PHEV-EV Charger Technology Assessment with an Emphasis on V2G Operation
    ORNL/TM-2010/221 PHEV-EV Charger Technology Assessment with an Emphasis on V2G Operation March 2012 Prepared by Mithat C. Kisacikoglu Abdulkadir Bedir Burak Ozpineci Leon M. Tolbert DOCUMENT AVAILABILITY Reports produced after January 1, 1996, are generally available free via the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Information Bridge. Web site: http://www.osti.gov/bridge Reports produced before January 1, 1996, may be purchased by members of the public from the following source. National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Telephone: 703-605-6000 (1-800-553-6847) TDD: 703-487-4639 Fax: 703-605-6900 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.ntis.gov/support/ordernowabout.htm Reports are available to DOE employees, DOE contractors, Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDE) representatives, and International Nuclear Information System (INIS) representatives from the following source. Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Telephone: 865-576-8401 Fax: 865-576-5728 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.osti.gov/contact.html This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 2 the Electric Vehicle Industry in China and India
    Chapter 2 The Electric Vehicle Industry in China and India: The Role of Governments for Industry Development Martin Lockström Thomas Callarman Liu Lei 1 Introduction With the Copenhagen discussions recently taken place, it is fair to say that the acknowledgement of global warming as a potential threat to our planet has never been greater. Despite the lack of all-embracing, world-wide consensus, the trend is nevertheless going toward a situation with strengthened control and regulatory frameworks in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Recently, the G8 countries signed a treaty to reduce average global temperature by two degrees centigrade until year 2050. However, this calls for a multilateral commitment at all levels of society – from the beginning of the supply chain starting with raw materials extractors, not ending at the final consumer, but also considering waste and disposal after consumption. Virtually all industries are affected and especially big emitters like the automotive industry. Countries like China and India are here not exceptions, as they have both proclaimed far-reaching measures to address the global warming issue. Interestingly, whereas most Western countries have argued about pollution costs and consumer adoption, developing countries like China and India have embraced the current situation as an opportunity to turn greenhouse gas reduction into a business case and to take technological leadership in the field, focusing on the development of electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrids. Due to the threat from global warming, China, among many other nations around the world, has committed itself to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. Furthermore, with increasing local pollution levels, increased traffic congestion, and also an ever-increasing demand for natural resources, has made the Chinese central government implementing new tougher measures in order to mitigate the current situation.
    [Show full text]
  • Electric Vehicles for Public Transportation in Power Systems: a Review of Methodologies
    energies Review Electric Vehicles for Public Transportation in Power Systems: A Review of Methodologies Jean-Michel Clairand 1,* , Paulo Guerra-Terán 1 , Xavier Serrano-Guerrero 2,3 , Mario González-Rodríguez 1,4 and Guillermo Escrivá-Escrivá 3 1 Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de las Américas—Ecuador, Quito 170122, Ecuador 2 Grupo de Investigación en Energías, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Cuenca 010103, Ecuador 3 Institute for Energy Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain 4 Intelligent & Interactive Systems Lab (SI2 Lab), Universidad de las Américas—Ecuador, Quito 170125, Ecuador * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +593-9-95860613 Received: 3 July 2019; Accepted: 9 August 2019; Published: 14 August 2019 Abstract: The market for electric vehicles (EVs) has grown with each year, and EVs are considered to be a proper solution for the mitigation of urban pollution. So far, not much attention has been devoted to the use of EVs for public transportation, such as taxis and buses. However, a massive introduction of electric taxis (ETs) and electric buses (EBs) could generate issues in the grid. The challenges are different from those of private EVs, as their required load is much higher and the related time constraints must be considered with much more attention. These issues have begun to be studied within the last few years. This paper presents a review of the different approaches that have been proposed by various authors, to mitigate the impact of EBs and ETs on the future smart grid. Furthermore, some projects with regard to the integration of ETs and EBs around the world are presented.
    [Show full text]
  • ELECTRIC VEHICLES: Ready(Ing) for Adoption
    ELECTRIC VEHICLES Ready(ing) for Adoption Citi GPS: Global Perspectives & Solutions June 2018 Citi is one of the world’s largest financial institutions, operating in all major established and emerging markets. Across these world markets, our employees conduct an ongoing multi-disciplinary conversation – accessing information, analyzing data, developing insights, and formulating advice. As our premier thought leadership product, Citi GPS is designed to help our readers navigate the global economy’s most demanding challenges and to anticipate future themes and trends in a fast-changing and interconnected world. Citi GPS accesses the best elements of our global conversation and harvests the thought leadership of a wide range of senior professionals across our firm. This is not a research report and does not constitute advice on investments or a solicitations to buy or sell any financial instruments. For more information on Citi GPS, please visit our website at www.citi.com/citigps. Citi GPS: Global Perspectives & Solutions June 2018 Raghav Gupta-Chaudhary is currently the European Autos Analyst. He has been an Analyst for seven years and joined Citi's London office in July 2016 to cover European Auto Parts. Raghav previously worked at Nomura from 2011 to 2016, where he started off on the Food Retail team and later transitioned to cover the Automotive sector. He has an honours degree in Mathematics with Management Studies from UCL and is a qualified chartered accountant. +44-20-7986-2358 | [email protected] Gabriel M Adler is a Senior Associate in the Citi Research European Autos team. He is currently based in the London office and started with Citi in October 2017.
    [Show full text]
  • QYT AUTO PARTS CO., LTD Email: [email protected] ; [email protected] Whatsapp: +86 13634216230 QYT No
    QYT AUTO PARTS CO., LTD Email: [email protected] ; [email protected] WhatsApp: +86 13634216230 QYT no. Description Corss Ref. Application TOYOTA;LEXUS (SO0001‐SO0300) TOYOTA CAMRY ACV40 06‐12; SO0001 Steering Tie rod ends 45470‐09090 LEXUS LEXUS ES350/ES240 07‐ TOYOTA CAMRY ACV40 06‐12; SO0002 Steering Tie rod ends 45460‐09140 LEXUS LEXUS ES350/ES240 07‐ TOYOTA CAMRY SO0003 Steering Tie rod ends 45460‐09160 ACV50(2012‐) TOYOTA CAMRY SO0004 Steering Tie rod ends 45460‐09250 ACV50(2012‐) GEELY PANDA,HAIJING,GEELY YUANJING, YUANJING 18‐, SO0005 Steering Tie rod ends 45047‐49045 YUANJINGX3,GEELY EMGRAND EC7,GEELY ENGLON ,BINRUI;BYD F0,BYD F3/F3R/G3/G3R/L3;TOYOTA COROLLA;LIFAN LIFAN 620;JAC YUEYUE GEELY PANDA,HAIJING,GEELY YUANJING, YUANJING 18‐, SO0006 Steering Tie rod ends 45046‐49115 YUANJINGX3,GEELY EMGRAND EC7,GEELY ENGLON ,BINRUI;BYD F0,BYD F3/F3R/G3/G3R/L3;TOYOTA COROLLA;LIFAN LIFAN 620;JAC YUEYUE CHANGAN RAETON;TOYOTA CAMRY2.4/3.0 (03),PREVIA ACR30 (34M); SO0007 Steering Tie rod ends 45460‐39615 LEXUS ES300/MCV30 01‐06 CHANGAN RAETON;TOYOTA CAMRY2.4/3.0 (03),PREVIA ACR30 (34M); SO0008 Steering Tie rod ends 45470‐39215 LEXUS ES300/MCV30 01‐06 BYD SURUI,SONG MAX;ZOTYE Z300; SO0009 Steering Tie rod ends 45046‐09590 TOYOTA COROLLA 07‐/VERSO 11‐/LEVIN 14‐ BYD SURUI ,SONG MAX;ZOTYE Z300; SO0010 Steering Tie rod ends 45047‐09590 TOYOTA COROLLA 07‐/VERSO 11‐/LEVIN 14‐ SO0011 Steering Tie rod ends 45464‐30060 TOYOTA REIZ/CROWN;LEXUS LEXUS IS250/300 06‐,GS300/350/430 05‐ SO0012 Steering Tie rod ends 45463‐30130 TOYOTA REIZ/CROWN;LEXUS LEXUS
    [Show full text]
  • Study of Fire and Explosion Hazards of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Tunnels
    SAFETY AND TRANSPORT Study of fire and explosion hazards of alternative fuel vehicles in tunnels Ying Zhen Li RISE rapport 2018:20 Åforsk Project 16-649 BrandForsk Project 400-161 2 Study of fire and explosion hazards of alternative fuel vehicles in tunnels Ying Zhen Li 3 Abstract An investigation of fire and explosion hazards of different types of alternative fuel vehicles in tunnels is presented. The different fuels are divided into four types: liquid fuels, liquefied fuels, compressed gases, and electricity, and detailed parameters are obtained. Three types of fire hazards for the alternative fuel vehicles: pool fires, jet fires and fireballs are identified and investigated in detail. From the perspective of pool fire size, the liquid fuels pose equivalent or even much lower fire hazards compared to the traditionally used fuels, but the liquefied fuels may pose higher hazards. For pressurized tanks, the fires are generally much larger in size but shorter in duration. The gas releases from pressure relief devices and the resulting jet fires are highly transient. For hydrogen vehicles, the fire sizes are significantly higher compared to CNG tanks, while flame lengths only slighter longer. Investigation of the peak overpressure in case of an explosion in a tunnel was also carried out. The results showed that, for the vehicles investigated, the peak overpressure of tank rupture and BLEVE are mostly in a range of 0.1 to 0.36 bar at 50 m away. The situations in case of cloud explosion are mostly much more severe and intolerable. These hazards need to be carefully considered in both vehicle safety design and tunnel fire safety design.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Transportation with Electric Vehicles
    Full text available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/3100000016 Sustainable Transportation with Electric Vehicles Fanxin Kong University of Pennsylvania Xue Liu McGill University Boston — Delft Full text available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/3100000016 Foundations and Trends R in Electric Energy Sys- tems Published, sold and distributed by: now Publishers Inc. PO Box 1024 Hanover, MA 02339 United States Tel. +1-781-985-4510 www.nowpublishers.com [email protected] Outside North America: now Publishers Inc. PO Box 179 2600 AD Delft The Netherlands Tel. +31-6-51115274 The preferred citation for this publication is F. Kong and X. Liu. Sustainable Transportation with Electric Vehicles. Foundations and Trends R in Electric Energy Systems, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–132, 2017. R This Foundations and Trends issue was typeset in LATEX using a class file designed by Neal Parikh. Printed on acid-free paper. ISBN: 978-1-68083-388-1 c 2017 F. Kong and X. Liu All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publishers. Photocopying. In the USA: This journal is registered at the Copyright Clearance Cen- ter, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by now Publishers Inc for users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC). The ‘services’ for users can be found on the internet at: www.copyright.com For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
    [Show full text]