SOCIAL MAPPING South State Contents

About social mapping 2

About Unity State 3

Unity State map: 4

General information 5

Demographic details 6

Communication interface mapping 7

High risk groups 8

Nomads 10

Logistics management mapping 12

Partners mapping 14

Accessibility mapping 16

Key factors that deprive children of immunization 18

About social mapping

The purpose of social mapping is to facilitate microplanning for communication for development interventions for polio campaigns and routine immunization. Communication and Public Health professionals working in the field of polio eradication and routine immunization are expected to use this document as a reference manual.

Unity State is the focus of this report. It begins with an overview of the State, including general Information and demographics. It then addresses the following social mapping components:

• Communication interfaces • Logistics management • Partners • Accessibility • Key factors that deprive children of South Sudan of immunization

2 About Unity State

Unity State is the subject of social mapping for a variety of reasons. While Unity is one of the 10 , it is better known as one of the three conflict-affected states in the country. Due to its geographic location and association with the Greater Upper region, Unity is also known as Western . It covers an area of 38,837 sq km (14,995 sq mi) and is inhabited predominantly by two ethnic groups – the Nuer and the Dinka. Its economy is primarily agricultural but it is also rich in oil resources. Southern Sudan’s first oil reserves were discovered in this region during the 1970s. In October 2015, South Sudan’s President Salva Kiir issued a decree establishing 28 states in place of the 10 constitutionally established states, and consequently ‘Unity State’ has been divided into several new states.

Programmatically, Unity State is one of the most challenging states in South Sudan, primarily because of conflict and secondarily because of inaccessibility due to poor infrastructure and the swampy nature of its land. A substantial portion of its population lives in United Nations camps for the protection of civilians (PoCs), while others live in villages, and are mobile in nature. The assessment of population size, as it moves due to conflict and livelihood, is one of the most difficult programmatic challenges of this area. These movements are sometimes intercountry and sometimes interstate and intercounty, making it one of the most challenging areas in the world for polio campaigns and routine immunization.

Common emergencies in the state are fighting (including tribal and inter- clan fighting), floods, hunger, disease outbreaks (measles, whooping cough, tuberculosis) and kala azar.

The planning process

The social mapping process started at the grass-roots level. During the initial stage, Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) workers, social mobilizers and officials of county health departments (CHDs) collaborated in the preparation of a situation analysis, and shared community-specific detailed information available that was available to them. This data was subsequently compiled at payam, county and state level. The social mapping data was then reviewed, discussed and finalized in a meeting with EPI managers, social mobilizers, partners and UNICEF officials.

1 2 3

State level: Review of collected Payam and boma level: County level: Information information at state level by EPI Meeting with EPI staff and is compiled and sorted by managers and social mobilizers. payam and boma level county. Meeting between EPI manag- CHDs from all counties. ers, state social mobilizers and UNICEF to discuss details of social maps.

Steps followed during the planning process

3 Unity State map: South Sudan

Sudan

Ethiopia Central Panyang African Republic South Sudan

Riangnhom PARIANG Democratic Republic Kenya of the Congo Uganda

Biu Upper Nile Awoluum ABIEMNHOM White Nile Tonga Bahr el-Ghazal Wath Wang Kech Narir New Fangak Biil Juaibor Pul Luthni R. Kiir (B ah Rub-Koni r el Nimni Kuernyang -Ar Yoynyang Ajak-Kwach ab) Keew Mayom Ajak Kuac MAYOM Meshra Bentiu Thangoro Tam GUIT Paguir Thargana TWIC Tor Fagwir Old Fangak Rier Wang-Kay l Lol Buoth R. FANGAK Toch Mayenjur Kuey Wicok Bielli EAST

Toic Nyadin Duar Ghabat El-Warran R. Jur R. Jur Thorial

Achier-Chok KOCH Koch Wath-Thier

Long Kap Dhor Wang

Bieh Padeah Kull Jonglei

Akop Leer Dablual AYOD Dhor Thir Ayai MAYENDIT Thonyor Adok nj To Mayendit R. R R . Jwong . Warrap P J h u

Rualbet o r

LEER w w

( e

B l a r Marial-lou h r r u NORTH Wun Shwai Pabuong e G l - . Z e R LEGEND Wun-Chuei ra f) Ngabagok Madol State (wilayah) capital Mapura Main town

Major airport TONJ EAST Nyal R . International Wun-Kotboundary K w a i

County boundary Gap Mayom ( T e m State (wilayah) boundary R ) Thiet . M PANYIJIAR o DUK c

Abyei region** Payiniar h NORTH Chuck l Main road e G . Railroad R Tiap River R. Gulnam Ganylel Dekom Lake Pulmok R µ . Marsh A tem Tonj ** Final status of the area is notCUEIBET yet determined. Pantoich Malek Adapted from Map SS-0026, IMU OCHA SS (2012) RUMBEK Kuthai 0 20 40 60 CENTRE Malou-Pech Duony Shambe Kilometers R. Naam TWIC EAST 4 Cueibet

YIROL EAST RUMBEK EAST Rumbek General information

Unity State’s name is comparatively new. It was previously part of the Upper Nile Province; therefore, it is also referred to as Western Upper Nile.

IMPORTANT TOWNS* Riangnom, Rub-Koni, Yoynyang, Tam, NUMBER OF PAYAMS** Mankien, Wang-Kay, Koch, Nyal and Ganyiel. This selection is based on economic activities 73 (Abiemnhom 4, Guit 7, Koch 7, and administrative importance. Leer 8, Mayendit 10, Mayom 12, Panyijiar 9 Pariang 7 and Rubkona 9)

AREA*

37,836.69 sq km (14,608.83 sq mi)

POPULATION***

1,018,434

ECONOMY Agriculture, cattle farming and limited COUNTIES fishing.

Names: Mayom, Rubkona, Panrieng, Leer, Guit, Koch, Abiemnom, Mayiendit and Population DENSITY*** Payinjiar.*** Number: 9.* 15 sq km (40 per sq mi)

Sources: *Wikipedia **Source: Population Distribution by Age Group, by Sex, by Payam, National Bureau of Statistics, South Sudan ***Source: Polio Campaign Data, September–December 2015, WHO-South Sudan

5 Demographic details

Languages: English, Dinka, Nuer and Simple Arabic is spoken in 7 counties, but in Parieng and Abiemnom only Simple Arabic is spoken.

Population: Due to lack of security and the substantial number of mobile groups, the population of Unity State, as in the rest of South Sudan, changes over time. Therefore, data collected through polio campaigns has been incorporated in the figures below. Because 0–5 year-olds are the target group for polio vaccination, the population figures for this group are given.

County Payam Total Target County Payam Total Target population population population population 2015 (0–5 2015 (0–5 years) years) Abiemnhom Abiemnhom 10,074 2,116 Mayom Bieh 5,504 1,156 Aworpiny 5,664 1,189 Kuerbuone 35,080 7,367 Manjoga 5,810 1,220 Kueryiek 10,120 2,125 Panyang 12,129 2,547 Mankien 41,602 8,736 Total 4 33,677 7,072 Ngop 4,368 917 Guit Guit 9,282 1,949 Pup 6,480 1,361 Kedad 5,632 1,183 Ruathnyibuol 24,860 5,221 Kuach 15,416 3,237 Wangbuor_1 2,343 492 Kuerguini 6,374 1,339 Wangbuor_2 6,158 1,293 Niemni 2,465 518 Wangbuor_3 9,912 2,082 Nyathoar 5,060 1,063 Wangkei 34,323 7,208 Wathnyona 4,660 979 Total 11 180,750 37,958 Total 7 48,889 10,267 Panyijiar Ganyliel 8,148 1,711 Koch Boaw 28,922 6,074 Kol 6,833 1,435 Gany 4,971 1,044 Mayom/Paliey 5,913 1,242 Jaak 20,574 4,321 Nyal 20,102 4,221 Kuachlual 15,463 3,247 Pachaar/Kanyhial 10,085 2,118 Ngony 29,483 6,191 Pachak 5,678 1,192 Norbor 4,798 1,008 Pachienjok/Pulmok 3,915 822 Pakur 8,429 1,770 Panyijiar/Chuok 2,937 617 Total 7 112,640 23,654 Thoarnhoum 4,499 945 Leer Adok 18,503 3,886 Tiap 5,431 1,141 Bou 7,092 1,489 Total 10 73,541 15,444 Dok 30,339 6,371 Pariang Aliiny 19,469 4,088 Guat 6,753 1,418 Biu 21,127 4,437 JuongKang 5,979 1,256 Jamjang 27,143 5,700 Padeah 8,179 1,718 Nyeel 9,160 1,924 Pilieny 8,955 1,881 Pariang 17,825 3,743 Yang 4,437 932 Werthen 17,966 3,773 Total 8 90,237 18,950 Wunkur 4,864 1,021 Mayendit Bor 7,703 1,618 Total 7 117,554 24,686 Dablual 12,513 2,628 Rubkona BentiuTown 66,532 13,972 Luom 12,197 2,561 BentiuPoC 108,228 22,728 Maal 5,234 1,099 Budaang 10,121 2,125 Pabuong 392 82 Dhorbor 3,141 660 Rubkuay 25,685 5,394 Kaljak 6,747 1,417 Thaker 15,204 3,193 Ngop 2,822 593 Tharjiath 5,245 1,101 Nhialdiu 29,913 6,282 Tutnyang 7,379 1,550 Panhiany 4,065 854 Total 9 91,552 19,226 Rubkotne 32,202 6,762 Wathjaak 5,823 1,223 Total 10 269,594 56,615 Totals 9 73 1,018,434 213,871

Source: SNID/NID Campaign Data, WHO, South Sudan 6 Communication interface mapping

No of social mobilizers = 360

Bentiu FM PERIANG 2 Naath FM ! x 1 x 4 x 3 x 1 Drama groups: ABIEMNHOM Bentiu Star Drama Group, Aljuzur Drama x 1 RUBKONA Group and other x 2 traditional dance x 1 x 2 x 3 groups GUIT MAYOM x 5 x 5 x 1

x 1 x 1

x 2 KOCH

x 2

x 1 Communication interfaces map Partners map x 3 x 3 LEER Hospitals: MAYENDIT County border x 3

Functioning x 5 IDP camps Non-functioning x 1 Immunization x 6 Primary health care centres: Antenatal care PANYIJIAR Functioning Nutrition x 10 Non-functioning x 5 HIV and AIDS Primary health care units: General health 5 Functioning Primary health No of Mosques Non-functioningcare = 54 Source: County Health Departments No of Churches

7 High risk groups

Unity State has a considerable number of people who are either isolated or on the move, keeping them beyond all types of development interventions. These groups are known as ‘high risk groups’. Information that might be instrumental in reaching these groups has been presented in this section.

County/ Name/ Extent of Reasons for Additional information payam/ identity of inaccessibility inaccessibility village high risk group of inaccessible population

All nine Internally All seasons Armed conflict Internally displaced persons live mostly counties displaced in camps across the state. Numbers are persons increasing daily. Some of these camps are hard to reach but they can be accessed through rapid response missions, partners working in PoC camps and radio broadcasts.

All nine Villagers Wet season Villagers live in Villagers are comparatively few in number counties swampland where and usually scattered. Possible means of there is no road access are through rapid response missions, and no transport partners working on the ground and system. community structures.

All nine Cattle Dry season Cattle farmers Cattle farmers move whenever possible, counties farmers move during especially during the dry season. They can Wet season the dry season be accessed through outreach sites, mobile and remain in teams and rapid response missions for swampland during immunization programmes. the wet season.

All nine Fishing Wet season Fishing groups Fishing groups keep moving, are scattered counties groups keep moving year and can be reached through mobile teams. round but mostly during the wet season.

All nine Armed All seasons Armed groups Armed groups are usually unfriendly, live in counties groups living belong to a fixed sites and can be accessed through in barracks regimented radios, outreach sites and health facilities. profession which is reflected in their attitude.

All nine Town All seasons Town dwellers are Very few people live in towns due to war. counties dwellers often ignored due They can be reached through rapid response to the focus on missions, partner organizations and radio. conventional high risk groups.

8 23 Gumriac Jam Jang Pariang Town Nyongjak

Ragat

Wuamhom

Abiemnhom Mayom Bentui Town

Byeing Kan Ayang

Kurie Nyatha

Boaw Pakur

Koch

Mirmir High risk groups Gany Norbor Jaak County border Mayendit Internally displaced persons’ camps

Villagers Leer Rubkuey

Cattle farmers Nyal Fishing groups

Armed groups

Town dwellers

Ganyliel

9 Nomads

South Sudan has a group of people who are cattle herders, fishermen and sometimes farmers. These people move from one place to another depending on the need for food, water and suitable land. Their lifestyles, livelihoods and movement patterns are distinct from each other, and need special consideration and intervention for delivery of health and other services.

Milk Water Meat

Sharing milk, meat, cattle Food Way of life Coping strategy Meat Trading Survival Others Trade Movement/migration Survival from drought Milk Cattle Agriculture Security

Water Purpose Treatment For cattle Water Other push/pull factors For crops For survival Lifeline

Money Cattle Milk Clan system Most communication through word of mouth For meat/food Money Lifeline for babies

One of the primary foods for family Decision-making

Milking (women & girls) Female Older males in most cases

No voice in broader issues Tukuls for cows’ farming Male Movement

Mind map of issues Selling Helping males in making tukuls affecting nomads Calves Dairy Water & other resources

Issues affecting nomads

Nomadic agro-pastoralists are dependent on cattle rearing and wet season agriculture, migrating seasonally in search of water and pasture for their livestock. They depend extensively on their cattle for their livelihoods and survival. Nomadic agro-pastoralists depend on both agriculture and cattle, needing water both for agriculture and livestock. The movements of some nomadic groups are connected to the seasons while other nomads move whenever necessary to find markets, water and grass for their cattle. Because of this lifestyle, nomads have issues related to immunization, health, gender inequality and illiteracy. It is literally impossible to gather accurate data on these issues. Some of the salient features of these groups are: • Survival: Cattle herding, food, water, trading and agriculture are three key factors for the survival of mobile populations. Meat, milk and water are their principle consumables and they sell cattle, meat and milk to buy their daily necessities. They often share cattle, milk, meat and water amongst themselves. • Movement/migration: This is the nomads’ way of life and livelihood, by way of heritage as well as being a coping strategy. They move for water, fertile land, security, trade and survival from drought. Sometimes they also move for treatment and immunization of their cattle. • Clan system: Obedience to clan leaders, tradition, rituals and restrictions play a very prominent part in nomads’ lives. Due to illiteracy, hardly anything is written and they rely rather on word of mouth. Decision-making in the clan system is very structured, and mostly done by older males. Females are allowed to make decisions related to milking, rearing of calves and selling of small items. However, they do not have a voice on broader issues. • Lifeline: Water, cattle and milk can be considered as the lifeline of mobile populations. All their decisions and thinking prioritize these three factors. Milk gives them money, survival of their babies and food for their families. Cattle give them money, food and other necessities of daily life. Water is needed for agriculture, cattle and their own survival.

10 All these movements take place during the dry season, starting in December and ending between April and May.

PERIANG

ABIEMNHOM

RUBKONA

GUIT

MAYOM

Nomad movement map KOCH

Most nomads in Unity State are involved in intra- LEER state movement, that is, they move from one county to another but remain within the state. There are four MAYENDIT

basic movement patterns in Unity State for nomads:

1. From Guit County to Manga village in Parieng

County for water, pasture and fishing.

2. From to Guit, Koch and Mayom counties for pasture and water. PANYIJIAR

3. From to Guit, Koch, Abiemnom and Rubkona counties.

4. From Koch County to Mayiandit, Mayom and Guit counties.

All movements take place during the dry season, starting in December and ending between April and May.

11 Logistics management mapping

The capital of the state, Bentiu, is the heart of logistics management in Unity State. Most of the government departments, business organizations and development partners have their offices, as well as logistics hubs, here with basic facilities like VSAT, internet connectivity, guest houses, storage facilities, warehouses and vehicles. Government and development partners often have a presence in county and payam headquarters, with offices, guest houses, generators, solar systems, telephones, vehicles and temporary storage facilities. Due to a lack of road and rail infrastructure, very little can be transported on the surface. Therefore, supplies are primarily distributed in helicopters and other aircraft.

Vaccines are mostly transported from Nairobi via road and air, and kept in the central storage facility in , South Sudan. They are then transferred from Juba to different locations in Unity State. In addition to the airstrip in Bentiu, there are two airstrips and a few helicopter landing sites in Unity State. Health workers transport vaccines to different outreach sites for polio campaigns and routine immunization.

12 ! = 8!

Gumriac = 4 Jam Jang Pariang Town Nyongjak PERIANG Ragat

ABIEMNHOM Wuamhom

Abiemnhom

Bentui Town Mayom Byeing GUIT Ayang Kan

Kurie Nyatha RUBKONA MAYOM

Boaw

Pakur KOCH Koch

Logistics map Mirmir Gany Norbor Jaak Main towns Leer

County border Mayendit MAYENDIT Internally displaced LEER persons’ camps Rubkuey VSAT Nyal

Load/unload

Guest house PANYIJIAR

Warehouse

Health centre Ganyliel

Tent

Air strip

13 Partners mapping

South Sudan is a new country with insufficient government infrastructure to provide basic services to its population. A good number of United Nations agencies and international and national non-governmental organizations are working in the country to meet the capacity gap in providing basic services to its people. Most of the non- governmental organizations and working here are funded either by United Nations agencies or by other international donors, which work in collaboration with each other. Their presence is not uniform everywhere in the state, so non-governmental organizations with a more visible presence at county level have been identified below as ‘county partners’ so that their capacity can be better utilized in interventions in the area where they are active.

Agency Project titles Interventions Beneficiaries Coverage area Implementing Logistic partner facilities

UNICEF Immunization, Supports Children <5 years, Staffs at state UNIDO, Care Air, roads ANC, nutrition immunization, women of child- level. Covers the International, IRC, and and HIV and antenatal care, bearing age state through Sign of Hope, canoes AIDS nutrition and HIV and SMoH and Nile Hope, SMoH, AIDS programmes partners World Relief WHO All health Supports all health All populations Covers the state SMoH Air, roads programmes programmes through SMoH and and its staff canoes UNFPA ANC services Supports antenatal Women of child- PoCs in Bentiu Air care services bearing age IOM Primary health Immunization, Children <5 years, PoCs in Bentiu Air care antenatal care, women of child- nutrition and general bearing ages and health attendances general population

COUNTY PARTNERS

Abiemnom Care International

Guit None

Koch None

Leer MSF, UNIDO, IMC, Nile Hope

Mayiandit Sumaritan Purse, UNIDO, IMC

Mayom Care International

Pariang IOM, Sumaritant Purse, CMI, UNHCR, Care International, MSF

Payinjiar IRC, Sign of Hope, Mercy Corps, UNIDO, WHO

Rubkona UNICEF, Non Violence Peace Force (NP), Aruda, WHO, IOM, DRC, Concern World Wide, IRC, World Relief, ICRC, Windle Trust, MEDAIR, Mercy Corps, Internews, Care International, MSF

Main development agencies in the State are: UNICEF, UNDP, AECOM, IOM, WFP and UNMISS

Communication partners are: Bentiu Star drama group, Aljuzur drama group, Internews Bodaboda Talktalk, Bentiu FM, Naath FM and traditional dance groups in counties

14 9 x

Gumriac

Jam Jang Pariang Town Nyongjak PERIANG Ragat

ABIEMNHOM Wuamhom

Abiemnhom

Bentui UNFPA Town Mayom Byeing GUIT Ayang Kan

Kurie Nyatha RUBKONA MAYOM

Boaw

Pakur KOCH Koch

Partners map Mirmir Gany Norbor Jaak County border Leer

Internally displaced Mayendit persons’ camps MAYENDIT LEER Immunization Rubkuey

Antenatal care Nyal

Nutrition UNICEF HIV and AIDS PANYIJIAR WHO General health IOM Primary health Ganyliel care IN ALL COUNTIES

15 Accessibility mapping

Due to decades of ongoing conflict, there was no development of infrastructure in South Sudan, and much of what there was has been damaged. There is a huge demand for services, but reaching the population remains the greatest challenge. These barriers to access are partly infrastructural, partly geographical and partly man-made. The following table describes the state of accessibility by county.

County Payam Level of Reason for Mode of Additional information inaccessibility inaccessibility accessibility

Abiemnom All Moderate Armed conflict. Rapid response There are two rivers with partial Swampland is missions, roads in swampland and one internally inaccessible during the dry season. Canoes, displaced persons’ camp in wet season. radios, outreaches and this county. mobile teams. Guit All High Mostly due to conflict. No Rapid assessment This is one of the most conflict- road communication. missions, mobile teams affected counties. Most of its and outreach sites. inhabitants have moved to PoCs in other counties.

Koch All High Armed conflict. Marshy Rapid response Prone to frequent conflict. wetlands. missions, radios and outreach sites year round.

Leer Most High Mostly due to conflict. Usually accessible As this county is rich in oil Inaccessible year round. from the capital, Juba. it is a hub of conflict. Rapid One airstrip and road. Can be accessed by assessment missions appear Roads are unusable air. to be the only feasible option, during the wet season. considering the insecurity. Mayiandit All High Armed conflict. Partial Some parts are Hosts four internally displaced swampland inaccessible accessible during the persons’ camps. during wet season. dry season. Outreach Presence of nomads and sites, rapid response other mobile populations. missions and mobile teams. Mayom All Moderate Swampland. No road or Helicopters during the Mayom is a marshy wetland walking trail in wet season. dry season. with rivers running through it. No airstrip. Most of the land is not suitable for walking during the rainy season. Pariang All Moderate Swampland, canals Mobile teams, rapid Has five internally displaced (except refugee and rivers. Inaccessible response missions and persons’ camps. camps, which during the wet season outreach sites. are low) and partially inaccessible during the dry season. Payinjiar All Moderate Armed conflict. Rapid response Conflict-affected. Frequent missions and mobile cattle raids are a great teams. concern. Hosts one of the largest displaced populations in the state.

Rubkona All Moderate Armed conflict. Partial Accessible by air. Hosts the largest number of swampland inaccessible Mobile teams and internally displaced persons in during wet season. rapid response the state. missions.

16 Gumriac

Jam Jang Pariang Town Nyongjak PERIANG Ragat

ABIEMNHOM Wuamhom

Abiemnhom

Bentui Town Mayom Byeing GUIT Ayang Kan

Kurie Nyatha RUBKONA MAYOM

Boaw

Pakur KOCH Koch

Accessibility map Mirmir Gany Norbor Jaak County border Leer

Internally displaced Mayendit persons’ camps MAYENDIT LEER Moderate Rubkuey Accessibility

Nyal Low accessibility

PANYIJIAR

Ganyliel

17 Key factors that deprive children of immunization

Factors delaying or impeding implementation: • Post-war psychosocial trauma • Difficulties in coordination coupled with lack of telephone networks • Low and unpredictable community participation • Lack of trained skilled personnel • Insecurity • Inadequate logistics support • Mobile communities • Lack of funds • High cost of goods and services • Poor motivation of health volunteers • High expectation from external agencies • Lack of specified boundaries for payams and bomas • Adverse weather for logistics and programming • Lack of sufficient media interfaces. • Inaccessibility due to poor road conditions and networks

The following support is required to overcome impeding factors: • Provision of psychological counselling for the community • Separate strategy to reach the mobile population • Improved intersectoral and interagency, as well as government, United Nations and non-government organization coordination for resource-sharing and leveraging to reduce costs associated with time, energy, money and security-related risks • Adoption of separate plans for wet and dry seasons • Increased proactive initiatives to secure funds, with sufficient time in hand

• Innovative use of traditional and religious media to reach people at village level.

18