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REPUBLIC of SUDAN COUNTRY of ORIGIN INFORMATION (COI) REPORT COI Service

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REPUBLIC of SUDAN COUNTRY of ORIGIN INFORMATION (COI) REPORT COI Service REPUBLIC OF SUDAN COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION (COI) REPORT COI Service Date 11 September 2012 REPUBLIC OF SUDAN 11 SEPTEMBER 2012 Contents Preface REPORTS ON SUDAN PUBLISHED OR ACCESSED BETWEEN 2 AUGUST 2012 AND 11 SEPTEMBER 2012 Useful sources for further information Paragraphs Background Information 1. GEOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................ 1.01 Size and population .............................................................................................. 1.01 Ethnicity, religion and language ......................................................................... 1.07 Public holidays ..................................................................................................... 1.10 Map ........................................................................................................................ 1.11 2. ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 2.01 Currency ................................................................................................................ 2.03 3. RECENT HISTORY (1956 – 2010) ............................................................................... 3.01 Political history ..................................................................................................... 3.01 Independence and civil war (1956) .................................................................... 3.01 Political instability and rise of the National Islamic Front (NIF) (1958 – 1989) ................................................................................................... 3.02 Repression and the extension of political Islam (1989 -1999) ............................ 3.05 Al-Bashir’s split from the Islamists and regime consolidation (1999 – 2010) ................................................................................................... 3.08 History of Sudan’s regional conflicts ................................................................. 3.10 Causes of conflict ............................................................................................... 3.10 Overview of the main conflicts ............................................................................ 3.13 South Sudan (1956 – 2005) ........................................................................... 3.14 The disputed status of Abyei ...................................................................... 3.17 South Kordofan/Nuba mountains and Blue Nile ......................................... 3.19 Darfur (2003 – present) .................................................................................. 3.22 East Sudan (1990 – 2007) ............................................................................. 3.27 4. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS (J ANUARY 2011 – 1 AUGUST 2012) ..................................... 4.01 Overview ............................................................................................................... 4.01 Possibility of regime change ............................................................................... 4.05 Update on Sudan’s regional conflicts ................................................................ 4.08 South Sudan’s independence and renewed conflict (January 2011 – 1 August 2012) ...................................................................... 4.08 Independence and post-succession issues ...................................................... 4.08 Escalating tensions and cross border conflict .................................................. 4.10 Drivers of Sudan’s conflict with South Sudan ................................................... 4.13 UN Security resolution 2046............................................................................. 4.16 Abyei .................................................................................................................. 4.18 Military build-up and resumption of armed conflict (January – May 2011) ....... 4.18 Peace agreement and establishment of UN peace keeping force (June 2011 – 1 August 2012) ......................................................................... 4.20 Blue Nile and South Kordofan (Nuba Mountains) ............................................... 4.23 2011 regional state elections and escalation of violence May 2011 – June 2011) ............................................................................... 4.23 Failed peace agreement and establishment of the Sudan ii The main text of this COI Report contains the most up to date publicly available information as at 1 August 2012. REPUBLIC OF SUDAN 11 SEPTEMBER 2012 Revolutionary Front (SRF) (mid 2011 – late 2011) ...................................... 4.25 Continued fighting, political stalemate and a deteriorating humanitarian situation (early 2012 – 1 August 2012) ................................... 4.29 Political impasse (late July 2012) ................................................................. 4.33 Darfur (January 2011 – 1 August 2012) ............................................................. 4.35 Overview ........................................................................................................ 4.35 Darfur peace process in Doha ....................................................................... 4.40 Doha document for peace in Darfur (DDPD) ............................................... 4.43 Implementation of the DDPD ....................................................................... 4.45 Darfur’s rebel groups outside the Doha peace process ................................. 4.50 Human rights and humanitarian developments in Darfur ............................... 4.53 East Sudan (January 2011 – 1 August 2012) ..................................................... 4.57 5. CONSTITUTION .......................................................................................................... 5.01 6. POLITICAL SYSTEM ................................................................................................... 6.01 Executive ............................................................................................................... 6.03 Legislative ............................................................................................................. 6.05 Political parties ................................................................................................... 6.07 Judicial .................................................................................................................. 6.10 Human Rights 7. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 7.01 8. SECURITY SITUATION ................................................................................................ 8.01 Overview ............................................................................................................... 8.01 Trends and levels of violence ............................................................................. 8.05 Darfur ..................................................................................................................... 8.06 Levels of violence 2011 – July 2012 .................................................................. 8.06 Drivers of violence .............................................................................................. 8.12 Types of violence ............................................................................................... 8.17 Inter-communal violence ................................................................................ 8.17 Crime and general insecurity (including attacks on humanitarian staff and UN peace keepers) ....................................................................... 8.20 Conflict between armed groups and Sudan Armed Forces (SAF) ................. 8.23 Sexual and Gender-based violence (SGBV) in Darfur ................................... 8.26 Security situation for non-combatants ................................................................ 8.27 Human rights violations related to SAF aerial bombardments ....................... 8.27 Human rights violations perpetrated by government (ground) forces ............. 8.32 Human rights violations perpetrated by pro-government miltia groups .......... 8.36 Human rights violations perpetrated by rebel groups ..................................... 8.39 Blue Nile and South Kordofan ............................................................................. 8.42 Levels of violence: June 2011 – July 2012 ......................................................... 8.43 Security situation for non-combatants in South Kordofan................................... 8.45 Human rights violations perpetrated by government (ground) forces and pro-government miltia groups ................................................................ 8.45 Human rights violations related to SAF aerial bombardment ......................... 8.51 Security situation for non-combatants in Blue Nile ............................................. 8.53 Abyei ..................................................................................................................... 8.56 Levels of violence: May 2011 – July 2012 .......................................................... 8.56 Human rights violations committed against non-combatants ............................. 8.62 East Sudan ...........................................................................................................
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