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Offshore Wind Submarine Cabling Overview Fisheries Technical Working Group
OFFSHOREoverview WIND SUBMARINE CABLING Fisheries Technical Working Group Final Report | Report Number 21-14 | April 2021 NYSERDA’s Promise to New Yorkers: NYSERDA provides resources, expertise, and objective information so New Yorkers can make confident, informed energy decisions. Our Vision: New York is a global climate leader building a healthier future with thriving communities; homes and businesses powered by clean energy; and economic opportunities accessible to all New Yorkers. Our Mission: Advance clean energy innovation and investments to combat climate change, improving the health, resiliency, and prosperity of New Yorkers and delivering benefits equitably to all. Courtesy, Equinor, Dudgeon Offshore Wind Farm Offshore Wind Submarine Cabling Overview Fisheries Technical Working Group Final Report Prepared for: New York State Energy Research and Development Authority Albany, NY Morgan Brunbauer Offshore Wind Marine Fisheries Manager Prepared by: Tetra Tech, Inc. Boston, MA Brian Dresser Director of Fisheries Programs NYSERDA Report 21-14 NYSERDA Contract 111608A April 2021 Notice This report was prepared by Tetra Tech, Inc. in the course of performing work contracted for and sponsored by the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (hereafter “NYSERDA”). The opinions expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect those of NYSERDA or the State of New York, and reference to any specific product, service, process, or method does not constitute an implied or expressed recommendation or endorsement of it. Further, NYSERDA, the State of New York, and the contractor make no warranties or representations, expressed or implied, as to the fitness for particular purpose or merchantability of any product, apparatus, or service, or the usefulness, completeness, or accuracy of any processes, methods, or other information contained, described, disclosed, or referred to in this report. -
Study on International Internet Connectivity in Sub-Saharan Africa March 2013
REGULATORY AND MARKET ENVIRONMENT International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Development Bureau Place des Nations STUDY ON INTERNATIONAL CH-1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland INTERNET CONNECTIVITY www.itu.int IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA MARCH 2013 Printed in Switzerland Telecommunication Development Sector Geneva, 2013 /2013 03 Study on international Internet connectivity in sub-Saharan Africa March 2013 This report has been prepared by Mr Abossé Akue-Kpakpo, under the direction of the Regulatory and Market Environment Division (RME) of the Telecommunication Development Bureau (BDT), in close coordination with ITU-T Study Group 3. The content of this report was presented during the seminars and meetings of the regional groups of the ITU Study Group 3 for Africa (SG3RG-AFR) in May 2012 and for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC SG3RG) in March 2012. Please consider the environment before printing this report. © ITU 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, in part or in full, without the prior written permission of ITU. Study on international Internet connectivity in sub-Saharan Africa Foreword It is my pleasure to introduce this report on International Internet Connectivity (IIC) in sub-Saharan Africa; this is part of a series of regional reports that address the present situation of Internet connection as well as future developments and challenges. These reports have been developed through collaboration between the ITU Telecommunication Development Bureau (BDT) the Telecommunication Standardization Bureau (TSB) in view of supporting policy makers, national regulatory authorities and operators in understanding the many aspects of international Internet connectivity. The digital revolution of the 21st century is being underpinned and in many cases driven by the growth, access and use of the Internet, but it has also led us to a modern indicator of division and poverty: exclusion from this revolution, from access to the Internet or telephone, and from the benefits of today's information society. -
The Socio-Economic Impact of Broadband in Sub-Saharan Africa: the Satellite Advantage
The Socio-Economic Impact of Broadband in sub-Saharan Africa: The Satellite Advantage The Socio-Economic Impact of Broadband in sub-Saharan Africa: The Satellite Advantage By the Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation Page 1 The Socio-Economic Impact of Broadband in sub-Saharan Africa: The Satellite Advantage Executive Summary Broadband is not just a consequence of economic growth, it is also a cause. Sub-Saharan Africa has succeeded in the last decade in bringing voice services within the reach of some three quarters of the population, but the vast majority of the region is falling further behind the rest of the world in terms of broadband connectivity. There are two main reasons for this: supply is limited, and prices have been very high.1 Broadband is the delivery of Internet IP bandwidth (at speeds of 256 Kbps or more), and all of the content, services and applications which consume this bandwidth. The essential underpinning of broadband therefore is the need for a high capacity transmission backbone network capable of delivering this bandwidth. Providing an entry level 256 Kbps broadband service to hundreds, thousands or millions of customers requires a backbone transmission network with sufficient capacity to do so. And each time an operator increases its broadband service from 256 Kbps to 512 Kbps, 2 Mbps, or even 100 Mbps, this in turn escalates the capacity requirements of the transmission backbone network. The evolving broadband geography of sub-Saharan Africa reflects changes in the underlying level and pattern of supply of this trunk transmission capacity, and the pricing of that capacity. All of Africa’s international Internet bandwidth is supplied by satellite, submarine cables or terrestrial networks connected to submarine cables. -
Detailed Project Report for Connecting Lakshadweep Islands on Submarine
DETAILED PROJECT REPORT FOR CONNECTING LAKSHADWEEP ISLANDS ON SUBMARINE OFC Contents 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11 1.1 BACKGROUND 11 1.2 METHODOLOGY TO PREPARE THE DPR 11 1.3 BROAD FINDINGS 12 1.3.1 SUBMARINE CABLE LENGTH AND TYPE 12 1.3.2. SITE SURVEY 12 1.3.3. SUBMARINE SYSTEM DESIGN 12 1.3.4. PROPOSED TOPOLOGIES 14 1.3.5 PROJECT TIMELINES 16 2.0 INTRODUCTION 17 2.1 ABOUT LAKSHADWEEP 17 2.2 PRESENT TELECOM SCENARIO 18 2.3 ISSUES IN PRESENT TELECOM CONNECTIVITY 19 2.4 CHALLENGES IN DEVELOPING RELIABLE TELECOM CONNECTIVITY 19 2.5 TCIL SCOPE OF WORK 19 3.0 ASSESMENT OF TELECOM CONNECTIVITY REQUIREMENTS 22 3.1 IDENTIFY THE FACTORS REQUIRING RELIABLE TELECOM CONNECTIVITY 22 3.2 ESTIMATION OF TELECOM BANDWDITH REQUIREMENT IN LAKSHADWEEP 23 4.1 ABOUT SUBMARINE OFC SYSTEM 26 4.1.1 WET PLANT COMPONENTS 27 4.1.2 DRY PLANT 32 4.2 CAPACITY OF SUBMARINE OFC LINKS 33 4.3. MARINE SERVICES 43 4.4. WORLDWIDE CABLE NETWORKS 48 5.0 DESKTOP STUDY 52 5.1. SITE VISIT FINDINGS 53 5.2. CABLE TYPES 55 5.3. CABLE BURIAL 56 6. LAKSHADWEEP NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 72 6.1. BACKGROUND 72 6.1.1. TRAI REPORT 72 6.2. ROUTE SELECTION 73 6.3. TOPOLOGY 73 6.4. SYSTEM DESIGN 79 6.4.1. NUMBER OF FIBER IN LAKSHADWEEP SUBMARINE OPTICAL FIBER CABLE 79 6.4.2. SUBMARINE EQUIPMENT CONFIGURATION IN LAKSHADWEEP 81 6.5. KEY DESIGN PARAMETERS 84 6.6. REDUNDANCY 85 7. PROJECT COST 87 7.1. -
Afrique Africa
CAF 3 2021 Cover_Layout 1 17/08/2021 05:53 Page 1 Special Anniversary Issue Africa Afrique www.communicationsafrica.com THIRTY YEARS THAT CHANGED A CONTINENT Africa’s communications revolution Subsea cable Morocco deployment Why e-commerce is Innovation under the here to stay ocean Fixed wireless VSATs access Intelligent approaches Is 5G FWA a way to remote education forward for Africa? features: ● Analogue TV on the way out ● SDN on the way in ● Data centres on the way to everywhere regular reports: ● Agenda ● Solutions S01 CAF 3 2021 Start_Layout 1 17/08/2021 05:59 Page 2 S01 CAF 3 2021 Start_Layout 1 18/08/2021 08:39 Page 3 CONTENTS Agenda 4 Quotes 6 Events 8 Solutions 32 Cover photographs supplied by Malawi Administration / Adobe Stock FEATURES / Alain Charles Publishing A note from the Editor Communications Africa: thirtieth anniversary 10 The past thirty years have seen many major developments in the African telecommunications market. We asked THIRTY YEARS AGO, when this magazine some of the companies that have helped to bring connectivity to the continent to choose the ones they feel have was first published, communications been the most significant. technology in Africa was unreliable and, often, unavailable. Then mobile networks arrived. Data centres 12 It has undoubtedly been the mobile A new era for data centres in Zimbabwe. Plus a look at more efficient data centre design and a round-up of recent phone that has done the most to developments. transform African communications since 1991 – but today satellite Subsea cable deployment 15 communications and subsea fibre are helping to continue the transformation. -
GOLDBERG, GODLES, WIENER & WRIGHT April 22, 2008
LAW OFFICES GOLDBERG, GODLES, WIENER & WRIGHT 1229 NINETEENTH STREET, N.W. WASHINGTON, D.C. 20036 HENRY GOLDBERG (202) 429-4900 JOSEPH A. GODLES TELECOPIER: JONATHAN L. WIENER (202) 429-4912 LAURA A. STEFANI [email protected] DEVENDRA (“DAVE”) KUMAR HENRIETTA WRIGHT THOMAS G. GHERARDI, P.C. COUNSEL THOMAS S. TYCZ* SENIOR POLICY ADVISOR *NOT AN ATTORNEY April 22, 2008 ELECTRONIC FILING Marlene H. Dortch, Secretary Federal Communications Commission 445 12th Street, SW Washington, DC 20554 Re: Broadband Industry Practices, WC Docket No. 07-52 Dear Ms. Dortch: On April 21, on behalf of Vuze, Inc. (“Vuze”), the undersigned e-mailed the attached material to Aaron Goldberger and Ian Dillner, both legal advisors to Chairman Kevin J. Martin. The material reflects the results of a recent study conducted by Vuze, in which Vuze created and made available to its users a software plug-in that measures the rate at which network communications are being interrupted by reset messages. The Vuze plug-in measures all network interruptions, and cannot differentiate between reset activity occurring in the ordinary course and reset activity that is artificially interposed by a network operator. While Vuze, therefore, has drawn no firm conclusions from its network monitoring study, it believes the results are significant enough to raise them with network operators and commence a dialog regarding their network management practices. Accordingly, Vuze has sent the attached letters to four of the network operators whose rate of reset activity appeared to be higher than that of many others. While Vuze continues to believe that Commission involvement in this Marlene H. -
Nber Working Paper Series the Arrival of Fast Internet
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES THE ARRIVAL OF FAST INTERNET AND EMPLOYMENT IN AFRICA Jonas Hjort Jonas Poulsen Working Paper 23582 http://www.nber.org/papers/w23582 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 July 2017 We thank Sebastian Axbard, Niklas Bengtsson, Martina Björkman-Nyqvist, Greg Bruich, Esther Duflo, Ray Fisman, Oded Galor, Francois Gerard, Amit Khandelwal, Erik Lindqvist, Mushfiq Mobarak, Kalle Moene, Eva Mörk, Anders Olofsgård, Michel Serafinelli, Kjetil Storesletten, Eric Verhoogen, Tim Waters, Frank Windmeijer, Chris Woodruff, and seminar participants at Barcelona Summer Forum, Bocconi, Brown, Columbia, Harvard, IGC Growth Week, NBER Summer Institute, Oslo, Oxford, Stockholm School of Economics, UBC, and Uppsala for comments and suggestions, and Sawal Acharya, Patrick Kennedy, and Roxanne Rahnama for great research assistance. We are especially grateful to Henrik Sigstad and Matthieu Teachout for many helpful conversations, and to Akamai, Steve Song, and the World Bank for data access. Hjort thanks the Center for Development Economics and Policy at Columbia University for financial support. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2017 by Jonas Hjort and Jonas Poulsen. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. The Arrival of Fast Internet and Employment in Africa Jonas Hjort and Jonas Poulsen NBER Working Paper No. -
Country Ratezone Operator Afganistan Zone B MTN Afganistan
Country Ratezone Operator Afganistan Zone B MTN Afganistan Zone D Etisalat Albania Zone A Vodafone Albania Zone B Eagle Mobile Albania Zone C Albanian Mobile Communications Algeria Zone A Ooredoo Algeria Zone A ATM Mobilis Andorra Zone E Mobiland Anguilla Zone B Digicel Anguilla Zone C FLOW Antigua and Barbuda Zone B Digicel Antigua and Barbuda Zone C FLOW Argentina Zone A Claro Argentina Zone B Movistar Armenia Zone C Ucom Armenia Zone B Beeline Aruba Zone B Digicel Australia Zone A Vodafone Australia Zone A Telstra Australia Zone A Optus Austria Zone A H3G Austria Zone A A1 Austria Zone A T-Mobile Azerbaijan Zone A Bakcell Azerbaijan Zone A Azercell Bahamas Zone D Aliv Bahrain Zone B Batelco Bahrain Zone B Zain Bangladesh Zone B Grameenphone Bangladesh Zone B Banglalink Barbados Zone C FLOW Barbados Zone B Digicel Belarus Zone A velcom Belarus Zone B MTS Belgium Zone A Base Belgium Zone A Orange Belgium Zone A Proximus Belize Zone B Smart Belize Zone C DigiCell Benin Zone C Moov Bermuda Zone E ONE Bolivia Zone B Viva Bolivia Zone B Tigo Bonaire / Sint Eustatius / Saba / CuracaoZone B / Saint DigicelMartin (French part) Bosnia and Herzegovina Zone A mtel Bosnia and Herzegovina Zone A HT-ERONET Bosnia and Herzegovina Zone A BH Mobile Brazil Zone B Vivo Brazil Zone C TIM Brazil Zone A Claro British Virgin Islands Zone B Digicel British Virgin Islands Zone C FLOW British Virgin Islands Zone B Carribean Cellular Telephone Brunei Darussalam Zone A B-Mobile Brunei Darussalam Zone A DSTCom Bulgaria Zone A Vivacom Bulgaria Zone A Telenor Bulgaria Zone A A1 Burkina Faso Zone C Orange Burundi Zone D Smart Mobile Cambodia Zone C Metfone Cambodia Zone B Smart Cameroon Zone B MTN Canada Zone A Bell Canada Zone A TELUS Canada Zone A SaskTel Canada Zone A Videotron Canada Zone A Rogers Wireless Cape Verde Zone D CVMOVEL Cayman Islands Zone C FLOW Chad Zone B Airtel Chile Zone B WOM S.A. -
Regional and Country Reports
Regional and country reports Regional reports / 53 54 / Global Information Society Watch Introduction Alan Finlay “developing”, we hope to foreground the sometimes radi- cally different experiences of the information society, and the divergent challenges faced, sometimes literally worlds apart. These juxtapositions graphically highlight the assumptions Making contact with the world: From forest tribes we sometimes hold when we talk about the “information to silver surfers… society” as if it were an achievable level playing field, or While 22 country reports were included in GISWatch 2007, even a common concern, rather than an imagined sphere this year’s publication collects the experiences of 38 coun- of activity – an ideal – that we are consciously trying to con- tries from across the globe – countries as diverse as the struct. Compare, for instance, this extract from the report by Democratic Republic of Congo, Brazil, Uzbekistan, Switzer- comunica-ch (Switzerland): land and Bangladesh. To complement them, we have also introduced six regional reports: from North America, Latin The share of older adults aged 50 and over who use the America and the Caribbean, Africa, the former Soviet Union internet on a regular basis – so-called “silver surfers” – (a convenient way to group several new member states of is still remarkably low… The Swiss Council of Seniors the European Union, as well as countries in the Caucasus describes this situation as a “ticking time bomb”. and Central Asia), South-East Asia and the Pacific. The authors of these regional -
Strategies for the Promotion of Broadband Services and Infrastructure: a Case Study on Mauritius
MDG # broadband series millennium development goals 8 partnership REGULATORY & MARKET ENVIRONMENT International Telecommunication Union Place des Nations Strategies for the promotion of CH-1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland broadband services and infrastructure: www.itu.int A CASE STUDY ON MAURITIUS BROADBAND SERIES Printed in Switzerland Geneva, 2012 08/2012 Strategies for the promotion of broadband services and infrastructure: a case study on Mauritius This report has been prepared for the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) by Sofie Maddens- Toscano. This study was funded by the ITU and the Broadband Commission for Digital Development. We would especially like to thank Dr K. Oolun, Executive Director, Information and Communications Technologies Authority for his invaluable support. It is part of a new series of ITU reports on broadband that are available online and free of charge at the Broadband Commission website: http://www.broadbandcommission.org/ and at the ITU Universe of Broadband portal: www.itu.int/broadband. Please consider the environment before printing this report. © ITU 2012 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. Strategies for the promotion of broadband services and infrastructure: a case study on Mauritius Table of Contents Page Preface ........................................................................................................................................ iii Foreword ................................................................................................................................... -
2020-07-14 MASTERFILE Iots and More Whereever
Network Coverage Q3 2020 Country Network Afghanistan Etisalat MTN TDCA (Roshan) Albania Albanian Mobile Communications Eagle Mobile Vodafone Algeria ATM Mobilis Ooredoo Andorra Mobiland (Andorra) Anguilla Digicel FLOW Antigua and Barbuda Digicel FLOW Argentina Claro Movistar Armenia Beeline Ucom Aruba Digicel Australia Optus Telstra Vodafone Austria A1 H3G T-Mobile Azerbaijan Azercell Bakcell Bahamas Aliv BTC Bahrain Batelco MTC Vodafone (Zain) Bangladesh Banglalink Grameenphone Barbados Digicel FLOW Belarus MTS velcom Belgium Base Orange Proximus Belize DigiCell Benin Moov Bermuda Digicel ONE Bolivia Tigo Viva Bonaire / Sint Eustatius / Saba / Curacao / Saint MartinDigicel (French part) 1 Network Coverage Q3 2020 Country Network Telcell NV Bosnia and Herzegovina BH Mobile HT-ERONET mtel Brazil Claro TIM Vivo British Virgin Islands CCT - Carribean Cellular Telephone FLOW Brunei Darussalam B-Mobile (Progresif) DSTCom Bulgaria A1 Telenor Vivacom Burkina Faso Orange Burundi Smart Mobile Cambodia CamGSM Metfone (Viettel) Smart Cameroon MTN Canada Bell Rogers Wireless SaskTel TELUS Videotron Cape Verde CVMOVEL Unitel (T+) Cayman Islands Digicel FLOW Chad Airtel Chile Claro Entel Movistar WOM S.A. China China Mobile China Telecom China Unicom Colombia Claro Movistar Costa Rica Claro ICE Movistar Cote d'Ivoire MTN Croatia A1 T-Mobile Tele2 2 Network Coverage Q3 2020 Country Network Cyprus CYTAmobile-Vodafone MTN Primetel Czech Republic O2 T-Mobile Vodafone Democratic Republic of Congo Africell Airtel Tigo Vodacom Denmark Hi3G TDC Telenor Telia Dominica Digicel FLOW Dominican Republic Altice Claro Viva Ecuador Claro CNT Movistar Egypt Orange Vodafone El Salvador Claro Digicel Movistar Tigo Equatorial Guinea Hits Guinea Estonia Elisa Tele2 Telia Ethiopia Ethio Telecom Faroe Islands Faroese Telecom Hey Fiji / Nauru Digicel Vodafone Finland Alcom DNA Elisa Telia France Bouygues Free Mobile Orange SFR French Guiana / St Barthelemy / St. -
World Bank Document
Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Report No: 58263-AFR Public Disclosure Authorized PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT ON A PROPOSED CREDIT IN THE AMOUNT OF SDR 19.8 MILLION (US$31.0 MILLION EQUIVALENT) Public Disclosure Authorized TO THE REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE AND A PROPOSED CREDIT IN THE AMOUNT OF SDR 16.3 MILLION (US$25.6 MILLION EQUIVALENT) TO THE REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA FOR THE Public Disclosure Authorized WEST AFRICA REGIONAL COMMUNICATIONS INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS (APL 1A) UNDER THE FIRST PHASE OF THE WEST AFRICA REGIONAL COMMUNICATIONS INFRASTRUCTURE PROGRAM (APL1) IN A GLOBAL AMOUNT EQUIVALENT TO US$300.0 MILLION December 22, 2010 ICT Sector Unit Africa Region Public Disclosure Authorized This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (Exchange Rate Effective December 1, 2010) Currency Unit = SDR = US$ 0.6362 = SDR 1 FISCAL YEAR January 1 – December 31 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS $ United States dollar, all dollars are US dollars unless otherwise indicated ACE Africa Coast to Europe AfDB African Development Bank AICD Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic APL Adaptable Program Loan BP Bank Procedures C&MA Construction and Maintenance Agreement CAS Country Assistance Strategy CCL Cable Consortium for Liberia EASSy Eastern Africa Submarine Cable System ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EIA Environmental Impact