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Imperfect Bodies, Perfect Companions? Dwarfs and Mutes at the Ottoman Court in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

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Imperfect Bodies, Perfect Companions? Dwarfs and Mutes at the Ottoman Court in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries IMPERFECT BODIES, PERFECT COMPANIONS? DWARFS AND MUTES AT THE OTTOMAN COURT IN THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES by Ay şe Ezgi Dikici Submitted to the Graduate School of Arts and Social Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Sabancı University November 2006 IMPERFECT BODIES, PERFECT COMPANIONS? DWARFS AND MUTES AT THE OTTOMAN COURT IN THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES Ay şe Ezgi Dikici Sabancı University APPROVED BY: Asst. Prof. Dr. Yusuf Hakan Erdem ............................................... (Thesis Supervisor) Asst. Prof. Dr. Hülya Adak …........................................... Asst. Prof. Dr. Hülya Canbakal ............................................... DATE OF APPROVAL: 15.11.2006 © Ay şe Ezgi Dikici, 2006 All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT IMPERFECT BODIES, PERFECT COMPANIONS? DWARFS AND MUTES AT THE OTTOMAN COURT IN THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES Ay şe Ezgi Dikici History, MA Thesis, 2006 Thesis Supervisor: Yusuf Hakan Erdem Keywords: dwarf, mute, jester, companion, court This thesis is a preliminary study that aims to understand the roles and functions of dwarfs and mutes at the Ottoman court with the symbolic and practical dimensions. In this study, the mute and dwarf employment at the Ottoman court is considered both within the context of the world-wide practices of keeping court jesters and their common origins, and with regard to its relation to the peculiar conditions of the Ottoman court in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The question whether there existed in the Ottoman case the type of court jester who was able to criticize and mock the monarch is discussed in the thesis to display the nature of dwarfs’ and mutes’ role as the sultan’s boon companions. On the symbolic level, especially dwarfs were kept as a mark of royalty, and mutes ensured the ceremonial silence around the semi-sacred sovereign. In daily life, they entertained the sultan, actively took part in the communication within the court and with outside, and penetrated into state affairs in informal ways. Mutes, serving in confidential meetings and strangling princes and officials upon the sultan’s order, constituted a uniquely Ottoman variant of the tradition of keeping disabled people at courts. The thesis points at the indications that especially eunuch dwarfs and mutes increased their power and wealth thanks to their contacts in and out of the palace at the time of the ascendancy of the imperial harem, discussing how they entered the discourse of decline as a source of concern and complaint. Pictures: in Ayse_Ezgi_Dikici_FIGURES iv ÖZET KUSURLU BEDENLER, KUSURSUZ MUSÂH İBLER? ONALTINCI VE ONYED İNC İ YÜZYILLARDA OSMANLI SARAYINDA CÜCELER VE D İLS İZLER Ay şe Ezgi Dikici Tarih, Master Tezi, 2006 Tez danı şmanı: Yusuf Hakan Erdem Anahtar kelimeler: cüce, dilsiz, soytarı, musahib, saray Bu tez, cücelerin ve dilsizlerin Osmanlı sarayındaki rol ve fonksiyonlarını sembolik ve pratik boyutlarıyla anlamayı amaçlayan bir ilk çalışmadır. Osmanlı sarayında dilsiz ve cüce istihdâmı, bu çalı şmada, hem tüm dünyada görülen saray soytarısı bulundurma pratikleri ve onların ortak kökenleri ba ğlamında, hem de onaltıncı ve onyedinci yüzyıllarda Osmanlı sarayının kendi özel şartlarıyla olan ili şkisi açısından ele alınmı ştır. Tezde, hükümdârı ele ştirebilen ve onunla alay edebilen tipte bir saray soytarısının Osmanlı’da mevcut olup olmadı ğı sorusu, cüce ve dilsizlerin padi şâhın musâhibleri olarak rollerinin niteli ğini ortaya koymak amacıyla tartı şılmaktadır. Sembolik düzeyde, özellikle cüceler, sarayda bir tür saltanat alâmeti olarak tutuluyorlar; dilsizler ise yarı-kutsal olan hükümdarın çevresinde törensel sessizli ği sa ğlıyorlardı. Günlük ya şamda, padi şâhı e ğlendiriyorlar, sarayın iç ileti şiminde ve dı şarıyla olan ili şkilerde aktif olarak yer alıyorlar, ve devlet i şlerine gayriresmî yollardan karı şıyorlardı. Gizli toplantılarda hizmet eden ve bo ğdurulması istenen şehzâdelerin ve devlet görevlilerinin cellatlı ğını yapan dilsizler, saraylarda engelli insanlar bulundurma gelene ğinin Osmanlı’ya özgü bir şeklini olu şturmaktaydı. Tez, özellikle hadım olan cüce ve dilsizlerin, harem-i hümâyûnun gücünün arttı ğı dönemde sarayın içinde ve dı şında kurdukları ili şkiler sayesinde nüfuzlarını ve gelirlerini arttırdıkları yolundaki göstergelere dikkat çekmekte; bir endi şe ve şikâyet kayna ğı olarak Osmanlı yazarlarının çökü ş söylemine nasıl girdiklerini tartı şmaktadır. Resimler: Ayse_Ezgi_Dikici_FIGURES dosyasında v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am thankful to my thesis advisor Y. Hakan Erdem for his encouragement and help, and to the jury members Hülya Adak and Hülya Canbakal for their comments that helped me to clarify my thoughts—but above all, I am grateful to them for putting up with my constant belatedness. I would also like to thank Tülay Artan for her interest in the project. The ideas in this thesis grew out of a paper written for a course instructed by János Bak, who provided the earliest comments and suggestions in the beginning of a long path of research. I owe the electronic version of some of the miniatures used in the thesis to the “Ottoman Culture Image Project” created by the Information Center at Sabancı University. Many thanks to Mehmet Manyas from the IC staff, who had to work harder to provide my unending demands of interlibrary loan. I should also acknowledge the financial aid of TÜB İTAK that supported me during the writing process. As I am at last and once more graduating from the Sabancı University, I would like to express my deepest gratitude for Halil Berktay, who deserves perhaps an even deeper and better expressed one, not for something particular but for so many things. Finally, I would like to thank the entire History community at Sabancı University and the university community at large for making it possible to carry out academic research on such unusual topics, and above all, for an entire body of knowledge and vision of history that I have come to acquire through these hopeful, turbulent, productive, demanding, joyful, depressive, and pleasing last seven years. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents............................................................................................................vii List of Figures...................................................................................................................ix INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................x CHAPTER I – Jesters and Court Dwarfs in the World and Their Origins: A Comparative Perspective...................................................................................................1 I.1. Essential Typology....................................................................................................4 I.2. A Preliminary Theory of Origins............................................................................10 I.3 The King and the Jester............................................................................................16 I.4. Dwarfs as Court Jesters: The Egyptian Case..........................................................18 CHAPTER II – Jesters, Dwarfs and Mutes at the Ottoman Court..................................24 II.1. In Search of the Ottoman Court Jester...................................................................25 II.1.a. The Case of Mashara Arab.......................................................................25 II.1.b. Musâhib s and Others................................................................................31 II.2. Dwarfs and Mutes at the Ottoman Court...............................................................34 II.2.a. “The Perfectest Creature in the World”: The Lure of the Deformed.......38 II.2.b. The Early Phase........................................................................................41 II.2.c. Mutes and Dwarfs as Court Buffoons......................................................45 II.2.d. Servants, Buffoons, and Stranglers: Court Mutes....................................56 II.2.e. Other Activities of Dwarfs and Mutes.....................................................65 II.3. Conclusion: The Relationship between the Sultan and His Dwarfs and Mutes....67 CHAPTER III – Imperfect Bodies, Decaying Polity: The Status and Representations of Court Dwarfs and Mutes in the Post-Süleymanic Age....................................................69 III.1. The Royal Body and the Change in Its Perception...............................................71 III.2. Selânikî’s History : Dwarfs and Mutes as the Source of All Evil.........................76 III.2.a. The Sultanate of “the Incomplete Ones”.................................................76 III.2.b. Cases of Individual Dwarfs and Their Expulsion from the Palace.........83 III.2.b.i. Cüce Nasuh A ğa and the bribery scandal..................................83 III.2.b.ii. Dwarfs, mutes, and the year 1000.............................................86 III.2.b.iii. Cehûd Cüce, Favouritism and Impudence...............................87 III.2.b.iv. “Their bodies smeared with evil”: The expulsion of dwarfs and mutes........................................................................................................91 vii III.3. Dwarfs and Mutes in Nasihatnâme s.....................................................................97 III.3.a. “Musahibs should not interfere in the state affairs”................................98 III.3.b. The issue of timar-holding dwarfs
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