Think Before Drink Grundtvig Project WOMAN RIGHTS IN BEST PRACTISE THINK BEFORE DRINK MARCH 2015 IN KONYA SINCE THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE TURKISH REPUBLIC IN THE 1920S, WOMEN HAVE HAD EQUAL STATUS WITH MEN IN TURKISH SOCIETY, AT LEAST IN LAW.

• MEN'S AND WOMEN'S ROLES WERE CLEARLY DEFINED IN TRADITIONAL TURKISH SOCIETY AND EACH GENDER WAS MORE OR LESS SOVEREIGN WITHIN ITS APPROPRIATE REALM. THE HUSBAND-FATHER WAS HEAD OF THE HOUSEHOLD, BUT THE WIFE-MOTHER WAS IN CHARGE OF THE HOUSE AND FAMILY. MEN WENT OUT OF THE HOUSE TO DEAL WITH THE WORLD OF BUSINESS, GOVERNMENT AND MILITARY; WOMEN STAYED CLOSE TO HOME AND TENDED THE CROPS, • ATATÜRK'S REFORMS HOPED TO BLAST THESE CENTURIES-OLD TRADITIONS TO SMITHEREENS, AND TO LIBERATE WOMEN COMPLETELY SO THEY COULD PARTICIPATE IN EVERY ASPECT OF SOCIETY EQUALLY WITH MEN.

THINK BEFORE DRINK MARCH 2015 IN KONYA SINCE THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE TURKISH REPUBLIC IN THE 1920S, WOMEN HAVE HAD EQUAL STATUS WITH MEN IN TURKISH SOCIETY, AT LEAST IN LAW "EDUCATION IS A PRECEPT FOR ALL MUSLIMS, WOMEN AND MEN" (INSCRIPTION OVER THE ENTRANCE TO ULUG BEY MADRASAH IN BUKHARA, BUILT IN 1420)

THINK BEFORE DRINK MARCH 2015 IN KONYA TODAY, STILL OFTEN HAVE TO COPE WITH PROBLEMS THAT EMANATE FROM THE CONTINUATION OF TRADITIONAL PATRIARCHAL VALUES AND MALE-DOMINATED RELATIONS IN MANY ASPECTS OF LIFE. THEY ALSO OFTEN DEMAND FURTHER IMPROVEMENT OF EXISTING LAWS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CHANGING STANDARDS OF “WOMEN’S HUMAN RIGHTS” IN CONTEMPORARY WESTERN SOCIETIES. EXISTING SOCIAL NORMS ARE NOW BEING QUESTIONED BY THE TURKISH WOMEN’S MOVEMENT WHICH HAS BEEN PLAYING AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN BRINGING WOMEN’S ISSUES TO THE POLITICAL AND SOCIAL AGENDA SINCE THE 1980S. WOMEN’S ISSUES, COMMON TO ALL SOCIETIES AND INCREASINGLY QUESTIONED IN MANY, SUCH AS GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN EDUCATION AND THE WORKPLACE; DOMESTIC VIOLENCE; INADEQUATE REPRESENTATION IN DECISION MAKING POSITIONS, ETC., ARE NOW BEING QUESTIONED FROM THE WOMAN’S POINT OF VIEW IN TURKEY, TOO. TO THIS END, NEW INSTITUTIONS SUCH AS WOMEN’S STUDIES GRADUATE PROGRAMMED AND WOMEN’S RESEARCH CENTERS IN THE UNIVERSITIES HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED. THESE INSTITUTIONS TOGETHER WITH WOMEN’S NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS HELP CREATE A NEW TYPE OF VISIBILITY FOR WOMEN IN THE TURKISH POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCENE. THE GUIDING PRINCIPLE IN EVALUATING WOMEN’S CONDITIONS AND DISCUSSING WOMEN’S ISSUES IN TURKEY TODAY, IS THE GLOBALLY ACCEPTED WOMEN’S HUMAN RIGHTS STANDARDS. THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUCH A CONTEMPORARY STAND COULD BE MADE POSSIBLE ONLY WITH THE PRESENCE OF LEGAL RIGHTS GUARANTEED BY THE SECULAR TURKISH REPUBLIC AND THE CULTURAL AND SOCIAL HERITAGE OF THE KEMALIST VIEWPOINT.

THINK BEFORE DRINK MARCH 2015 IN KONYA THE WOMEN’S HIGH SCHOOLS AND UNIVERSITIES ESTABLISHED DURING THE LATTER PERIOD OF THE WERE INSTRUMENTAL IN PRODUCING A SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF WELL-EDUCATED WOMEN WHO LATER CAME TO PLAY PROMINENT ROLES IN THE FORMATIVE YEARS OF THE REPUBLIC. MORE THAN FORTY WOMEN’S MAGAZINES, MANY EDITED AND AUTHORED BY WOMEN, WERE PUBLISHED IN THE EMPIRE BEFORE 1923, AND SEVERAL WOMEN’S ASSOCIATIONS AND GROUPS HAD BEEN ESTABLISHED TO DEMAND WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN EDUCATION, WORK, AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION. HOWEVER, THE ABSENCE OF A SUPPORTIVE POLITICAL AND LEGAL STRUCTURE AS WELL AS THE PERVASIVE INFLUENCE OF PATRIARCHAL NORMS AND VALUES IN SOCIETY PROHIBITED WOMEN FROM BEING VISIBLE, AND HANDICAPPED THEIR EFFORTS TO BE ACTIVE IN THE PUBLIC ARENA. THIS SITUATION CHANGED DRAMATICALLY WITH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE TURKISH REPUBLIC IN 1923 WHEN A SERIES OF POLITICAL AND LEGAL REFORMS WERE UNDERTAKEN BY M. KEMAL ATATÜRK AND HIS COLLEAGUES TO BUILD A MODERN, SECULAR STATE IN TURKEY. THE REPUBLICAN REFORMS BROUGHT RADICAL CHANGES TO THE STATUS AND CONDITIONS OF WOMEN IN THE COUNTRY TO AN EXTENT UNPRECEDENTED AND UNMATCHED TO DATE IN ANY MUSLIM COUNTRY IN THE WORLD.

THINK BEFORE DRINK MARCH 2015 IN KONYA THE CREATION OF A SECULAR STATE, THE FIRST-EVER IN A MUSLIM COUNTRY MADE IT POSSIBLE TO PASS LEGISLATION THAT RECOGNIZED WOMEN AS EQUAL AND FREE CITIZENS VIS-A-VIS THE STATE, AND REVOLUTIONIZED FAMILY LAW. FOR INSTANCE, IN 1926, THE INTRODUCTION OF THE TURKISH CIVIL CODE BANNED POLYGAMY AND GRANTED WOMEN EQUAL RIGHTS IN MATTERS OF DIVORCE AND CHILD CUSTODY. TURKISH WOMEN WERE ALSO GRANTED SUFFRAGE RIGHTS FIRST IN LOCAL ELECTIONS IN 1930, THEN IN NATIONAL ELECTIONS IN 1934 AND THEY HAVE BEEN EXERCISING THESE RIGHTS FOR THE LAST SIXTY-SEVEN YEARS. THE UNDERLYING AIM OF THESE REFORMS WAS TO POSITION WOMEN SECURELY IN THE PUBLIC SPHERE, TO MAKE THEM ACTIVE AND COMPETITIVE IN EDUCATION, EMPLOYMENT, AND ALL ASPECTS OF SOCIAL LIFE. IN CONSEQUENCE, MANY WOMEN IN TURKEY WERE ABLE TO GET EDUCATED, HAVE CAREERS AND JOBS, BECOME ECONOMICALLY INDEPENDENT AND PARTICIPATE IN POLITICS. THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL REFORMS OF THE REPUBLIC PERTAINED MOST EFFECTIVELY TO LEGAL AND FORMAL ASPECTS OF SOCIAL LIFE AND WERE ABLE TO CHANGE THE ROLES, LIFE STYLES AND STATUS OF WOMEN IN URBAN AREAS AND RELATIVELY HIGHER SOCIAL CLASSES. ALTHOUGH THEY ALSO INFLUENCED SOME ASPECTS OF CULTURAL AND INFORMAL RELATIONS IN SOCIETY THEY HAVE NOT CHANGED WOMEN’S LIVES EQUALLY IN ALL SEGMENTS OF THE POPULATION. TODAY, WHILE THE ENROLLMENT RATE OF BOYS AND GIRLS IN ELEMENTARY EDUCATION IS EQUAL, ALMOST ONE THIRD OF ADULT TURKISH WOMEN ARE STILL ILLITERATE. ILLITERACY AMONG WOMEN IS THREE TIMES AS MUCH AS THAT AMONG MEN AND IS MOSTLY FOUND IN RURAL AREAS OF THE EASTERN AND SOUTHEASTERN PROVINCES. AT THE SAME TIME, MORE THAN ONE THIRD OF MEDICAL DOCTORS, MORE THAN ONE QUARTER OF PRACTICING LAWYERS AND JUDGES, AND ONE THIRD OF UNIVERSITY PROFESSORS IN THE COUNTRY, ARE WOMEN. THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE REPUBLIC IN SEVENTY-FIVE YEARS HAVE PAVED THE WAY FOR WOMEN’S EQUAL CITIZENSHIP RIGHTS AND THEIR UNCONTESTED PRESENCE IN THE PUBLIC SPHERE IN MODERN TURKEY, HOWEVER, LAWS AND PUBLIC SPHERE TRANSFORMATIONS DO NOT DEFINE ALL LIFE CONDITIONS.

THINK BEFORE DRINK MARCH 2015 IN KONYA TODAY, WOMEN IN TURKEY STILL OFTEN HAVE TO COPE WITH PROBLEMS THAT EMANATE FROM THE CONTINUATION OF TRADITIONAL PATRIARCHAL VALUES AND MALE-DOMINATED RELATIONS IN MANY ASPECTS OF LIFE. THEY ALSO OFTEN DEMAND FURTHER IMPROVEMENT OF EXISTING LAWS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CHANGING STANDARDS OF “WOMEN’S HUMAN RIGHTS” IN CONTEMPORARY WESTERN SOCIETIES. EXISTING SOCIAL NORMS ARE NOW BEING QUESTIONED BY THE TURKISH WOMEN’S MOVEMENT WHICH HAS BEEN PLAYING AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN BRINGING WOMEN’S ISSUES TO THE POLITICAL AND SOCIAL AGENDA SINCE THE 1980S. WOMEN’S ISSUES, COMMON TO ALL SOCIETIES AND INCREASINGLY QUESTIONED IN MANY, SUCH AS GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN EDUCATION AND THE WORKPLACE; DOMESTIC VIOLENCE; INADEQUATE REPRESENTATION IN DECISION MAKING POSITIONS, ETC., ARE NOW BEING QUESTIONED FROM THE WOMAN’S POINT OF VIEW IN TURKEY, TOO. TO THIS END, NEW INSTITUTIONS SUCH AS WOMEN’S STUDIES GRADUATE PROGRAMMED AND WOMEN’S RESEARCH CENTRES IN THE UNIVERSITIES HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED. THESE INSTITUTIONS TOGETHER WITH WOMEN’S NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS HELP CREATE A NEW TYPE OF VISIBILITY FOR WOMEN IN THE TURKISH POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCENE. THE GUIDING PRINCIPLE IN EVALUATING WOMEN’S CONDITIONS AND DISCUSSING WOMEN’S ISSUES IN TURKEY TODAY, IS THE GLOBALLY ACCEPTED WOMEN’S HUMAN RIGHTS STANDARDS. THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUCH A CONTEMPORARY STAND COULD BE MADE POSSIBLE ONLY WITH THE PRESENCE OF LEGAL RIGHTS GUARANTEED BY THE SECULAR TURKISH REPUBLIC AND THE CULTURAL AND SOCIAL HERITAGE OF THE KEMALIST VIEWPOINT.

THINK BEFORE DRINK MARCH 2015 IN KONYA Women in Turkey

Latife Uşşaki (Atatürk's wife) in 1923

THINK BEFORE DRINK MARCH 2015 IN KONYA

Gender Inequality Index Value 0.366 (2012)

Hatı Çırpan, 1935 One of the first femalemuhtars an HALIDE EDIP ADIVAR Feriha Tevfik, d MPs of Turkey TURKISH SAFIYE ALI, THE FIRST NOVELIST ANDFEMINIST POLITIC TURKISH FEMALE 1929 AL LEADER. DOCTOR. First ever Miss Turkey, 1929

THINK BEFORE DRINK MARCH 2015 IN KONYA

Ayşe Kulin, Janet Akyüz ÇAĞLA KUBAT, Güler Sabancı, Sertab Erener, 2011 2008 2008 Turkish singer and the Mattei, 2006 Turkish industrialist Turkish author winner of Eurovision 2009 TURKISH MODEL AND Astronomer WINDSURFER Song Contest 2003

THINK BEFORE DRINK MARCH 2015 IN KONYA Nevin Yanıt, 2012 Muazzez İlmiye Çığ, Turkish sprinter, winner of 2010 and 2012 European Athletics 2009 Championships in 100 m.hurdles Sumerologist

THINK BEFORE DRINK MARCH 2015 IN KONYA In the course of the 16th and 17th centuries during the Sultanate of Women, women of the Imperial had extraordinary influence on politics of Ottoman Empire. Many of the during this time were minors and it was their mothers, sometimes daughters of the as Mihrimah Sultan, leaders of the Harem, who effectively ruled the Empire. Most of these women were of slave origin. The period started in 1520 during the reign of Suleyman the Magnificent until 1656, the reign of Mehmed IV. During the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century, educated women within the elites of began to organise themselves as feminists. With the reforms, improving women's conditions was considered as part of a wider modernisation effort. Ottoman women's movement began to demand rights.[7] They fought to increase women's access to education and paid work, to abolish polygamy, and the peçe, an Islamic veil. Early feminists published woman magazines in different languages and established different organizations dedicated to the advancement of women.[8] The first women's association in Turkey, the Ottoman Welfare Organization of Women, was founded in 1908 and became partially involved in the Young Turks Movement. Writers and politicians such as Fatma Aliye Topuz, Nezihe Muhiddin and Halide Edip Adıvar also joined the movement.[8] In her novels, Halide Edip Adıvar criticised the low social status of Turkish women and what she saw as the lack of interest of most women in changing their situation.

THINK BEFORE DRINK MARCH 2015 IN KONYA Since the 1990s, feminist discourse has become institutionalized, with the foundation of women's studies centers and university programs at universities such as Marmara University or as Istanbul University.[8] In 1993, Tansu Çiller became the first female Prime Minister of Turkey.

In 2002 the Turkish government reformed Turkish criminal and civil law, and since then, the rights of women and men during marriage, divorce, and any subsequent property rights have all been equalized.[8] A criminal law has been established that deals with the female sexuality as a matter of individual rights, rather than as a matter of family honor. Additions to the Turkish constitution oblige the state to use all the necessary means to promote the equality of the sexes. Family courts were also created, labour laws were instituted to prohibit sexism, and programs were created to educate against domestic violence and to improve access to education for girls THINK BEFORE DRINK MARCH 2015 IN KONYA ARTICLE 10 OF THE TURKISH CONSTITUTION BANS ANY DISCRIMINATION, STATE OR PRIVATE, ON THE GROUNDS OF SEX. IT IS THE FIRST COUNTRY WHICH HAD A WOMAN AS THE PRESIDENT OF ITS CONSTITUTIONAL COURT, TÜLAY TUĞCU. IN ADDITION, TURKISH COUNCIL OF STATE, THE SUPREME COURT FOR ADMINISTRATIVE CASES, ALSO HAS A WOMAN JUDGE SUMRU ÇÖRTOĞLU AS ITS PRESIDENT.

THINK BEFORE DRINK MARCH 2015 IN KONYA Women in Turkish politics In 1930s for the first time Turkish women entered politics. In the elections held on 8 February 1935 18 women entered the parliament. One of them,Hatı Çırpan was a muhtar (village head) of a village prior to entrance to parliament. The first female city mayor was Müfide İlhan in 1950. Although representation of women in political and decision making bodies is relatively low, Tansu Çiller has been Prime Minister between 1993 and 1996. The number of women in the Turkish parliament has increased to 14.3% after the Turkish general election, 2011 (79 individuals in the parliament), most of them are affiliated with the Justice and Development Party.[14] In 1975 the percentage was 10.9 and in 2006 it was 16.3.[15] Only 5.58 percent of mayors are women and in the whole of Turkey there is one governor (among 81) and 14 local governors.[9]

THINK BEFORE DRINK MARCH 2015 IN KONYA : While still trailing male literacy rates, female literacy rates in Turkey have grown substantially to above 90% in 2012.[26] Illiteracy is particularly prevalent among rural women, who are often not sent to school as girls.[26] Half of girls aged between 15 and 19 are neither in the education system nor in the workforce.[27] The government and various other foundations are engaged in education campaigns in South-eastern to improve therate of literacy and education levels of women.[28] In 2008, 4 million women were illiterate, as opposed to 990 thousand men.[29] A 2008 poll by the Women Entrepreneurs Association of Turkey showed that almost half of urban Turkish women believe economic independence for women is unnecessary reflecting, in the view of psychologist Leyla Navaro, a heritage of patriarchy.[30]

In the 2012-2013, the schooling ratio of girls (at 99.61%[31] as of 2014 according to the Turkish Statistical Institute) exceeded that of the boys for the first time in Turkish history. The gender gap in secondary education (5.3% lower than boys) remained, albeit at much lower levels in comparison to the 2002-2003 educational year (25.8%). However, the gender gap in higher education increased between 2002 and 2012 to 9.5%.[32] Significant regional differences still persist, with only 15.9% of girls attending secondary school in the Muş Province as of 2010, as opposed to 82.4% in the Bilecik Province, the province with the highest percentage.[33] In 2009, the provinces with the lowest schooling ratios for girls were Bitlis, Van and Hakkari, all in southeastern Turkey, while those with the highest ratios were Ankara, İzmir and Mersin, all in western Turkey. Dropout rates for girls at primary level are higher than boys, especially concentrating at the fifth and sixth years.[29]

THINK BEFORE DRINK MARCH 2015 IN KONYA Employment: The participation rate of Turkish women in the work force is 28%, less than half the European Union average.[16] Out of 26 million employable women, only 5.9 million are in the labor force.[34] 23.4% of women have either been forced by men to quit their jobs or prevented from working.[35] The rate of women not covered by social security is 84% in the East and 87% in the Southeast.[27] Women’s employment has decreased since 2000 and the participation of women in the workforce lags behind some Islamic countries as well as western countries.[27] One of the reasons for this is the increased migration of rural women, who would otherwise have been employed in the agriculture sector.[27] Compared to other Islamic countries, including Saudi Arabia and , Turkey is the only one with a diminishing rate of women’s employment.[27] According to a report by Catalyst, in 2008 both parents worked full-time in 11.6% of Turkish households, while in 3.3% one parent worked full-time and one part-time. Only one parent worked full-time in 68.9% of households.[36]

THINK BEFORE DRINK MARCH 2015 IN KONYA FAMILY LIFE: Do you cover when going outside? ON AVERAGE, 28% OF TURKISH WOMEN WERE MARRIED BEFORE THE AGE OF 18. BECAUSE OF 1999 2006 THE LARGE REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN THE INCIDENCE OF UNDERAGE MARRIAGES, AS No, I do 27.3% 36.5% MANY AS 40~50% ARE MARRIED AS MINORS IN not SOME AREAS, PARTICULARLY IN EASTERN AND CENTRAL ANATOLIA.[37] A REPORT BY THE COMMISSION ON EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY Yes, I wear FOR WOMEN AND MEN STATES THAT a 53.4% 48.8% CHILDHOOD MARRIAGES ARE "WIDELY headscarf ACCEPTED" BY TURKISH SOCIETY.[37] A BRIDE PRICE IS STILL PAID IN PARTS OF TURKEY.[37] Yes, I wear 15.7% 11.4% a turban

Yes, I wear 3.4% 1.1% a çarşaf

NI/NA 0.3% 2.2% THINK BEFORE DRINK MARCH 2015 IN KONYA Thank you for your attention for drink before

THINK BEFORE DRINK MARCH 2015 IN KONYA