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Introduction Populations & Displacements # of KI interviews conducted: 78 Mayom County: Populations, FSL, & Services # of assessed settlements: 62 # of FGDs conducted: 4 Unity State, South Sudan, Dec 2017 - Feb 2018 # of partner interviews: 6 Introduction early 2018 but less frequently than in other parts of the state. In February, only 11% of assessed settlements in Mayom reported an In late 2017 and early 2018, Mayom County experienced a precipitous incident of confict in the previous month, while nearly half (47%) of decline in food security. Only 6% of assessed settlements reported assessed settlements in Guit, Rubkona and Koch Counties reported adequate access to food in February 2018, compared to 86% just fve the same (see Figure 1). Nonetheless, focus group participants and months prior and 85% in the same month last year. At the same time, partners reported continued fears of local confict, cattle raiding assessed settlements in the county continued to report low access to and forced recruitment in Mayom.3 Such dynamics can lead to the services. Only half of assessed settlements reported access to safe particular displacement of men; indeed, 48% of assessed settlements drinking water, while a third reported traveling half a day or more to in February reported that more women than men remained among access health facilities. The sudden deterioration in food security is the local community. Focus group participants explained that the lack poorly understood and the long-standing gap in service provision has of male labour can subsequently lead to the displacement of women, drawn increasing attention. if the burden of solo household responsibilities becomes too great.4 To inform the existing as well as potential future humanitarian efforts Figure 1: Percentage of assessed settlements reporting an in the county, the following presents multi-sector data on population incident of conflict in past three months, February 2018 trends, food security and livelihood dynamics, and reported access 11% of assessed 47% of assessed to services in Mayom. Findings are based on primary data collected settlements in settlements in Guit, from 78 key informants covering 62 settlements from December 2017 Mayom County Rubkona and Koch to February 2018. Surveys were triangulated with 4 focus group reported an Counties reported an discussions with recent arrivals from Mayom County to the Bentiu incident of confict incident of confict in in past 3 months past 3 months Protection of Civilians (PoC) site; 6 interviews with humanitarian partners operating in Mayom; and secondary data sources. At the same time, environmental shocks and stressed livelihoods appear to have displaced parts of Mayom’s population. All assessed Populations & Displacements settlements from December to February reported that at least some Population movements within Mayom County occurred at lower levels members of the local community continue to remain in the settlement; than in neighboring counties; however, populations did shift locations however, the reported percentage that remained decreased over this to access food, livelihoods and services, and in response to confict period (see Figure 2). By February 2018, 47% of assessed settlements dynamics. Seventy-one percent (71%) of assessed settlements reported that less than half of the local population remained. reported the presence of returnees in February. This is consistent with IOM’s reporting that of the 73 individuals crossing the Sudan border in Among new arrivals to the Bentiu PoC from Mayom County, the one week in February, the largest proportion (40%) were en route to primary reported reason for displacement was a lack of food, followed Mayom, seeking to reunite with family.1 Other partners’ assessment missions to the county similarly report the presence of returnees, and Figure 2: Percentage of assessed settlements reporting size of attribute returns to the relatively stable security situation.2 remaining host community, Mayom County Dec 17 Jan 18 Feb 18 Population movements refect, in part, confict dynamics in the county. ‘‘What proportion of the Relatively distinct confict dynamics in Mayom compared to the rest population remains in the All 62% 43% 0% of northern Unity State mean that the primary source of violence settlement?’’ stems from cattle raiding. Violent incidents did occur in Mayom in More than half 24% 43% 35% METHODOLOGY To provide an overview of the situation in largely inaccessible areas Half 7% 13% 18% of Unity State, REACH uses primary data provided by key informants who have recently arrived, or receive regular information, from a Less than half 7% 0 % 47% location or “Area of Knowledge” (AoK). Information for this report was collected from key informants in the Bentiu Protection of Civilians (PoC) site and Nyal in Unity State from Figure 3: Main reported reason for displacement of new arrivals December 2017 to February 2018. to Bentiu PoC from Mayom County, February 20185 5 In-depth interviews were then conducted with selected participants Lack of food 50% using a standardised survey tool comprising questions on +2+1+1 displacement, food security, and livelihood trends. After data collection Lack of services (health, education) 21% was completed, all data was examined at the settlement level, and Far from family 17% settlements were assigned the modal response. Descriptive statistics and geospatial analysis were then used to analyse the data. Lack of security 13% 1 IOM, Sudan-South Sudan Flow Monitoring, 16-22 Feb 2018. Protection Assessment Report: Mankien, May 2017. 2 UNMISS RRP Field Mission, Feb 2017. UNHCR/DRC mission report, ICWG meeting, 4 FGDs, FSL, February and March 2018. March 2018. 5 Not aggregated. Individual level. 25 interviews in Bentiu PoC in February 2018. 3 Focus Group Discussions (FGD), FSL and Displacement, March 2018. See also DRC, 1 Mayom County Profle: Populations, FSL, and Services by distance from family and a lack of services such as health and Figure 4: Most commonly livelihood activitites in Mayom County, education (see Figure 3). Focus group participants especially cited and proportion of assessed settlements reporting engagement environmental factors - including shortfalls in rain and localized fooding - to explain shortages in food and subsequent displacement.6 Available information on displaced persons within Mayom is contradictory. Few assessed settlements (less than 10%) reported the presence of IDPs since December 2017. Focus group discussions, however, suggest that this number may not be refective of the number of IDPs in Mayom County.7 FGD participants reported that IDPs in Mayom and Mankien towns - both situated on main displacement routes in Mayom - are well integrated into the communities, staying with relatives or provided with shelter in abandoned houses by the local authorities. Partner interviews also highlighted the presence of a high number of returnees and IDPs in Wangkia, which is perceived to be a relatively secure area in Mayom. More research is needed to Hazards (Shocks) determine the accuracy of conficting reports. • Environmental: Prolonged dry spells in 2016 and 2017 reduced both crop production and the availability of wild food, while Population movements in Mayom thus refect a number of competing localized fooding destroyed crops in numerous settlements. dynamics. While the county’s relative stability has reportedly drawn returnees back into the county, small incidents of violence, • Market: High food prices, disruptions along main trading routes and continued infation reduced meaningful access to markets. environmental shocks, and livelihood challenges simultaneously appear to be causing displacement among other populations. • Livestock: Settlements continued to suffer from cattle disease outbreak that led to high cattle mortality in 2015. Food Security & Livelihoods • Confict: Local confict, cattle raiding, and threat of forced recruitment continued to displace some populations to bush, Typical Livelihoods nearby towns, and Bentiu PoC site. Mayom has a distinct and comparatively diverse livelihood profle, compared to other northern Unity State counties. Prior to the 2013 Access to Food & Coping Strategies crisis, livelihoods in Mayom County were traditionally characterised by A compounding number of shocks to the various livelihood activities agriculture, rearing of livestock, and fshing. Main crops grown were and coping mechanisms imperilled access to food in the county in maize and sorghum, which were harvested from August until October. late 2017 and early 2018. The proportion of assessed settlements Vegetables, including cowpeas, pumpkin and okra were cultivated on reporting adequate access to food in Mayom dropped drastically in a smaller scale with harvests starting from late January. In poorer the past 5 months, from 86% in September 2017 to 6% in February households, maize harvests usually lasted until February, after which 2018 (see Figure 5). Seasonal variation alone cannot explain the they relied on market purchases of staple food and vegetables.8 deterioration. Eighty-fve percent of assessed settlements in Mayom reported adequate access to food in February of the previous year. The main livestock raised in Mayom Country was cattle, goat, and The 80% decline is also more extreme than that reported in other parts sheep. In a normal year, cattle were moved towards the Nile River of northern Unity State. Conversely, 34% of assessed settlements in 9 from February to April and return to homesteads from May to June. Rubkona, Guit and Koch Counties reported adequate
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