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SUDAN: IDP Crisis Worsens Norwegian Refugee Council Chemin Mo?se-Duboule, 59 CH-1209 Geneva, Switzerland www.idpproject.org Tel: +41 (0) 22 799 0703 Fax: +41 (0) 22 799 0701 31 March 2003 R/0011 SUDAN: IDP crisis worsens By Cathy Benetti [email protected] Over half a million people have been displaced in Sudan, aggravating the world's largest internal displacement crisis despite a peace deal signed last year. Since January 2002, some 550,000 Sudanese fled attacks by the Khartoum government in southern oil-rich regions, and at least 30,000 more fled fighting between government and rebel groups. While Sudan's internally displaced people (IDPs) have continued to suffer attacks from all sides and widespread hunger and disease, the government and the main rebel group have signed a peace deal and developed their IDP policies. Yet Khartoum continued to hinder humanitarian access for international aid agencies, who began planning for possible mass returns. 1 1. Half a million more displaced Southern oil areas Large numbers of people have been newly displaced in oil-rich regions of southern Sudan. During 2002, some 500,000 people were displaced in the oil areas of Unity State (Western Upper Nile) and Upper Nile State (ICG, 14 November 2002). And in January 2003, another 50,000 people were displaced in Unity State (USAID, 20 Feb 2003). Some 100,000 people, the entire population of Mayom County, were displaced in a three- day attack in June 2002, according to the Sudanese People's Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A)'s humanitarian arm (AFP, 30 July 2002). And by November, some 25,000 IDPs had arrived in Mayom from fighting in Mankien (UN, November 2002, p.39). Others were displaced by government offensives in Tam, Mankien, Leer and Leal (Sudan Focal Point, 31 Jan 2003). Since December 2002, civilians in Unity have fled intensified air attacks by army helicopter gunships and ground attacks by pro-government militias. Some 50,000 people were displaced in Liech, Unity State in January 2003 by heavy fighting between the government and SPLA, fleeing to southern Blue Nile State (FEWS, 20 February 2003). These IDPs were scattered mainly in makeshift shelters close to their areas of origin. The Khartoum government appears to be deliberately depopulating oil-rich areas, using violence and sophisticated weapons to assert control and enable oil firms to exploit new sites. The link between forced displacement and oil exploration in Unity State has been highlighted by successive UN human rights rapporteurs for Sudan and several NGOs. The situation in Unity and Upper Nile is further complicated by government proxy wars and divide-and-rule tactics, aimed at weakening southern-based opposition and sowing tension between Nuer and Dinka ethnic groups. Southern towns In other parts of southern Sudan, civilians have continued to flee as a result of fighting opposing government and rebel forces over strategic towns. In late 2002, some 11,570 people fled clashes between government forces and the SPLA over Torit town in Eastern Equatoria State, walking all the way to government-held Juba in Bahr al-Jebel State (ACT, 25 November 2002). The SPLA captured Torit on 1 September 2002, prompting the government to withdraw from the Machakos peace agreement, before the town was eventually re-taken by the government on 8 October 2002. The government has long used counter-insurgency tactics to increase its garrisons in SPLM/A-controlled southern areas. 2 United Nations Department of Public Information, Map 3707 (September 2000) The Southeast In the far southeastern state of Eastern Equatoria, several thousand people have also fled attacks by the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), Ugandan rebels based in Sudan. About 6,500 people were displaced in LRA attacks during 2002, according to the UN (UN, 3 November 2002, p16). In addition, some 2,000 Sudanese people who sought refuge across the border in Uganda were forced to return to southern Sudan in November 2002 due to LRA attacks (UN, November 2002, p.3). The number of people displaced and killed by LRA attacks increased steeply after March 2002 when the Sudan government gave permission to the Ugandan army to pursue LRA forces in southern Sudan. LRA responded by attacking southern Sudanese civilians, displacing, abducting and looting. LRA forces have displaced people in this area since late 2001, sometimes also attacking, burning and looting IDP camps. As a result of LRA attacks and clashes with government forces and rebel groups, about 20,000 people have been displaced around Juba, another 5,416 persons in Gumbo transit camp and another 6,412 IDPs in Liriya village (ACT, 25 November 2002). The East In the eastern state of Kassala, several thousand people have also fled new fighting. Some 12,000 people fled Kassala town when fresh fighting broke between the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) rebels and Sudan government forces in October 2002 (UN, November 2002). And there were already some 87,370 people displaced in the area, in August 2002, according to OCHA. Many IDPs walked almost 200 km spreading in an area stretching north of Kassala town towards Hamish Koreib. In October, NDA captured several government towns and advanced on key strategic sites like an oil pipeline, Kassala town and the highway between Khartoum and Port Sudan. Despite an October 2002 ceasefire agreement, the government described its actions as a response to 'Eritrean aggression' (ICG, 14 November 2002, p7). IDP figures for Sudan* IDPs in Sudan: 4.5 million Total population of Sudan: 31.7 million IDPs as percentage: 14.2% Civilians killed in war: 2 million IDPs in Khartoum State: 2 million IDPs in SPLM/A territories: 1.4 million IDPs in southern areas under government control: 300,000 IDPs in eastern and central 'transitional zone': 500,000 IDPs living in camps: 700,000 *all figures are estimates based on available information Unsafe conditions Many IDPs in Sudan have regularly been exposed to gross violations of fundamental human rights and the laws of war. Displaced people in camps have been attacked in 4 several parts of Sudan, resulting in death and injury of IDPs. Displaced people told a UN assessment that they felt insecure in camps, and urgently wanted to move to safer areas (FEWS, 20 February 2003). Deadly attacks in Upper Nile from December 02 to January 03 were described as "the fiercest fighting and worst humanitarian conditions in the world over the past decade" (ICG, 10 February 2003, p.1). Displaced people faced helicopter gunship assaults, combined with ground-attacks by Baggara Arab horsemen militias, abduction, gang rapes, destruction of relief sites, and burning of villages. Overall, displaced people have faced increasingly frequent attacks by government forces. Since 1998, IDPs have been bombed repeatedly in civilian areas in the south particularly in Equatoria, Bahr al Ghazal and Unity states. Attacks have often hit relief centers, food aid drop-zones and IDP camps, according to rights observers. The Nuba Mountains cease-fire in January 2002, led to a re-deployment of Sudanese troops in Bahr el Ghazal and Unity states. And the rise in oil revenues reportedly enabled Khartoum to acquire increasingly sophisticated and lethal weaponry. In August 2002, Sudanese government forces confronted the LRA in Gumbo IDP camp in Bahr el Jebel, after LRA had already attacked the camp, thus forcing IDPs to flee again (HRW, 29 October 2002). In Mayom, government forces dropped bombs on the town even after granting humanitarian access to IDPs. Up to 300 people were killed by helicopter gunship and Baggara attacks during the July offensive, while others were abducted with their cattle (AFP 30 July 2002). During September 2002, displaced people faced a serious escalation of aerial bombings and insecurity, according to rights and aid organisations. Government bombs killed 11 people in a camp for IDPs in Western Equatoria State (HRW, 28 September 2002), while the conflict in Mayom County was the 'worst witnessed since 1983'. IDP camps were also attacked twice during September 2002 in conflicts over cattle (OCHA, 17 Sept 2002). Displaced people have also been victim of rights abuses by non-state actors. People in Eastern Equatoria and Bahr el Jebel states faced attacks, looting, abductions and recruitment by the LRA (UN, November 2002,p.16). More than 470 people were killed in Imatong by LRA attacks, and 500 were displaced from an IDP camp there in early May 2002, according to church officials (HRW, 29 Oct 2002). Civilians continue to be abducted and forcefully recruited in Sudan. The UN Rapporteur on Human Rights recently denounced the ongoing forcible recruitment of Nuer people and arbitrary detentions (UNCHR, 6 January 2003, par 41). Large numbers of children have also been forcefully recruited. The SPLM/A has handed over 9,600 recruited children over the past two years, although about 17,000 children – including girls – remained at arms away from their families (UN, November 2002, p.11). Displaced women and children faced serious abuses in Khartoum. Countless displaced women in the capital have been jailed without trial for brewing beer – often the only income-generating opportunity they can survive on – and declared unlawful under Sharia law. Displaced women, who rarely have access to legal representation, have been jailed 5 for long or indefinite periods of time, leaving their children without care. Some 25,000 'vagrant' children live in Khartoum, at risk of abuses, violence, and exploitation. Needs unmet Many displaced people are hungry in Sudan. Overall malnutrition rates ranged between 23% and 39.9% in southern Sudan in August 2002, while around 30% of Sudanese have food intakes below minimum energy requirements (UN, Nov 2002, p.102). The World Food Programme plans to deliver 197,000 tonnes of food aid to 3.5 million people during 2003, but food will be insufficient in many areas where population movements, drought and insecurity have undermined food security (OCHA, 23 December 2002).
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