GAZİANTEP UNIVERSITY FACULTY of ARCHITECTURE
2018-19 Fall Semester
Name of the course: Architectural History II Course code: ARCH 211 Name of the Module: Ottoman Architecture in Istanbul ECTS Credit: 4 2nd year– 1st term Undergraduate Compulsory 3 h/w Theoretical: 3 hours per week Practical: 0 h/w Course language: English Instructor: Asst. Prof. Muzaffer Özgüleş Address: Gaziantep University, Faculty of Architecture, Office: 207 e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +90 342 317 2666 Office Hour: Wednesday 14:00-15:00 Course web page: http://www.gantep.edu.tr/ab/ders_icerik.php?id=6867&bolum_id=20255733
DESCRIPTION OF THE COURSE This course module, entitled “Ottoman Architecture in Istanbul”, is designed as a part of ARCH211 Architectural History course taught at Gaziantep University’s Faculty of Architecture for the second year undergraduate students. It is composed of four lectures, each having two parts, and it is adjusted for four weeks of the semester. The contents of the course module will be taught via Timeline Travel e- learning platform.
OBJECTIVE OF THE COURSE The primary objective of the course is initiating the encounter of the students with the examples and notion of Ottoman architecture, through the lens of significant historic buildings located in Istanbul, as well as some others in Bursa and Edirne.
General objectives The general objectives of the course are as follows: - Learning Ottoman architecture and its principal characteristics. - Understanding different features of Ottoman architecture in different periods. - Differentiating the characteristics of Ottoman architecture from other architectural styles. - Understanding the development of Ottoman Istanbul in the course of history. - Understanding building-patron relationship and the evolution of the landscape of Istanbul in the reigns of different sultans.
Specific objectives - Learning the development of Ottoman Architecture before Istanbul with early Ottoman structures from Bursa and Edirne - Understanding the evolution of Ottoman mosques and variations of plan types - Learning the first buildings in Ottoman Istanbul during the reigns of Mehmed II and Bayezid II - Comprehending the gradual transformation of Byzantine Constantinople into Ottoman Istanbul - Learning Architect Sinan’s life and career, Sinan’s imprint on Istanbul by means of mosque complexes of royal family, viziers’ and others - Understanding Sinan’s legacy, Sinan as a trademark and features of Sinan’s buildings in provinces - Comprehending the 17th Century Ottoman Architecture as a continuation of the classical tradition - Learning The Sultanate of Women and royal Ottoman women’s buildings in Istanbul - Understanding the changes in the early 18th Century Ottoman architecture and Tulip Period characteristics - Learning the Westernization trends in the 18th Century and Ottoman Baroque, new forms and elements in the Ottoman architectural lexicon
1 - Understanding the developments in the 19th century Ottoman Architecture under the effect of the Europe and the West - Learning the early 20th century Ottoman architecture and Neo-Ottoman style
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the course, the students are expected to gain following skills and social competences: Skills: Students would able to: - Comprehend the characteristics of Ottoman architecture and its common features. - Distinguish the features of Ottoman architecture from other Islamic buildings. - Learn and recognize principal buildings of Architect Sinan. - Draw the plans of Ottoman buildings. - Comment on the development of Ottoman Istanbul, the regions where and when the buildings intensify. - Distinguish different periods of Ottoman architecture.
Social competences: Students would able to: - Understand the evolution of Ottoman architecture - Indigenize cultural diversity with the help of architecture. - Benefit from the Ottoman’s architectural legacy while creating new designs. - Comprehend the effects of regional architectural traditions. - Obtain critical thinking skills to make comparisons of different architectural styles. - Gain research skills to carry out a research about a building.
COURSE CONTENT
1st week Ottoman Architecture before Istanbul: Early Ottoman Buildings in Bursa and Edirne
2nd week The first buildings in Ottoman Istanbul
3rd week Sinan’s Istanbul and Ottoman’s Golden Age
4th week Sinan’s Later Works and His Legacy
5th week 17th and early 18th Century Ottoman Architecture: the Sultanate of Women and the Tulip Period 6th week Ottoman Westernization: 18th Century Ottoman Architecture and Beyond
1st Lecture: Ottoman Architecture before Istanbul: Early Ottoman Buildings in Bursa and Edirne
Ottoman Architecture before Istanbul: Early Ottoman structures from Bursa and Edirne. (zaviyes, inverse T plan buildings, interaction with Byzantine architecture) Evolution of Ottoman mosques and different plan types Other building types (khans, baths, palaces)
Buildings to be discovered: Bursa Orhan Gazi Zaviye/Mosque Bursa Alaeddin Mosque Bursa Market Neighbourhood Bursa Koza Hanı Edirne Eski Cami Edirne Üç Şerefeli Cami
2nd lecture: The First Buildings in Ottoman Istanbul The first buildings in Ottoman Istanbul: Buildings from the reigns of Mehmed II and Bayezid II Impact of Hagia Sophia on evolution of Ottoman mosque architecture
2 Transformation of Byzantine Constantinople into Ottoman Istanbul. The Old Palace and the New Palace
Buildings to be discovered: Rumelihisarı Fortress Yedikule Fortress Hagia Sophia as a mosque (External video: https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/art- islam/islamic-art-late-period/v/hagia-sophia-mosque) Mahmud Pasha Complex (mosque and tomb), Other Vizier Complexes (Rum Mehmed Pasha, Murad Pasha, Davud Pasha complexes-links to TT tool) Fatih Complex Bayezid II Complex Other church-mosque conversions (links to TT tool) The Old Palace and the Topkapı Palace (buildings of the Fatih’s reign)
3rd lecture: Sinan’s Istanbul and Ottoman’s Golden Age
Sinan’s life and his ascent to the post of chief royal architect, his reatises Sinan and his patrons Sinan’s early works (Haseki Complex, Üsküdar Mihrimah Complex) His work of apprenticeship: Şehzade Mosque Süleymaniye Mosque and other parts of the Complex
Buildings to be discovered: Haseki Complex Haseki Hurrem Bath Üsküdar Mihrimah Sultan Complex Şehzade Complex Süleymaniye Mosque
4th lecture: Sinan’s Later Works and His Legacy
Sinan’s later works Selimiye Mosque in Edirne Sinan’s legacy Sinan as a trademark Sinan’s buildings in provinces
Buildings to be discovered: Rüstem Pasha Mosque, Eminönü Kadırga Sokollu Complex Büyükçekmece Bridge Mağlova Aqueduct and Kırkçeşme Waterways Selimiye Mosque, Edirne Other Buildings of Sinan in Istanbul (Edirnekapı Mihrimah Sultan Complex, Zal Mahmut Paşa Complex, Kılıç Ali Paşa Complex, Sokollu Mehmed Paşa Madrasa, Eyüp, Kara Ahmed Paşa Complex, Azapkapı Sokollu Mehmet Paşa Mosque–Links to TT tool)
5th lecture: 17th and early 18th Century Ottoman Architecture: the Sultanate of Women and the Tulip Period
17th Century Ottoman Architecture: continuation of the classical tradition Vizier complexes of the 17th century the Sultanate of Women Ottoman Women’s Istanbul Map of Women Patrons’ Structures in Ottoman Istanbul (http://saltonline.org/en/map) Early 18th Century Ottoman Empire
3 Tulip Period
Buildings to be discovered: Cerrah Pasa Complex Sultan Ahmet Külliyesi Vizier complexes on Divanyolu (Sinan Paşa Complex, Köprülü Complex, Gazanfer Ağa Complex) New Mosque Complex, Eminönü Üsküdar New Mosque Complex Ahmed III Fountain Tophane Fountain Üsküdar Ahmed III Fountain Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha Complex Üsküdar New Mosque Complex
6th lecture: Ottoman Westernization: 18th Century Ottoman Architecture and Beyond
Westernization trends in the 18th Century Ottoman Baroque New Forms and Elements in the 18th Century Ottoman Architecture Developments in the 19th century Ottoman Architecture: Becoming Completely Western Military barracks for modern army New palaces
Buildings to be discovered: Nuruosmaniye Complex Laleli Külliyesi Fatih Mosque (new) Ayazma Mosque Zeynep Sultan Mosque Mihrişah Sultan Complex Nusretiye Complex Dolmabahçe Palace Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque Sirkeci Train Station Hidayet Mosque
LEARNING-TEACHING PROCESS Timeline Travel e-Learning Platform will be used as the main tool of teaching for this course module. Following techniques will be used during the learning-teaching process: -Reading compulsory articles prepared for the lectures. -Reading Timeline Travel Tool building entries and browsing images related with those buildings. -Using Timeline Travel Tool to learn about different periods and styles. -Directing students to read other online articles or motivating them to make their own research on the internet. -Watching compulsory videos -Solving quizzes without interactive questions -Solving quizzes with interactive questions (requiring the use of TT tool) -Drawing the plans of buildings and uploading them -Comparing the architectural details (doors, windows, wall construction technique, column capitals) by using filter/search functions of the tool -Adding new buildings into Timeline Travel Tool (Learning by doing) -Comparing the timelines of two cities and commenting on differences/similarities
ASSESSMENT Reading articles: 10 % Completing videos: 10 % Answering quizzes: 20 %
4 Completing other tasks: 20 % Exam: 40 %
RESOURCES
Reference books: Altun, Ara, Ortaçağ Türk Mimarisinin Ana Hatları İçin Bir Özet, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 1989. Aslanapa, Oktay., Turkish Art and Architecture, London, Ankara. 1971. Aslanapa, Oktay, Osmanlı Devri Mimarisi, İstanbul: İnkılap Kitabevi, 2004 Ayverdi, Ekrem Hakkı, Osmanlı Mimarisinin İlk Devri, İstanbul: İstanbul Fetih Cemiyeti, 1976 Belge, Murat, İstanbul Gezi Rehberi, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2007 Belge, Murat, Osmanlı'da Kurumlar ve Kültür, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2008 Cahen, Claude, Osmanlılardan Önce Anadolu, İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 2000. Davidson Cragoe, Carol, Binalar Nasıl Okunur?, İstanbul: YEM Yayın, 2012. Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 1994 Evliya Çelebi, Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnamesi, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2008 Evliya Çelebi, Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnamesi, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2008. Fazio, Michael, A World History of Architecture, McGraw-Hill Professional, 2008. Freely, John, Saltanat Şehri İstanbul, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2009. Freely, John, Türkiye Uygarlıklar Rehberi, İstanbul: YKY, 2008. Goodwin, Godfrey, A History of Ottoman Architecture, London: Thames and Hudson, 1971 Günay, Reha, Mimar Sinan, İstanbul: YEM Yayın, 2010 Günay, Reha, Sinan’ın İstanbulu, İstanbul: YEM Yayın, 2010 Hasol, Doğan, Ansiklopedik Mimarlık Sözlüğü, İstanbul: YEM Yayın, 2010. İslam Sanatı ve Mimarisi, İstanbul: Literatür, 2007 Kuban, Doğan, Batıya Göçün Sanatsal Evreleri, İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2009 Kuban, Doğan, Çağlar Boyunca Türkiye Sanatının Anahatları, İstanbul: YKY, 2004. Kuban, Doğan, Divriği Mucizesi Selçuklular Çağında İslam Bezeme Sanatı Üzerine Bir Deneme, İstanbul: YKY, 2007 Kuban, Doğan, Istanbul, an Urban History: Byzantion, Constaninopolis, Istanbul: İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2011 Kuban, Doğan, İstanbul Yazıları, İstanbul: YEM Yayın, 2010 Kuban, Doğan, İstanbul: Bir Kent Tarihi, İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2010 Kuban, Doğan, Mimarlık Kavramları, İstanbul: YEM Yayın: 2010 Kuban, Doğan, Osmanlı Mimarisi, İstanbul: YEM Yayın, 2007 Kuban, Doğan, Selçuklu Çağında Anadolu Sanatı, İstanbul: YKY, 2008. Kuban, Doğan, Sinan'ın Sanatı ve Selimiye, İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2011 Kuban, Doğan, Sinan's Art and Selimiye, İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2011 Kuran, Aptullah., Sinan, Hürriyet Vakfı Yayını. 1987. Müller-Wiener, Wolfgang, İstanbul’un Tarihsel Topografyası, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2007 Necipoğlu, Gülru, The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in The Ottoman Empire, London: Reaktion Books, 2005 Necipoğlu, Gülru, Topkapı Sarayı: 15. ve 16. Yüzyılda Topkapı Sarayı, İstanbul : YKY, 2007. Necipoğlu, Gülru, Architecture, Ceremonial, and Power: The Topkapi Palace in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries, MIT Press, 1992. Ögel, Semra, Anadolu'nun Selçuklu Çehresi, Akbank yayınları. 1994. Palmer, Alan, Son Üç Yüz Yıl Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2002. Sözen, Metin (ed.), Türk Mimarisinin Gelişimi ve Mimar Sinan, İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 1975.
Articles (all available from archnet.org) Bulend Ozer, The Architect of Domed Mosques as a Master of Pluralism, Environmental Design, 1987 Ulya Vogt-Goknil, Spatial Order in Sinan’s Kulliyes, Environmental Design, 1987 Gulru Necipoglu-Kafadar, The Suleymaniye Complex in Istanbul: An Interpretation, Muqarnas 3, 1985 Stephan Yerasimos, Sinan and his Patrons: Programme and Location, Environmental Design, 1987 Sevgi Akture, Mimarbasi Sinan and the Building Policies of the Ottoman State, Environmental Design, 1987 Inci Aslanoglu, Siting of Sinan’s Kulliyes in Istanbul, Environmental Design, 1987
5 Robert Ousterhout, Ethnic Identity and Cultural Appropriation in Early Ottoman Architecture, Muqarnas 12, 1995 Gulru Necipoglu, Challenging the Past: Sinan and the Competitive Discourse of Early Modern Islamic Architecture, Muqarnas 10, 1993 Jale Erzen, Sinan as Anti-Classicist, Muqarnas 5, 1988 Dogan Kuban, The Style of Sinan’s Domed Structures, Muqarnas 4, 1987 I.H. Gungor, The Dome in Sinan’s Works, Environmental Design, 1987 Enis Kortan, The Role of Sinan’s Work within the Urban Context, Environmental Design, 1987 Michael Rogers, Sinan as Planner: Some Documentary Evidence, Environmental Design, 1987 Gunkut Akin, The Muezzin Mahfili and Pool of the Selimiye in Edirne, Muqarnas 12, 1995 Zeynep Yurekli, A Building Between the Public and Private Realms of the Ottoman Elite: The Sufi Convent of Sokollu Mehmed Pasha in Istanbul, Muqarnas 20, 2003 Aptullah Kuran, A Spatial Study of Three Ottoman Capitals: Bursa, Edirne, and Istanbul, Muqarnas 13, 1996 Alain Borie, Sinan’s Kulliyes: Architectural Compositions, Environmental Design, 1987 Pierre Pinon, Sinan’s Kulliyes: Inscriptions into the Urban Fabric, Environmental Design, 1987 Filiz Ozer, The Complexes Built by Sinan, Environmental Design, 1987 Jale Erzen, Imperializing a City: Istanbul of the Sixteenth Century, Environmental Design, 1987 Lucienne Thys-Senocak, The Yeni Valide Mosque Complex at Eminonu, Muqarnas 15, 1998 Cigdem Kafescioglu, In the Image of Rum: Ottoman Architectural Patronage in Sixteenth-Century Aleppo and Damascus, Muqarnas 16, 1999 Aptullah Kuran, Form & Function in Ottoman Building Complexes, Environmental Design, 1987 Maurice Cerasi, The Commerce of Forms & Types Between the West and the Ottoman East from the 16th to the 18th Century, Environmental Design, 1999
Internet resources: • Timeline Travel Tool timelinetravel.net • Illustrated Architecture Dictionary: http://www.buffaloah.com/a/DCTNRY/vocab.html#A • Pevsner's Architectural glossary: http://www.lookingatbuildings.org.uk/glossary/glossary.html • Art History courses and glossary: https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history-basics • MIT Dome: http://dome.mit.edu/discover • Free art images: http://www.openculture.com/2014/01/free-art-images-books-from-great-museums.html • Archnet: http://archnet.org/
6