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Offshore Wind Submarine Cabling Overview Fisheries Technical Working Group
OFFSHOREoverview WIND SUBMARINE CABLING Fisheries Technical Working Group Final Report | Report Number 21-14 | April 2021 NYSERDA’s Promise to New Yorkers: NYSERDA provides resources, expertise, and objective information so New Yorkers can make confident, informed energy decisions. Our Vision: New York is a global climate leader building a healthier future with thriving communities; homes and businesses powered by clean energy; and economic opportunities accessible to all New Yorkers. Our Mission: Advance clean energy innovation and investments to combat climate change, improving the health, resiliency, and prosperity of New Yorkers and delivering benefits equitably to all. Courtesy, Equinor, Dudgeon Offshore Wind Farm Offshore Wind Submarine Cabling Overview Fisheries Technical Working Group Final Report Prepared for: New York State Energy Research and Development Authority Albany, NY Morgan Brunbauer Offshore Wind Marine Fisheries Manager Prepared by: Tetra Tech, Inc. Boston, MA Brian Dresser Director of Fisheries Programs NYSERDA Report 21-14 NYSERDA Contract 111608A April 2021 Notice This report was prepared by Tetra Tech, Inc. in the course of performing work contracted for and sponsored by the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (hereafter “NYSERDA”). The opinions expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect those of NYSERDA or the State of New York, and reference to any specific product, service, process, or method does not constitute an implied or expressed recommendation or endorsement of it. Further, NYSERDA, the State of New York, and the contractor make no warranties or representations, expressed or implied, as to the fitness for particular purpose or merchantability of any product, apparatus, or service, or the usefulness, completeness, or accuracy of any processes, methods, or other information contained, described, disclosed, or referred to in this report. -
Study on International Internet Connectivity in Sub-Saharan Africa March 2013
REGULATORY AND MARKET ENVIRONMENT International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Development Bureau Place des Nations STUDY ON INTERNATIONAL CH-1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland INTERNET CONNECTIVITY www.itu.int IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA MARCH 2013 Printed in Switzerland Telecommunication Development Sector Geneva, 2013 /2013 03 Study on international Internet connectivity in sub-Saharan Africa March 2013 This report has been prepared by Mr Abossé Akue-Kpakpo, under the direction of the Regulatory and Market Environment Division (RME) of the Telecommunication Development Bureau (BDT), in close coordination with ITU-T Study Group 3. The content of this report was presented during the seminars and meetings of the regional groups of the ITU Study Group 3 for Africa (SG3RG-AFR) in May 2012 and for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC SG3RG) in March 2012. Please consider the environment before printing this report. © ITU 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, in part or in full, without the prior written permission of ITU. Study on international Internet connectivity in sub-Saharan Africa Foreword It is my pleasure to introduce this report on International Internet Connectivity (IIC) in sub-Saharan Africa; this is part of a series of regional reports that address the present situation of Internet connection as well as future developments and challenges. These reports have been developed through collaboration between the ITU Telecommunication Development Bureau (BDT) the Telecommunication Standardization Bureau (TSB) in view of supporting policy makers, national regulatory authorities and operators in understanding the many aspects of international Internet connectivity. The digital revolution of the 21st century is being underpinned and in many cases driven by the growth, access and use of the Internet, but it has also led us to a modern indicator of division and poverty: exclusion from this revolution, from access to the Internet or telephone, and from the benefits of today's information society. -
The Socio-Economic Impact of Broadband in Sub-Saharan Africa: the Satellite Advantage
The Socio-Economic Impact of Broadband in sub-Saharan Africa: The Satellite Advantage The Socio-Economic Impact of Broadband in sub-Saharan Africa: The Satellite Advantage By the Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation Page 1 The Socio-Economic Impact of Broadband in sub-Saharan Africa: The Satellite Advantage Executive Summary Broadband is not just a consequence of economic growth, it is also a cause. Sub-Saharan Africa has succeeded in the last decade in bringing voice services within the reach of some three quarters of the population, but the vast majority of the region is falling further behind the rest of the world in terms of broadband connectivity. There are two main reasons for this: supply is limited, and prices have been very high.1 Broadband is the delivery of Internet IP bandwidth (at speeds of 256 Kbps or more), and all of the content, services and applications which consume this bandwidth. The essential underpinning of broadband therefore is the need for a high capacity transmission backbone network capable of delivering this bandwidth. Providing an entry level 256 Kbps broadband service to hundreds, thousands or millions of customers requires a backbone transmission network with sufficient capacity to do so. And each time an operator increases its broadband service from 256 Kbps to 512 Kbps, 2 Mbps, or even 100 Mbps, this in turn escalates the capacity requirements of the transmission backbone network. The evolving broadband geography of sub-Saharan Africa reflects changes in the underlying level and pattern of supply of this trunk transmission capacity, and the pricing of that capacity. All of Africa’s international Internet bandwidth is supplied by satellite, submarine cables or terrestrial networks connected to submarine cables. -
Detailed Project Report for Connecting Lakshadweep Islands on Submarine
DETAILED PROJECT REPORT FOR CONNECTING LAKSHADWEEP ISLANDS ON SUBMARINE OFC Contents 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11 1.1 BACKGROUND 11 1.2 METHODOLOGY TO PREPARE THE DPR 11 1.3 BROAD FINDINGS 12 1.3.1 SUBMARINE CABLE LENGTH AND TYPE 12 1.3.2. SITE SURVEY 12 1.3.3. SUBMARINE SYSTEM DESIGN 12 1.3.4. PROPOSED TOPOLOGIES 14 1.3.5 PROJECT TIMELINES 16 2.0 INTRODUCTION 17 2.1 ABOUT LAKSHADWEEP 17 2.2 PRESENT TELECOM SCENARIO 18 2.3 ISSUES IN PRESENT TELECOM CONNECTIVITY 19 2.4 CHALLENGES IN DEVELOPING RELIABLE TELECOM CONNECTIVITY 19 2.5 TCIL SCOPE OF WORK 19 3.0 ASSESMENT OF TELECOM CONNECTIVITY REQUIREMENTS 22 3.1 IDENTIFY THE FACTORS REQUIRING RELIABLE TELECOM CONNECTIVITY 22 3.2 ESTIMATION OF TELECOM BANDWDITH REQUIREMENT IN LAKSHADWEEP 23 4.1 ABOUT SUBMARINE OFC SYSTEM 26 4.1.1 WET PLANT COMPONENTS 27 4.1.2 DRY PLANT 32 4.2 CAPACITY OF SUBMARINE OFC LINKS 33 4.3. MARINE SERVICES 43 4.4. WORLDWIDE CABLE NETWORKS 48 5.0 DESKTOP STUDY 52 5.1. SITE VISIT FINDINGS 53 5.2. CABLE TYPES 55 5.3. CABLE BURIAL 56 6. LAKSHADWEEP NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 72 6.1. BACKGROUND 72 6.1.1. TRAI REPORT 72 6.2. ROUTE SELECTION 73 6.3. TOPOLOGY 73 6.4. SYSTEM DESIGN 79 6.4.1. NUMBER OF FIBER IN LAKSHADWEEP SUBMARINE OPTICAL FIBER CABLE 79 6.4.2. SUBMARINE EQUIPMENT CONFIGURATION IN LAKSHADWEEP 81 6.5. KEY DESIGN PARAMETERS 84 6.6. REDUNDANCY 85 7. PROJECT COST 87 7.1. -
Afrique Africa
CAF 3 2021 Cover_Layout 1 17/08/2021 05:53 Page 1 Special Anniversary Issue Africa Afrique www.communicationsafrica.com THIRTY YEARS THAT CHANGED A CONTINENT Africa’s communications revolution Subsea cable Morocco deployment Why e-commerce is Innovation under the here to stay ocean Fixed wireless VSATs access Intelligent approaches Is 5G FWA a way to remote education forward for Africa? features: ● Analogue TV on the way out ● SDN on the way in ● Data centres on the way to everywhere regular reports: ● Agenda ● Solutions S01 CAF 3 2021 Start_Layout 1 17/08/2021 05:59 Page 2 S01 CAF 3 2021 Start_Layout 1 18/08/2021 08:39 Page 3 CONTENTS Agenda 4 Quotes 6 Events 8 Solutions 32 Cover photographs supplied by Malawi Administration / Adobe Stock FEATURES / Alain Charles Publishing A note from the Editor Communications Africa: thirtieth anniversary 10 The past thirty years have seen many major developments in the African telecommunications market. We asked THIRTY YEARS AGO, when this magazine some of the companies that have helped to bring connectivity to the continent to choose the ones they feel have was first published, communications been the most significant. technology in Africa was unreliable and, often, unavailable. Then mobile networks arrived. Data centres 12 It has undoubtedly been the mobile A new era for data centres in Zimbabwe. Plus a look at more efficient data centre design and a round-up of recent phone that has done the most to developments. transform African communications since 1991 – but today satellite Subsea cable deployment 15 communications and subsea fibre are helping to continue the transformation. -
Before the BUREAU of OCEAN ENERGY MANAGEMENT U.S. DEPARTMENT of the INTERIOR Washington, D.C
Before the BUREAU OF OCEAN ENERGY MANAGEMENT U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Washington, D.C. In the Matter of Information Collection: Prospecting for OMB Control No. 1010-0072 Minerals Other Than Oil, Gas, and Sulphur on the Outer Continental Shelf MMAA104000 and Authorizations of Noncommercial Geological and Geophysical Activities; Proposed Collection for OMB Review; Comment Request COMMENTS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SUBMARINE CABLE ASSOCIATION Kent D. Bressie Danielle J. Piñeres HARRIS, WILTSHIRE & GRANNIS LLP 1919 M Street, N.W., Suite 800 Washington, D.C. 20036-3537 +1 202 730 1337 tel Counsel for the North American Submarine Cable Association 2 March 2015 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY To implement the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act, comply with the Paperwork Reduction Act, and safeguard U.S. national-security and economic interests, the North American Submarine Cable Association (“NASCA”) urges the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (“BOEM”) to modify its information collection in form BOEM-0134 in order to ensure protection of submarine cables, the critical infrastructure that provides almost all international telecommunications and Internet connectivity for the United States and domestic connectivity for Alaska, Hawaii, and various U.S. territories. BOEM should require applicants for permits or other authorizations for geological and geophysical prospecting or scientific research on the U.S. outer continental shelf (“OCS”) related to minerals other than oil, gas, and sulphur (collectively, “mineral prospecting activities”) to identify submarine cables in the vicinity of planned activities and explain how planned mineral prospecting activities will not “unreasonably interfere with” current and planned submarine cables and will ensure compliance with federal laws regarding damage to submarine cables. -
Protection of Submarine Cables Through Spatial Separation
DECEMBER 2014 WORKING GROUP 8 SUBMARINE CABLE ROUTING AND LANDING Final Report – Protection of Submarine Cables Through Spatial Separation The Communications Security, Reliability and Interoperability Council IV Working Group 8 Final Report 1: Spatial Separation December 2014 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................ 1 BACKGROUND ON CSRIC IV AND WORKING GROUP 8............................ 14 Objectives and Methods ........................................................................................ 14 Membership .......................................................................................................... 15 BACKGROUND ON SUBMARINE CABLES AND THE FCC’S ROLE IN REGULATING THEM ............................................................................................ 17 Submarine Cables Are Critically Important to U.S. National Security and the U.S. Economy ............................................................................................................... 17 Scope and Elements of Submarine Cables............................................................ 19 Complex Federal Regulation ................................................................................ 21 3.3.1 The FCC Functions as the Primary Regulator of Submarine Cables Landing in the United States ......................................................... 21 3.3.2 Other Federal Regulation ........................................................................ -
ITU-Dstudygroups
ITU-D Study Groups Study period 2018-2021 Broadband development and connectivity solutions for rural and Question 5/1 Telecommunications/ remote areas ICTs for rural and remote areas Executive summary This annual deliverable reviews major backbone telecommunication Annual deliverable infrastructure installation efforts and approaches to last-mile connectivity, 2019-2020 describes current trends in last-mile connectivity and policy interventions and recommended last-mile technologies for use in rural and remote areas, as well as in small island developing States (SIDS). Discussions and contributions made during a workshop on broadband development in rural areas, held in September 2019, have been included in this document, which concludes with two sets of high-level recommendations for regulators and policy-makers, and for operators to use as guidelines for connecting rural and remote communities. 1 More information on ITU-D study groups: E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +41 22 730 5999 Web: www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/study-groups ITU -D Study Groups Contents Executive summary 1 Introduction 3 Trends in telecommunication/ICT backbone infrastructure 4 Last mile-connectivity 5 Trends in last-mile connectivity 6 Business regulatory models and policies 7 Recommendations and guidelines for regulators and policy-makers 8 Recommendations and guidelines for operators 9 Annex 1: Map of the global submarine cable network 11 Annex 2: Listing of submarine cables (A-Y) 12 2 More information on ITU-D study groups: E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +41 22 730 5999 Web: www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/study-groups ITU -D Study Groups Introduction The telecommunications/ICT sector and technologies have evolved over a long period of time, starting with ancient communication systems such as drum beating and smoke signals to the electric telegraph, the fixed telephone, radio and television, transistors, video telephony and satellite. -
Nber Working Paper Series the Arrival of Fast Internet
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES THE ARRIVAL OF FAST INTERNET AND EMPLOYMENT IN AFRICA Jonas Hjort Jonas Poulsen Working Paper 23582 http://www.nber.org/papers/w23582 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 July 2017 We thank Sebastian Axbard, Niklas Bengtsson, Martina Björkman-Nyqvist, Greg Bruich, Esther Duflo, Ray Fisman, Oded Galor, Francois Gerard, Amit Khandelwal, Erik Lindqvist, Mushfiq Mobarak, Kalle Moene, Eva Mörk, Anders Olofsgård, Michel Serafinelli, Kjetil Storesletten, Eric Verhoogen, Tim Waters, Frank Windmeijer, Chris Woodruff, and seminar participants at Barcelona Summer Forum, Bocconi, Brown, Columbia, Harvard, IGC Growth Week, NBER Summer Institute, Oslo, Oxford, Stockholm School of Economics, UBC, and Uppsala for comments and suggestions, and Sawal Acharya, Patrick Kennedy, and Roxanne Rahnama for great research assistance. We are especially grateful to Henrik Sigstad and Matthieu Teachout for many helpful conversations, and to Akamai, Steve Song, and the World Bank for data access. Hjort thanks the Center for Development Economics and Policy at Columbia University for financial support. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2017 by Jonas Hjort and Jonas Poulsen. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. The Arrival of Fast Internet and Employment in Africa Jonas Hjort and Jonas Poulsen NBER Working Paper No. -
Regional and Country Reports
Regional and country reports Regional reports / 53 54 / Global Information Society Watch Introduction Alan Finlay “developing”, we hope to foreground the sometimes radi- cally different experiences of the information society, and the divergent challenges faced, sometimes literally worlds apart. These juxtapositions graphically highlight the assumptions Making contact with the world: From forest tribes we sometimes hold when we talk about the “information to silver surfers… society” as if it were an achievable level playing field, or While 22 country reports were included in GISWatch 2007, even a common concern, rather than an imagined sphere this year’s publication collects the experiences of 38 coun- of activity – an ideal – that we are consciously trying to con- tries from across the globe – countries as diverse as the struct. Compare, for instance, this extract from the report by Democratic Republic of Congo, Brazil, Uzbekistan, Switzer- comunica-ch (Switzerland): land and Bangladesh. To complement them, we have also introduced six regional reports: from North America, Latin The share of older adults aged 50 and over who use the America and the Caribbean, Africa, the former Soviet Union internet on a regular basis – so-called “silver surfers” – (a convenient way to group several new member states of is still remarkably low… The Swiss Council of Seniors the European Union, as well as countries in the Caucasus describes this situation as a “ticking time bomb”. and Central Asia), South-East Asia and the Pacific. The authors of these regional -
How Diplomacy Can Strengthen Asia-Europe's Digital Connectivity
2.1. From Harmonising Cyberpolicies to Promoting Twiplomacy: How Diplomacy Can Strengthen Asia-Europe’s Digital Connectivity Jovan KURBALIJA1 Abstract Together Asia and Europe accommodate more than two billion Internet users, which accounts for about two-thirds of the global user base, and this number is still growing. With the ever-expanding number of users, the Internet drives global social and economic developments; social media is central to the lives of many Asians and Europeans and e-commerce is facilitating international and inter-regional economic linkages. At the same time, with the heightened dependence on the Internet, the risks of cyber threats have exponentially grown. How can Asian and European diplomats capture the benefits of the Internet-facilitated connections, while cooperating to ensure cybersecurity? This chapter provides an analysis of the digital connectivity between Asia and Europe, seen from a diplomatic perspective. After the introductory remarks, the first section addresses digital geoeconomics and geopolitics and provides an analysis of the impact of the Internet on the fast- changing political, social, and economic environment for diplomatic activities. The second section outlines the ways in which Asia and Europe deal with digital policy issues as an important pre-condition for more intensive digital connectivity. In particular, the analysis focuses on how the two regions address the main digital policy challenges, including the regulation of the Internet infrastructure, privacy and data governance, cybersecurity, and content policy. 1 The research was conducted with the help of Ms Barbara Rosen Jacobson, Research Assistant at DiploFoundation. Data- analysis was provided by Dr Goran Milovanovic, Data Scientist at DiploFoundation. -
UNDERSEA CABLES: Supporting Growth in Offshore Energy and Internet Bandwidth ICF News | Issue 71 ICF News
NEWIssueS 71 | September 2012 UNDERSEA CABLES: SUPPORTING GROWTH IN OFFSHORE ENERGY AND INTERNET BANDWIDTH ICF NEWS | ISSUE 71 ICF NEWS ICF CONGRESS RIO This year’s Congress will be held at the Hotel Sofitel in ICF CONGRESS CONTENT Rio de Janeiro starting with our traditional Welcome Reception on 2 October and finishing with an excursion on 5 October. The ICF Standing Commission led by Peter Ford is in the RIO DE JANEIRO process of finalizing the program for this year´s Congress. UNDERSEA CABLES: 2 - 6 OCTOBER 2012 SUPPORTING GROWTH IN OFFSHORE ENERGY AND INTERNET The Sessions this year will cover: BANDWIDTH (pages 1-13) • The Brazilian Perspective, with high ranking speakers from politics, STATISTICS economy and industry • Electrification & Sustainability in Brazil (Region, Globally) • Global Perspectives, including a presentation on the regional wire & cable industry and • Successful Brazilian Industry Leaders We would like to thank our friends of Prysmian and General Cable in Brazil who have been providing great support to identify the “right” speakers for our Congress. ICF NEW MEMBER We welcome Diamond Power Infrastructure Ltd., India, as a new member of ICF. Information can be found on their website www.dicabs.com. I.C.F P.O.BOX 26 Graben 30 ICF SPONSORSHIP IN CAPE TOWN – UpDATE A-1014 Wien Austria After some delays the construction Phone +43-1-532 96 40 of the Hoofweg Community Learning Fax +43-1-532 97 69 Center is on its way. The projected Web www.icf.at completion date is November 2012. Contact [email protected] We will keep you posted.