Mitos Youkai Dalam Anime Gugure! Kokkuri-San

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Mitos Youkai Dalam Anime Gugure! Kokkuri-San MITOS YOUKAI DALAM ANIME GUGURE! KOKKURI-SAN GUGURE! KOKKURI-SAN TO IU ANIME NI OKERU YOUKAI NO SHINWA SKRIPSI Skripsi Ini Diajukan Kepada Panitia Ujian Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan Untuk Melengkapi Salah Satu Syarat Ujian Sarjana Dalam Bidang Ilmu Sastra Jepang Oleh : IKA RAUDHATUN INDAH NASUTION 140708034 PROGRAM STUDI SASTRA JEPANG FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2019 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA KATA PENGANTAR Alhamdulillahi rabbil‟alamiin puji syukur penulis ucapkan kepada Allah SWT, atas rahmat dan hidayah-Nya penulis dapat menyelesaikan penulisan skripsi ini. Tak lupa juga sholawat kepada Nabi Muhammad SAW. Skripsi ini berjudul“ Mitos Youkai Dalam Anime Gugure Kokkuri-san”. Penyusunan skripsi ini ditujukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat untuk meraih gelar sarjana pada Program Studi Sastra Jepang Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara. Dalam penulisan skripsi ini, penulis telah berusaha semaksimal mungkin dengan kemampuan dan pengetahuan yang penulis miliki. Penulis juga mendapat bimbingan,do‟a dan dukungan dari berbagai pihak. Untuk itu dalam kesempatan ini, penulis ingin mengucapkan terima kasih dengan tulus kepada: 1. Bapak Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S, selaku Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara. 2. Bapak Prof. Hamzon Situmorang, M.S, Ph.D, selaku Ketua Program Studi Sastra Jepang Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara. 3. Bapak Alimansyar, S.S., M.A.,Ph.D, selaku dosen pembimbing skripsi yang telah memberikan waktunya untuk memberikan arahan dan masukan dalam membimbing penulis sehingga dapat menyelesaikan penulisan skripsi ini. 4. Bapak Drs, Yuddi Adrian Muliadi, M.A., selaku dosen pembimbing akademik yang telah membimbing penulis dari awal perkuliahan hingga selesai. iii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 5. Seluruh dosen pengajar Program Studi Sastra Jepang Fakultas Ilmu Budaya yang telah memberikan ilmu dan bimbingan kepada penulis selama menjadi mahasiswa. 6. Seluruh staf pegawai Program Studi Sastra Jepang Fakultas Ilmu Budaya yang telah memberikan bantuan kepada penulis selama menjadi mahasiswa. 7. Keluarga tersayang yang do‟a dan kasihnya tidak pernah berhenti untuk mendo‟akan dan menyayangi penulis. Terima kasih kepada Ayahanda Drs. Sahlan Nasution, Ibunda Dra. Maryani, Adik saya Ika Husnul Rizqi, karena atas do‟a, kasih sayang, motivasi dan dukungan yang berharga serta dukungan moril maupun materil kepada penulis yang tak pernah putus sehingga adinda dapat menyelesaikan studi sampai ke bangku S1 Sarjana. 8. Para sahabat saya dalam grup “THE TODOTS” dan “AOZORA”, Asyifa Urruh, Nurul Fajria Harahap, Ineke Simamora, Anggun G.Rubani, Muhammad Amin, Riski Rahayu Putri, Dima Azura Siregar yang menjadi teman seperjuangan penulis selama di Sastra Jepang. Terima kasih telah berbagi cerita dan pengalaman yang berharga serta kenangan yang tidak mungkin untuk dilupakan. Sahabat-sahabat penulis dari bangku SMP dan SMA, Siti Aisyah Nenggelis, Sofiah siregar, Mariatun Sopia, dan Trisyuni Shabrina. Terimakasih telah menemani penulis dalam berkeluh kesah dan berbagi pengalaman dalam penulisan skripsi. Serta teman-teman sesama mahasiswa iv UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Program Studi Sastra Jepang stambuk 2014 yang tidak dapat penulis sebutkan satu persatu namanya. Skripsi ini masih jauh dari sempurna, oleh karena itu diharapkan saran dan kritik yang sifatnya membangun. Semoga skripsi ini dapat berguna bagi para pembaca. Medan, 22 Januari 2019 IKA RAUDHATUN INDAH NASUTION NIM: 140708034 v UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA DAFTAR ISI HALAMAN PENGESAHAAN ............................................................................................ i KATA PENGANTAR ..................................................................................................... iii DAFTAR ISI ..................................................................................................................... vi BAB I PENDAHULUAN ................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Latar Belakang................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Batasan Masalah ................................................................................................ 5 1.3 Ruang Lingkup Pembahasan ............................................................................. 5 1.4 Tinjauan Pustaka dan Kerangka Teori .............................................................. 6 1.5 Tujuan dan Manfaat Penelitian ........................................................................ 10 1.6 Metode Penelitian ............................................................................................ 10 BAB II TINJAUAN UMUM TENTANG MITOS , YOUKAI DAN JENIS-JENIS YOUKAI 2.1 Mitos dan Kepercayaan Masyarakat Jepang ................................................... 12 2.1.1 Pengertian Mitos ................................................................................... 12 2.1.2 Mitologi Jepang ..................................................................................... 15 2.2 Youkai dalam Mitologi Jepang ........................................................................ 20 2.2.1 Pengertian Youkai ................................................................................. 20 2.2.2 Mitos Youkai dalam Mitologi Jepang ................................................... 23 2.3 Jenis-Jenis Youkai dalam Mitologi Jepang ...................................................... 28 vi UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA BAB III ANALISIS YOUKAI DALAM ANIME GUGURE! KOKKURI-SAN 3.1 Karakteristik Youkai Anime Gugure! Kokkuri-san.......................................... 33 3.1.1Kitsune ................................................................................................... 33 3.1.2 Inugami ................................................................................................. 35 3.1.3 Tengu ..................................................................................................... 37 3.1.4 Tanuki .................................................................................................... 39 3.1.5 Bakeneko ............................................................................................... 41 3.2 Mitos Youkai dalam Anime Gugure! Kokkuri-san ........................................ 42 3.3 Kearifan Lokal yang Terdapat dalam Anime Gugure! Kokkuri-san .............. 49 BAB IV KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN 4.1 Kesimpulan ...................................................................................................... 53 4.2 Saran ................................................................................................................ 55 DAFTAR PUSTAKA LAMPIRAN ABSTRAK vii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Budaya merupakan sesuatu yang tidak bisa dipisahkan dari kehidupan manusia karena tidak ada budaya tanpa masyarakat, begitu pula sebaliknya, tidak ada masyarakat tanpa budaya (Koentjaraningrat, 1983:75). Jepang memiliki budaya yang kaya akan mitos legenda dan dongeng. Istilah bahasa Jepang untuk mite adalah shinwa yang berarti “kisah mengenai para dewa” yang mencakup densetsu (legenda) dan dongeng (mukashi banashi) di dalammya. Mitos adalah cerita mengenai para dewa, legenda adalah cerita rakyat berdasarkan peristiwa yang terjadi, sedangkan dongeng adalah cerita yang tidak nyata atau tidak benar- benar terjadi. Mite Jepang merupakan gabungan tema-tema pribumi yang berasal dari daratan Asia Timur, dan dipengaruhi oleh Buddhisme dan Taoisme. Salah satu ajaran yang berkaitan dengan mitos Jepang adalah ajaran Shinto. Shinto sangat berkaitan erat dengan mitos yang tertulis dalam Kojiki, naskah tertua Jepang yang ditulis pada 712 Masehi, dan Nihon-shoki, catatan historis pertama yang ditulis tahun 720 Masehi. Meskipun cerita tentang mitos hampir sama, ada banyak deskripsi peristiwa yang berbeda dalam kedua naskah ini (Alimansyar, 2017:11). Jepang merupakan Negara yang memiliki banyak kisah unik di setiap daerahnya. Kisah-kisah tersebut merupakan salah satu bentuk kebudayaan yang masuk ke dalam kategori folklore. Menurut (Danandjaja, 1984: 37) Folklore adalah suatu kebudayaan suatu masyarakat yang diwariskan secara turun-temurun 1 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA dalam bentuk lisan, gerak isyarat dan alat bantu pengingat (mnemonic device). Kisah-kisah tersebut pada umumnya bersifat irrasional (tidak masuk akal) namun ada pula cerita-cerita yang berkembang di masyarakat merupakan kisah nyata, tak perduli kisah itu benar ada tidaknya sehingga dianggap masyarakat benar-benar terjadi. Salah satu kisah yang diceritakan dan dianggap nyata oleh masyarakat Jepang ialah mengenai youkai. Youkai di dalam Kamus Kanji Modern adalah hantu atau monster (Nelson, 2001:303). Kata youkai berasal dari kanji 妖 (yō) dan kanji 怪しい (ayashii) yang keduanya berarti sesuatu yang aneh atau gaib atau biasanya diterjemahkan sebagai monster atau setan. Mendefinisikan youkai sangatlah sulit. Tetapi jika dipahami secara harfiah „sesuatu yang aneh‟ dan kejadian aneh‟, cenderung diartikan sebagai 怪異 atau „keganjilan‟. Dengan kata lain tidak mengapa jika semua yang dianggap manusia sebagai „aneh‟ atau „ajaib‟ dianggap sama pula dengan kata Youkai (Kazuhiko, 2003: 10). Ada bermacam-macam sifat youkai, dari yang jahat, nakal, hingga membawa keberuntungan bagi manusia yang bertemu mereka. Seringkali mereka memiliki fitur seperti hewan, beberapa terlihat seperti benda mati dan lainnya
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