How Important Are Electric Vehicles for Future Copper Demand?
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Electric Vehicles in China: BYD Strategies and Government Subsidies
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com RAI Revista de Administração e Inovação 13 (2016) 3–11 http://www.revistas.usp.br/rai Electric vehicles in China: BYD strategies and government subsidies a,∗ b c d Gilmar Masiero , Mario Henrique Ogasavara , Ailton Conde Jussani , Marcelo Luiz Risso a Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil b Programa de Mestrado e Doutorado em Gestão Internacional, Escola Superior de Propaganda e Marketing, São Paulo, SP, Brazil c Funda¸cão Instituto de Administra¸cão (FIA), São Paulo, SP, Brazil d Faculdade de Economia, Administra¸cão e Contabilidade, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Received 20 October 2015; accepted 25 January 2016 Available online 13 May 2016 Abstract Central and local governments in China are investing heavily in the development of Electric Vehicles. Businesses and governments all over the world are searching for technological innovations that reduce costs and increase usage of “environmentally friendly” vehicles. China became the largest car producer in 2009 and it is strongly investing in the manufacturing of electric vehicles. This paper examines the incentives provided by Chinese governments (national and local) and the strategies pursued by BYD, the largest Chinese EVs manufacturer. Specifically, our paper helps to show how government support in the form of subsidies combined with effective strategies implemented by BYD helps to explain why this emerging industry has expanded successfully in China. Our study is based on primary data, including interviews with company headquarters and Brazilian subsidiary managers, and secondary data. © 2016 Departamento de Administrac¸ão, Faculdade de Economia, Administrac¸ão e Contabilidade da Universidade de São Paulo - FEA/USP. -
Renewable Energy Technologies Student Book NQF Level 4
GREEN SKILLS FOR JOBS Student Book Renewable Energy Technologies NQF Level 4 Introduction to Renewable Energy and Energy Effi ciency Textbook provided free of charge by the Skills for Green Jobs Programme ! For classroom use only! Not for resale or redistribution without further permission! Editor Skills for Green Jobs (S4GJ) Programme Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Registered offices: Bonn and Eschborn GIZ Office Pretoria P.O. Box 13732, Hatfield 0028 Hatfield Gardens, Block C, 1st Floor, 333 Grosvenor Street Pretoria, South Africa Tel.: +27 (0) 12 423 5900 E-mail: [email protected] www.giz.de 1st Edition Responsible: Edda Grunwald Authors: S4GJ Team Illustrations, Layout: WARENFORM Photos: Dörthe Boxberg, Ralf Bäcker, version-foto Pretoria, September 2017 CONTENTS List of Figures and Tables 3 Glossary 12 Preface 26 Foreword 27 Using this Student Book 28 Topic 1 1. Introduction to Renewable Energy Resources and Energy Effi ciency 29 1.1 Economic and Environmental Benefits of Wind Power Systems 30 1.1.1 Wind Power Applications: A Short History 31 1.1.2 Wind Energy Markets in South Africa and the World 41 1.1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind Power Generation 50 1.2 Economic and Environmental Benefits of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology and E-Mobility 61 1.2.1 Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies 62 1.2.2 E-Mobility 75 Topic 2 2. Basic Scientifi c Principles and Concepts 85 2.1 Basic Principles of Wind Power Generation 86 2.1.1 What Causes Wind? 87 2.1.2 Wind Power Factors 94 2.1.3 Essential Wind Turbine Components and their Functions 107 2.1.4 Wind Turbine Types 132 2.2 Basic Principles of Battery and Fuel Cell Technologies 146 2.2.1 Electrochemical Processes in Batteries 147 2.2.2 Electrochemical Processes in Fuel Cells 169 2.3 Basic Principles of E-Mobility 188 2.3.1 Eco-Car Types Compared 189 2.3.2 Essential E-Car Components and their Functions 203 Topic 3 3. -
Electric Vehicles for Public Transportation in Power Systems: a Review of Methodologies
energies Review Electric Vehicles for Public Transportation in Power Systems: A Review of Methodologies Jean-Michel Clairand 1,* , Paulo Guerra-Terán 1 , Xavier Serrano-Guerrero 2,3 , Mario González-Rodríguez 1,4 and Guillermo Escrivá-Escrivá 3 1 Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de las Américas—Ecuador, Quito 170122, Ecuador 2 Grupo de Investigación en Energías, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Cuenca 010103, Ecuador 3 Institute for Energy Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain 4 Intelligent & Interactive Systems Lab (SI2 Lab), Universidad de las Américas—Ecuador, Quito 170125, Ecuador * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +593-9-95860613 Received: 3 July 2019; Accepted: 9 August 2019; Published: 14 August 2019 Abstract: The market for electric vehicles (EVs) has grown with each year, and EVs are considered to be a proper solution for the mitigation of urban pollution. So far, not much attention has been devoted to the use of EVs for public transportation, such as taxis and buses. However, a massive introduction of electric taxis (ETs) and electric buses (EBs) could generate issues in the grid. The challenges are different from those of private EVs, as their required load is much higher and the related time constraints must be considered with much more attention. These issues have begun to be studied within the last few years. This paper presents a review of the different approaches that have been proposed by various authors, to mitigate the impact of EBs and ETs on the future smart grid. Furthermore, some projects with regard to the integration of ETs and EBs around the world are presented. -
ELECTRIC VEHICLES: Ready(Ing) for Adoption
ELECTRIC VEHICLES Ready(ing) for Adoption Citi GPS: Global Perspectives & Solutions June 2018 Citi is one of the world’s largest financial institutions, operating in all major established and emerging markets. Across these world markets, our employees conduct an ongoing multi-disciplinary conversation – accessing information, analyzing data, developing insights, and formulating advice. As our premier thought leadership product, Citi GPS is designed to help our readers navigate the global economy’s most demanding challenges and to anticipate future themes and trends in a fast-changing and interconnected world. Citi GPS accesses the best elements of our global conversation and harvests the thought leadership of a wide range of senior professionals across our firm. This is not a research report and does not constitute advice on investments or a solicitations to buy or sell any financial instruments. For more information on Citi GPS, please visit our website at www.citi.com/citigps. Citi GPS: Global Perspectives & Solutions June 2018 Raghav Gupta-Chaudhary is currently the European Autos Analyst. He has been an Analyst for seven years and joined Citi's London office in July 2016 to cover European Auto Parts. Raghav previously worked at Nomura from 2011 to 2016, where he started off on the Food Retail team and later transitioned to cover the Automotive sector. He has an honours degree in Mathematics with Management Studies from UCL and is a qualified chartered accountant. +44-20-7986-2358 | [email protected] Gabriel M Adler is a Senior Associate in the Citi Research European Autos team. He is currently based in the London office and started with Citi in October 2017. -
Study of Fire and Explosion Hazards of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Tunnels
SAFETY AND TRANSPORT Study of fire and explosion hazards of alternative fuel vehicles in tunnels Ying Zhen Li RISE rapport 2018:20 Åforsk Project 16-649 BrandForsk Project 400-161 2 Study of fire and explosion hazards of alternative fuel vehicles in tunnels Ying Zhen Li 3 Abstract An investigation of fire and explosion hazards of different types of alternative fuel vehicles in tunnels is presented. The different fuels are divided into four types: liquid fuels, liquefied fuels, compressed gases, and electricity, and detailed parameters are obtained. Three types of fire hazards for the alternative fuel vehicles: pool fires, jet fires and fireballs are identified and investigated in detail. From the perspective of pool fire size, the liquid fuels pose equivalent or even much lower fire hazards compared to the traditionally used fuels, but the liquefied fuels may pose higher hazards. For pressurized tanks, the fires are generally much larger in size but shorter in duration. The gas releases from pressure relief devices and the resulting jet fires are highly transient. For hydrogen vehicles, the fire sizes are significantly higher compared to CNG tanks, while flame lengths only slighter longer. Investigation of the peak overpressure in case of an explosion in a tunnel was also carried out. The results showed that, for the vehicles investigated, the peak overpressure of tank rupture and BLEVE are mostly in a range of 0.1 to 0.36 bar at 50 m away. The situations in case of cloud explosion are mostly much more severe and intolerable. These hazards need to be carefully considered in both vehicle safety design and tunnel fire safety design. -
2019 Annual Report.Pdf
HEV TCP Buchcover2019_EINZELN_zw.indd 1 15.04.19 11:45 International Energy Agency Technology Collaboration Programme on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (HEV TCP) Hybrid and Electric Vehicles The Electric Drive Hauls May 2019 www.ieahev.org Implementing Agreement for Co-operation on Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technologies and Programmes (HEV TCP) is an international membership group formed to produce and disseminate balanced, objective information about advanced electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles. It enables member countries to discuss their respective needs, share key information, and learn from an ever-growing pool of experience from the development and deployment of hybrid and electric vehicles. The TCP on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (HEV TCP) is organised under the auspices of the International Energy Agency (IEA) but is functionally and legally autonomous. Views, findings and publications of the HEV TCP do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the IEA Secretariat or its individual member countries. Cover Photo: Scania’s El Camino truck developed for trials on three e-highway demonstration sites on public roads in Germany. The truck is equipped with pantograph power collectors, developed by Siemens and constructed to use e-highway infrastructure with electric power supplied from overhead lines. (Image Courtesy: Scania) The Electric Drive Hauls Cover Designer: Anita Theel ii International Energy Agency Technology Collaboration Programme on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (HEV TCP) Annual Report Prepared by the Executive -
Evidence from Chinese Electric Automotive Industry Leader BYD
2016 Proceedings of PICMET '16: Technology Management for Social Innovation Catching Up in a Bidirectional Way: Evidence from Chinese Electric Automotive Industry Leader BYD Bowen Zhang, Xianjun Li, Donghui Meng, Lewis Liu Department of Automotive Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China Abstract--To catch up with leaders, whether latecomers for industrial practice, as some latecomer firms do use both should follow an “imitation to innovation” path or an ways to catch up at the same time. One important reason for “innovating to leapfrog” path is still not quite clear. To shine this gap between theory and practice is that the technology a some light on this issue, we focus on the case of BYD, a latecomer firm needs for catching up at a certain stage is latecomer growing from nobody to the pioneer of Chinese usually treated as a whole. In fact, the technology consists of electric automotive industry and the champion in world electric vehicle sales in a dozen years. We find that BYD catches up in a different parts, a latecomer firm may be weak in most of the bidirectional way by which it has kept doing imitation and technology that it needs to learn from imitation, but it may be innovation from the start and made them well balanced to relatively strong in a certain technology that it can do R&D achieve the best of cost performance. This is different from the and innovate. In other words, latecomer firms may not catch unidirectional view that a latecomers’ catching-up either starts up in a unidirectional way, either imitation or innovation, but from a reverse innovation way like "from imitation to in a bidirectional way that they do imitation and innovation at innovation", or from a leapfrogging way that requires the same time. -
How a Chinese Battery Firm Began Making Electric Buses in America
Paulson Papers on Investment Case Study Series California Dreaming: How a Chinese Battery Firm Began Making Electric Buses in America June 2015 Paulson Papers on Investment Case Study Series Preface or decades, bilateral investment sectors, such as agribusiness or has flowed predominantly from the manufacturing—to identify tangible FUnited States to China. But Chinese opportunities, examine constraints investments in the United States have and obstacles, and ultimately fashion expanded considerably in recent sensible investment models. years, and this proliferation of direct investments has, in turn, sparked new Most of the papers in this Investment debates about the future of US-China series look ahead. For example, our economic relations. agribusiness papers examine trends in the global food system and specific US Unlike bond holdings, which can be and Chinese comparative advantages. bought or sold through a quick paper They propose prospective investment transaction, direct investments involve models. people, plants, and other assets. They are a vote of confidence in another But even as we look ahead, we also country’s economic system since they aim to look backward, drawing lessons take time both to establish and unwind. from past successes and failures. And that is the purpose of the case studies, The Paulson Papers on Investment aim as distinct from the other papers in this to look at the underlying economics— series. Some Chinese investments in and politics—of these cross-border the United States have succeeded. They investments between the United States created or saved jobs, or have proved and China. beneficial in other ways. Other Chinese investments have failed: revenue sank, Many observers debate the economic, companies shed jobs, and, in some political, and national security cases, businesses closed. -
Electrifying the World's Largest New Car Market; Reinstate At
August 31, 2016 ACTION Buy BYD Co. (1211.HK) Return Potential: 15% Equity Research Electrifying the world’s largest new car market; reinstate at Buy Source of opportunity Investment Profile Electrification is set to reshape China’s auto market and we expect BYD to Low High lead this trend given its strong product portfolio, vertically integrated model Growth Growth and high OPM vs. peers. A comparative analysis with Tesla shows many Returns * Returns * strategic similarities but BYD’s new energy vehicle business trades at a sizable Multiple Multiple discount, which we see as unjustified given its large cost savings, capacity Volatility Volatility utilization, and front-loaded investment. China’s new energy vehicle market is Percentile 20th 40th 60th 80th 100th poised to deliver c.30% CAGR (vs. 4% for traditional cars) over the next decade. BYD Co. (1211.HK) We have removed the RS designation from BYD. It is on the Buy List with a Asia Pacific Autos & Autoparts Peer Group Average * Returns = Return on Capital For a complete description of the investment 12-m TP of HK$61.93, implying 15% upside. Our scenario analysis, flexing profile measures please refer to the disclosure section of this document. sales volume and margin assumptions, implies a further 30% valuation upside. Catalyst Key data Current Price (HK$) 54.00 1) More cities in China are likely to announce local preferential policies in 12 month price target (HK$) 61.93 Market cap (HK$ mn / US$ mn) 110,705.4 / 14,270.1 the new energy vehicle (NEV) segment once the result of the subsidy fraud Foreign ownership (%) -- probe is announced. -
Upgrading: on Track for a Rerating
Hong Kong Consumer Discretionary 11 July 2016 BYD (1211 HK) BYD Target price: HKD65.00 (from HKD50.00) Share price (11 Jul): HKD47.60 | Up/downside: +36.5% Upgrading: on track for a rerating Kelvin Lau (852) 2848 4467 We see strong SUV and bus sales leading to a margin improvement [email protected] Subsidy cut should benefit strong players like BYD in the long run Brian Lam (852) 2532 4341 Upgrading to Buy (1) from Outperform (2); raising TP to HKD65 [email protected] What's new: Following our recent discussions with BYD management, we Forecast revisions (%) are turning more positive on the company’s long-term outlook. We see Year to 31 Dec 16E 17E 18E grounds for a multi-year rerating for BYD, and hence upgrade our Revenue change 18.5 2.7 6.9 Net profit change 82.4 46.6 52.0 recommendation by one notch to Buy (1). Core EPS (FD) change 82.4 46.6 52.0 Source: Daiwa forecasts What's the impact: Margin improvement from new energy vehicles (NEVs). As per the latest YTD May data, BYD’s Tang SUV (launched mid- Share price performance 2015) contributed additional average monthly sales of around 3,000 units. (HKD) (%) Management expects the Tang to record sales of 5,000 units/month by 50 150 end-2016. Orders for the K9 electric bus have been ramping up, with 44 133 around 6,000 in hand; we expect BYD to achieve 13,000 unit orders in 38 115 31 98 2016 (previous estimate: 10,000). -
Electric Vehicle Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Electric Vehicle Life Cycle Cost Analysis Richard Raustad Electric Vehicle Transportation Center Florida Solar Energy Center 1679 Clearlake Road Cocoa, FL 32922-5703 [email protected] Submitted as: Final Research Project Report EVTC Project 6 – Electric Vehicle Life Cycle Cost Analysis Submitted to: Ms. Denise Dunn Research and Innovative Technology Administration 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE Washington, DC 20590 E-mail: [email protected] Contract Number: DTRT13-G-UTC51 EVTC Report Number: FSEC-CR-2053-17 February 2017 The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the information presented herein. This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation’s University Transportation Centers Program in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for the contents or use thereof. 1 Acknowledgements This report is a final research report for the Electric Vehicle Life Cycle Cost Analysis project of the Electric Vehicle Transportation Center (EVTC) at the University of Central Florida (UCF). The Electric Vehicle Transportation Center is a University Transportation Center funded by the Research and Innovative Technology Administration of the U.S. Department of Transportation. The EVTC is a research and education center whose projects prepare the U.S. transportation system for the influx of electric vehicles into a sustainable transportation network and investigate the opportunity these vehicles present to enhance electric grid modernization efforts. The EVTC is led by UCF's Florida Solar Energy Center partners from UCF’s Departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, the University of Hawaii, and Tuskegee University. -
How China Beat the US in Electric Vehicle Manufacturing
JOHN D. GRAHAM, KEITH B. BELTON, AND SURI XIA How China Beat the US in Electric Vehicle Manufacturing And why it’s time for the United States to get serious about industrial policies. he rise of China has been the dening feature of the that will restore America’s competitive position. twenty-rst century global economy. In a globalizing What is the right mix of domestic policy and international marketplace, China’s low-cost labor became a huge engagement for meeting the challenge that China Tattractor of foreign direct investment. is advantage, combined presents to the United States? Not only are there no easy with a growing domestic market, increasing technological answers, but successful policies will need to be tailored to know-how, and world-class infrastructure suitable for shipping particular industries, technologies, and market contexts. goods anywhere in the world, made China “the world’s factory.” Here, we focus on one important technology where US e benets of China’s rise for the United States have been leadership has, in the past decade, been ceded to China: enormous. China was the 11th largest US export market in plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and associated supply chains. 2000; today it is the 3rd largest. About 2.6 million US jobs and How did the United States lose out in this competition, $216 billion in US gross domestic product are linked directly what can be done about it, and what are the lessons for and indirectly to the US-China economic relationship. other areas of economically important innovation? Yet in the United States, even in today’s hyperpartisan China has achieved success not through Western-style politics, fear of China’s economic might and geopolitical capitalism, but through a carefully orchestrated combination ambition is shared by leaders of both parties.