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The Waqf Inventory of ʿabbās Agha Author(S): Jane Hathaway Source: Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol

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The Waqf Inventory of ʿabbās Agha Author(S): Jane Hathaway Source: Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol The Wealth and Influence of an Exiled Ottoman Eunuch in Egypt: The Waqf Inventory of ʿAbbās Agha Author(s): Jane Hathaway Source: Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 37, No. 4 (1994), pp. 293-317 Published by: BRILL Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3632654 . Accessed: 26/09/2014 15:56 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. BRILL is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 129.128.216.34 on Fri, 26 Sep 2014 15:56:37 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions JESHO, Vol. XXXVII, ? E.J. Brill, Leiden THE WEALTH AND INFLUENCE OF AN EXILED OTTOMAN EUNUCH IN EGYPT: THE WAQF INVENTORY OF CABBAS AGHA* BY JANE HATHAWAY (Department of History, Ohio State University) The Chief Black Eunuch of the Ottoman imperial harem (Kizlar Agasi or Dariissaade A'asi) was by the late 17th century one of the most powerful figures in the Ottoman Empire. As sultans came to spend the years preceding their enthronements sequestered in the harem instead of being sent out to govern provinces, the authority of the harem women, in par- ticular the sultan's mother (ValideSultan), increased markedly. Correspon- dingly, the Valide Sultan's harem coterie, in particular the black harem eunuchs, attained unprecedented degrees of influence. By the mid-1600s, the Chief Black Eunuch rivalled the grand vezir for authority. Meanwhile, he controlled revenues and clients all over the Empire. Egypt was without a doubt the province in which the Kizlar Agasi held the greatest sway. As supervisor (ndzir or mutawalli)1) of the complex of imperial waqfs established to service the Holy Cities of Mecca and Medina (Awqaf al-IHaramayn), the Kizlar Agasi was ultimately responsible for the revenues of the many Egyptian villages and enterprises endowed to the Awqdf. On being removed from office, furthermore, he was typically exiled to Egypt, 2) where he typically lived out what remained of his life. Thus, his interest in the province was a curious mix of imperial and personal. A document from the Topkapi Palace archives3) exemplifies the duality * I wish to thank Professors Cemal Kafadar and Halil Inalcik for their help in deciphering some particularly thorny spots m the document on which this study is based. Responsibility for any errors, however, is entirely mine. I wish also to thank Professors Michael Cook and Carter Findley for their helpful comments. 1) Despite Stanford Shaw's rigorous terminological breakdown, the titles seem to have been fairly fluid. See Shaw, The Financialand AdmmnistrativeOrgantzation and Developmentof OttomanEgypt, 1517-1798 (Princeton, 1962), pp. 41-45. 2) This practice had begun in 1644, with the exile of Siinbiil Agha (1640-1644). 3) Topkapi D 7657 (undated). The document cannot be earlier than 1694 since CAbbas Agha endowed his wakdlain Gamaliyya during that year; see Andr6 Raymond, Artisans et commerfantsau Catreau XVIIIe sikcle(Damascus, 1973-1974), I: 332. He was dead by the end of 1697, however, when an imperial order was issued condemning the governor Ism~Cil Pasha's (1695-1697) attempts to sell off CAbbas'waqf properties: Istanbul, Prime Ministry Archives, Miihimme Defteri 11.0, No. 947 (Evill CemaziyiiPahir 1109/December 1697). This content downloaded from 129.128.216.34 on Fri, 26 Sep 2014 15:56:37 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 294 JANE HATHAWAY of the Kizlar Agasl's relationship to Egypt. It is the inventory of waqf pro- perties endowed in Egypt by CAbbdsAgha, who was Kizlar Agasi from 1667 until his deposition in 1671, when, naturally, he was exiled to Egypt. Many of these properties were clearly endowed with the aim of producing revenues for the Holy Cities; most, in fact, were undoubtedly endowed while CAbbis still held the office of Kizlar Agasi. Others, however, seem far more per- sonal in character and, indeed, of little use to the Holy Cities: for instance, cAbbis Agha's 40-akge stipend and allotment of grain, 4) his books, and his house. A Kizlar Agasi's purpose in endowing his personal assets in this manner was no doubt to avoid having them confiscated by the state on his death. Such an endowment, moreover, enabled the Kizlar Agasi in effect to bequeath his properties as inheritances. In the absence of offspring, a eunuch typically named his agent(s) (wakfl)beneficiary. But the vehicle of the waqf also gave the agha far more control over the eventual disposition of his than the conventional will did. A case from the Cairo property qadiF court registers reveals that cAbbdsleft his personal residence at Birkat al-Fil to his wakfl,Ahmed Agha the katkhuddof the (avugan corps, 5) and allowed Ahmed Agha to hand the property down to his own descendants. Once Ahmed's line died out, however, the house was to revert to "whoever is of the Awqdf al-Haramayn". 6) n.z@rYet CAbbis Agha's waqf inventory yields far more than just an example of the personal exploitation of an imperial institution. The list of properties, along with the intriguing book list, offers a clue to the range of cAbbds' interests in Egypt and to his personal affinities, as well. It can, furthermore, shed light on the manner in which an exiled Kizlar Aigasi represented the Ottoman court in the largest of the Ottoman provinces. The Kizlar Agasi (The months of all Ottoman documents will be rendered according to the usage of the Redhouse New Turkush-EnglishDzctwnary [Istanbul, 1968].) The order may, in fact, be con- nected to this waqf inventory In that case, the inventory could date from the mid- to late 1690s. 4) These may have comprised his remittance from the Kepide corps, through which exiled Klzlar Agalari and other former Ottoman officials received pensions after retiring to Egypt. If so, the stipend would have been paid monthly although the amount given here is almost certainly a daily allowance. On the Keqlde, see Shaw, Financialand Admmnistrattve,pp. 202, 216, 396-397 5) The Ottoman soldiery in Egypt consisted of seven corps (ocaks): the Janissanes (Mustahfizan), CAzeban,Miiteferrika, Qavugan, G6nfilliiyan, Tiifenkciyan, and Qerakise. The rank of katkhudAwas second only to that of agha. The katkhudd of the Qavugan was closely linked to the governor's council, or divan. 6) Topkapi E 7900, dated 24 Ramazan 1076 (March 1666), with the waqfahliof the house to begin in Zilkade 1080/May 1670. Obviously this was an arrangement that cAbbis had made while still in office. This content downloaded from 129.128.216.34 on Fri, 26 Sep 2014 15:56:37 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE WAQF INVENTORYOF CABBASAGHA 295 was, after all, the sole imperial figure for whom an extended stay in Egypt was customary, if not inevitable. THE DOCUMENT Merhfim CAbbdsAi'nin Mislr-i Kdhire ve olan evklfidir. nev.hisinde > IKuifin'da mekan kebir Misir-1 KIhire'de zo.ki.mda batt-1 > ve yine Mixir'da Saliblye-i.Haleb Tiuliniye'de Maglabey yolunda Cemdmiz karqusundamenzil ve bagge Mushaf-1ierif: 1 : Eczi-i erife: 60 Tafsir Abi al-Layth: 2 cild Tiirki 1 Tacbzr- ,seriff: Khuldsat al-wifdqi [sic]: 1 Kdi•bdn: 1 Sadr al-Shar-ca: 1 HdshzyatAhmad Qelebt: 1 Durar wa ghurar: 1 Metn-i Hiddya: 1 Sharh al-munya: 1 J dmi: 1 Sharh mashdrnq Muqaddimat [al]-Ghaznawi: 1 Sharh rajiyyaft al-fard'id [sic]: 1 RasPil Nibh Efendi: 1 Ta'rikh Ibn Kathir: 2 cild Kimlya-z sa Cdde Sharh mujazf! al-tibb Abladk-zCAl4)3r: 1 Rawdat al-akhbdr: 1 Mecmzica-zmevdciz Qzrd'atal-awrid: 1 Tabaqdtal-awliyd [sic]: 1 Sharh man4tzqal-harr [sic]: 1 Tevdr7b-iAl-z COsmin Dhakhfratft al-tibb defca yigirmi d6rt Cadedklcta kiitiib > Divan-i CAli'den miiretteb klrk COsmini >ve bey evzen [sic] bugday, Divin-i CAli)den miiretteb This content downloaded from 129.128.216.34 on Fri, 26 Sep 2014 15:56:37 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 296 JANE HATHAWAY > Minye'de on Caded feddin >ven.hiye-i otuz Cadedfedd~n n1.iye-i Cize'de (?) > sekiz tlbbpI ifiin d6rt Cadedniihais karye-i Zifte'de meviiica > ve iiu piring marifac ve fir;biiyiik kazgin > ve on dane kebir niilhas riisvet (?) >baric-i Hiiseynlye'de batt-1 Uandak'da kadimden Emir Ijamza Bey dimekle maCrfif ariinda baggeve alti Caded slkiye > Seyb Demirda~ makamlvd.iC kurbmda yigirmi sekiz feddin > nahiye-i Ijarab Fezire-i IKeylfiblye'de[sic] feddan yigirmi tolkuz rizka > Minyet CaCfer on iki feddin rizka > baric-i Bab-i Futfih'danh.iyesinde Kedddsin ve vek~let-i bagklet mekan, bind', ve ari-1 valif .kurbmda > yine malhall-1mezbiirda bir dekirman > ve bir zaviye > ve menzil-i birader'e mutassil bir menzil >Birket-i Fil'e nazir Tibb Zokdk dhilinde batt-1 IKfiiSin'da merlhiimun kendi menzili v4u.f-i > n•hiye-i Zifte'de: > kaysariye ve bundan mukarrabi mahall ve anda on bir diikkkn > ve bir vekilet ve bir kahvebhne ve bir kahve d6 ecek malhall > ve buna d6rt ve iki birinin bir mekteb muta~sil diikka-n kdca, iizerinde > Garblye'de $iibre Besyiin'de d6rt Caded keten islatacak maliall ve iki sa•iye >ve IKeylhibye'de [sic] araix-1 Bahide elli sekiz feddin ve on iki kirit tin-i savad nd.iye-i > ve arail-1 Minye-i CAsim'deIKeyliblye'de [sic]
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