Lessons from the Ottoman Harem (On Ethnicity, Religion and War)
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Selim I–Mehmet Vi)
CHRONOLOGY (SELIM I–MEHMET VI) Years of Sultan Important dates reign 1512–1520 Selim I Conquest of Egypt, Selim assumes the title of Caliph (1517) 1520–1566 Süleyman Vienna sieged (1529); War with Venice (1537–1540); Annexation of Hungary (1541) 1566–1574 Selim II Ottoman navy loses the battle of Lepanto (1571) 1574–1595 Murad III Janissary revolts (1589 and 1591–1592) 1595–1603 Mehmed III War with Austria continues (1595– ) 1603–1617 Ahmed I War with Austria ends; Buda is recovered (1604) 1617–1622 Osman II Janissaries murder Osman (1622) 1622–1623 Mustafa I Janissary Revolt (1622) 1623–1640 Murad IV Baghdad recovered (1638); War with Iran (1624–1639) 1640–1648 İbrahim I War with Venice (1645); Assassination of İbrahim (1648) 1648–1687 Mehmed IV Janissary dominance in Istanbul and anar- chy (1649–1651); War with Venice continues (1663); War with Austria, and siege of Vienna (1683) 1687–1691 Süleyman II Janissary revolt (1687); Austria’s occupation of Belgrade (1688) 1691–1695 Ahmed II War with Austria (1694) 1695–1703 Mustafa II Treaty of Karlowitz (1699); Janissary revolt and deposition of Mustafa (1703) 1703–1730 Ahmed III Refuge of Karl XII (1709); War with Venice (1714–1718); War with Austria (1716); Treaty of Passarowitz (1718); ix x REFORMING OTTOMAN GOVERNANCE Tulip Era (1718–1730) 1730–1754 Mahmud I War with Russia and Austria (1736–1759) 1754–1774 Mustafa III War with Russia (1768); Russian Fleet in the Aegean (1770); Inva- sion of the Crimea (1771) 1774–1789 Abdülhamid I Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774); War with Russia (1787) -
Blessing-Mahperi-Belleten.Pdf
WOMEN PATRONS IN MEDIEVAL ANATOLIA AND A DISCUSSION OF MĀHBARĪ KHĀTŪN’S MOSQUE COMPLEX IN KAYSERI PATRICIA BLESSING* At the center of Kayseri, facing the well-preserved citadel stands a large architectural complex, consisting of a mosque, madrasa, mauso- leum, and the ruins of a double bathhouse [See figure 1]. The building, known locally as the Hunad Hatun or Huand Hatun Complex, was built in the second quarter of the thirteenth century. Inscriptions on both por- tals of the mosque date to 1237-38, while the other parts of the complex remain undated. At the time of construction, the patron of the complex, Māhbarī Khātūn, was the mother of the ruling Sultan Ghiyāth al-Dīn Kaykhusraw II (R 1237-46) and of the widows of the Sultan ‘Alā’ al-Dīn Kayqubād (R 1219-37).1 With her intervention in Kayseri and the con- struction of two caravanserais near Tokat and Yozgat, Māhbarī Khātūn is one of the most prolific female patrons in medieval Anatolia, and the one who is best documented inmonumental inscriptions, although not in much detail in other written sources of the period, such as chronicles and hagiographies. * Dr., Stanford Humanities Center, Stanford University, 424 Santa Teresa Street, Stan- ford, CA 94305, USA; [email protected]. 1 In modern Turkish, the name is more commonly spelled as Mahperi Hatun. Huand Hatun appears as a Turkish adaptation of the titles Khwand Khātūn. Another wife of the Sultan ‘Alā’ al-Dīn Kayqubād was Iṣmat al-Dunyā wa’l-Dīn al-Malika al-‘Ādila, a daughter of the Ayyubid ruler of Syria, al-Malik al-Ashraf Abū Bakr b. -
T.C. Kastamonu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dali
T.C. KASTAMONU ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI ANADOLU BEYLİKLERİNDE KADIN’IN SİYASİ VE SOSYAL ROLÜ (YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ) İlknur GÜNDOĞDU DANIŞMAN Prof. Dr. Cevdet YAKUPOĞLU KASTAMONU 2018 T.C. KASTAMONU ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ ANADOLU BEYLİKLERİNDE KADIN’IN SİYASİ VE SOSYAL ROLÜ İlknur GÜNDOĞDU Danışman Prof. Dr. Cevdet YAKUPOĞLU Jüri Üyesi Prof. Dr. İlhan ERDEM Jüri Üyesi Doç. Dr. Namıq MUSALI KASTAMONU – 2018 iv ÖZET Yüksek Lisans Tezi ANADOLU BEYLİKLERİNDE KADIN’IN SİYASİ VE SOSYAL ROLÜ İlknur GÜNDOĞDU Kastamonu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Prof. Dr. Cevdet YAKUPOĞLU Türk tarihi boyunca kadın; her daim hayatın başlangıcı, yönetiminde hâkimiyetin ortağı olarak değerlendirilmiş ve bu konuda ikinci plana atılmamıştır. Kadın; yeri geldiğinde şefkatli ana oluş, yeri geldiğinde ise; eline kılıç alıp, atına binip, cesurca erlerle birlikte savaşmaktan geri kalmamıştır. Eri ile neredeyse aynı haklara sahip olan Türk kadınına verilen değer abidelerde, yazıtlarda ve destanlarda kendini göstermiştir. Her daim bir otoriteye dâhil olan kadın, siyasi ve sosyal haklarını uzun bir süre korumayı başarmıştır. Türk kadını; Anadolu coğrafyasına ayak basmasından itibaren, var olan ve sonradan var olacak gerek ekonomik, gerekse siyasi hadiseler neticesinde Türkiye Selçuklu Devletinin yıkılışına kadar bir nebze geri planda kalmıştır. Anadolu Beylikleri’nde, Türk kadını eski haklarını ve özgürlüklerini geri almayı başarmıştır. Yeni oluşan siyasi otoriteler arasında yer bulmuştur. Öyle ki yönetime doğrudan katılarak bir bölgenin sorumluluğunu, yani valiliğini üstlenmiştir. Hatunlar bağlı bulundukları siyasal otoritenin hâkimiyetlerini ve devamlılığını sürdürmek için birçok siyasi evliliğe de imza atmış oldukları görülmektedir. Bu evlilikler doğrultusunda iki siyasal güç arasında denge unsuru oluşturmuşlardır. Türk kadınının siyasi varlıkları bunlarla sınırlı kalmamıştır. -
A Chapter in the History of Coffee: a Critical Edition and Translation of Murtad}A> Az-Zabīdī's Epistle on Coffee
A Chapter in the History of Coffee: A Critical Edition and Translation of Murtad}a> az-Zabīdī’s Epistle on Coffee Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Heather Marie Sweetser, B.A. Graduate Program in Near Eastern Languages and Cultures The Ohio State University 2012 Thesis Committee: Dr. Georges Tamer, Advisor Dr. Joseph Zeidan Copyright by Heather Marie Sweetser 2012 Abstract What follows is an edition and translation of an Arabic manuscript written by Murtad}a> az-Zabīdī in 1171/1758 in defense of coffee as per Islamic legality. He cites the main objections to coffee drinking and refutes them systematically using examples from Islamic jurisprudence to back up his points. The author also includes lines of poetry in his epistle in order to defend coffee’s legality. This particular manuscript is important due to its illustrious author as well as to its content, as few documents describing the legal issues surrounding coffee at such a late date have been properly explored by coffee historians. The dictionary Ta>j al-ʿAru>s, authored by Murtad}a> az-Zabīdī himself, as well as Edward Lane’s dictionary, were used to translate the manuscript, which was first edited. Unfortunately, I was only able to acquire one complete and one incomplete manuscript; other known manuscripts were unavailable. Arabic mistakes in the original have been corrected and the translation is annotated to provide appropriate background to the epistle’s commentary. A brief introduction to the history of coffee, a sample of the debate surrounding the legality of coffee in Islam, and a biography of the author is provided. -
Animal Welfare and the Protection of Draft Animals in the Ottoman Fatwa¯ Literature and Legislation
religions Article Be Gentle to Them: Animal Welfare and the Protection of Draft Animals in the Ottoman Fatwa¯ Literature and Legislation Necmettin Kızılkaya Faculty of Divinity, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul,˙ Turkey; [email protected] Received: 5 August 2020; Accepted: 16 October 2020; Published: 20 October 2020 Abstract: Animal studies in the Islamic context have greatly increased in number in recent years. These studies mostly examine the subject of animal treatment through the two main sources of Islam, namely, the Qur’an and the traditions of the Prophet Muhammad. Some studies that go beyond these two sources examine the subject of animal treatment through the texts of various disciplines, especially those of Islamic jurisprudence and law. Although these two research approaches offer a picture of how animal treatment is perceived in Islamic civilization, it is still not a full one. Other sources, such as fatwa¯ books and archive documents, should be used to fill in the gaps. By incorporating these into the pool of research, we will be better enabled to understand how the principles expressed in the main sources of Islam are reflected in daily life. In this article, I shall examine animal welfare and ( animal protection in the Ottoman context based on the fataw¯ a¯ of Shaykh al-Islam¯ Ebu’s-Su¯ ud¯ Efendi and archival documents. Keywords: animal welfare; animal protection; draft animals; Ottoman Legislation; Fatwa;¯ Ebussuud¯ Efendi In addition to the foundational sources of Islam and the main texts of various disciplines, the use of fatwa¯ (plural: fataw¯ a¯) collections and archival documents will shed light on an accurate understanding of Muslim societies’ perspectives on animals. -
I TREATING OUTLAWS and REGISTERING MISCREANTS IN
TREATING OUTLAWS AND REGISTERING MISCREANTS IN EARLY MODERN OTTOMAN SOCIETY: A STUDY ON THE LEGAL DIAGNOSIS OF DEVIANCE IN ŞEYHÜLİSLAM FATWAS by EMİNE EKİN TUŞALP Submitted to the Graduate School of Arts and Social Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Sabancı University Spring 2005 i TREATING OUTLAWS AND REGISTERING MISCREANTS IN EARLY MODERN OTTOMAN SOCIETY: A STUDY ON THE LEGAL DIAGNOSIS OF DEVIANCE IN ŞEYHÜLİSLAM FATWAS APPROVED BY: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tülay Artan (Thesis Supervisor) ………………………… Ass. Prof. Dr. Akşin Somel ………………………… Ass. Prof. Dr. Dicle Koğacıoğlu ………………………… Prof. Dr. Ahmet Alkan (Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences) ………………………… Prof. Dr. Nakiye Boyacıgiller (Director of the Institute of Social Sciences) ………………………… DATE OF APPROVAL: 17/06/2005 ii © EMİNE EKİN TUŞALP ALL RIGHTS RESERVED iii ABSTRACT TREATING OUTLAWS AND REGISTERING MISCREANTS IN EARLY MODERN OTTOMAN SOCIETY: A STUDY ON THE LEGAL DIAGNOSIS OF DEVIANCE IN ŞEYHÜLİSLAM FATWAS Emine Ekin Tuşalp M.A., History Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tülay Artan June 2005, ix + 115 pages This work investigates the forms of deviance rampant in early modern Ottoman society and their legal treatment, according to the fatwas issued by the Ottoman şeyhülislams in the 17th and 18th centuries. One of the aims of this thesis is to present different behavioural forms found in the şeyhülislam fatwas that ranged from simple social malevolencies to acts which were regarded as heresy. In the end of our analysis, the significance of the fatwa literature for Ottoman social history will once more be emphasized. On the other hand, it will be argued that as a legal forum, the fetvahane was not merely a consultative and ancillary office, but a centre that fabricated the legal and moral devices/discourses employed to direct and stem the social tendencies in the Ottoman society. -
The Conversion of the Jews and the Islamization of Jewish Spaces During the First Centuries of the Ottoman Empire’
BAHAR, Beki L. ‘The conversion of the Jews and the islamization of Jewish spaces during the first centuries of the Ottoman empire’. Jewish Migration: Voices of the Diaspora. Raniero Speelman, Monica Jansen & Silvia Gaiga eds. ITALIANISTICA ULTRAIECTINA 7. Utrecht : Igitur Publishing, 2012. ISBN 978‐90‐6701‐032‐0. SUMMARY This essay by the late Beki L. Behar (z.l.) focuses on conversion to Islam until the end of the Seventeenth Century. If we can speak of a privileged treatment of the Jews in the reigns of Mehmet Fatih, Bayezit II, Süleyman and Selim II – the period of Gracia Mendez and Josef Nasi –, Mehmet IV’s reign (1648‐1687) was marked by lack of tolerance and the Islamic fanatism of the fundamentalist Kadezadeli sect, in which period Jews had to face all sorts of prohibition and forced conversion, sometimes losing their living quarters. Although the Jews as inhabitants of cities rather than villages were generally not subjected to conversion and were not encouraged to enter upon the career at Court known as devşirme, an important wave of conversions initiated with Shabtai Zwi (Sabbatai Zevi), the false mashiah who preferred Islam to death penalty. His numerous followers are known in Turkish as dönmeler (dönmes). Other conversions had a less dramatic background, such as divorcing under Shari’a law or for convenience’s sake. A famous case is the court fysician Moshe ben Raphael Abravanel, who became Muslim in order to be able to practise. KEYWORDS Conversion, Shabtai Zwi, dönmes, Islamization The authors The proceedings of the international conference Jewish Migration: Voices of the Diaspora (Istanbul, June 23‐27 2010) are volume 7 of the series ITALIANISTICA ULTRAIECTINA. -
Phd 15.04.27 Versie 3
Promotor Prof. dr. Jan Dumolyn Vakgroep Geschiedenis Decaan Prof. dr. Marc Boone Rector Prof. dr. Anne De Paepe Nederlandse vertaling: Een Spiegel voor de Sultan. Staatsideologie in de Vroeg Osmaanse Kronieken, 1300-1453 Kaftinformatie: Miniature of Sultan Orhan Gazi in conversation with the scholar Molla Alâeddin. In: the Şakayıku’n-Nu’mâniyye, by Taşköprülüzâde. Source: Topkapı Palace Museum, H1263, folio 12b. Faculteit Letteren & Wijsbegeerte Hilmi Kaçar A Mirror for the Sultan State Ideology in the Early Ottoman Chronicles, 1300- 1453 Proefschrift voorgelegd tot het behalen van de graad van Doctor in de Geschiedenis 2015 Acknowledgements This PhD thesis is a dream come true for me. Ottoman history is not only the field of my research. It became a passion. I am indebted to Prof. Dr. Jan Dumolyn, my supervisor, who has given me the opportunity to take on this extremely interesting journey. And not only that. He has also given me moral support and methodological guidance throughout the whole process. The frequent meetings to discuss the thesis were at times somewhat like a wrestling match, but they have always been inspiring and stimulating. I also want to thank Prof. Dr. Suraiya Faroqhi and Prof. Dr. Jo Vansteenbergen, for their expert suggestions. My colleagues of the History Department have also been supportive by letting me share my ideas in development during research meetings at the department, lunches and visits to the pub. I would also like to sincerely thank the scholars who shared their ideas and expertise with me: Dimitris Kastritsis, Feridun Emecen, David Wrisley, Güneş Işıksel, Deborah Boucayannis, Kadir Dede, Kristof d’Hulster, Xavier Baecke and many others. -
Osmanli Tarihinin ~Lk Devreler~Ne A~D Bazi Yanli~Liklarin Tash~H~~
OSMANLI TARIHININ ~LK DEVRELER~NE A~D BAZI YANLI~LIKLARIN TASH~H~~ Ord. Prof. I. HAKKI UZUNÇAR~ILI Osmanl~~ tarihinin bilhassa onbe~inci as~r ortalar~na kadar olan k~s~mlar~ndaki baz~~ olaylar ile ~ah~slar hakk~nda verilmi~~ olan malü- matm bir k~sm~~ tetkiksiz geli~i güzel yaz~ld~klar~~ için hatal~d~r. ~lk yap~ lan bir yanl~~l~k sonraki tarihlerde de aynen tekrarlannu~ur; bundan dolay~~ Osmanl~~ tarihinin bu ilk k~s~mlar~~ çok dikkatli olarak incelenmeli, kitâbe, meskûkât, vakfiyelerle Bizans, Venedik, Ceneviz ve di~er kaynaklardan istifade edilerek yaz~lmal~d~r. Ben bu yanl~~- l~klardan baz~lar~n~, Kurumumuzun mecmuas~~ olan Belleten'deki makalelerimle gösterdim'; sonradan görülenler de bu tertip üzere yay~nlanacakt~r. Bu makalemizde Timurta~~ Pa~alar, M~HALO~LU MEH- MED Bey'in Tokad'da hapsinin sebebi ve B~R~NC~~ MuRAD'~n k~z~~ ve Karaman O~lu AL »AEDD~N AL~~ BEv'in zevcesinin ismi hakk~ndaki tetkikat ve bir de Çelebi MEHMED'in validesi hakk~ ndaki tetkik ne~- rolunmaktad~r. ONDORDUNCO ASIR SONLAR~YLE ONBE~INCI ASIR BA~LARINDA YA~AMI~~ OLAN T~ MURTA~~ PA~ALAR Osmanl~~ devleti hizmetinde bulunarak bu tarihlerde ya~am~~~ olan üç TimuRTA~'tan bilhassa ikisi (Kara ve Sar~~ Timurta~~ Pa~alar) tarihteki rolleri ve isim benzerli~i dolay~siyle birbirine kar~~t~r~lm~~~ ve bu surette tarihlerin birbirilerinden nakilleri ayn~~ kar~~~kl~~~~ devam Belleten numara 3, Osmanhlarda ilk vezirlere dair mütalea; Belleten ~~ o da ~ Çelebi Mehmed taraf~ndan verilmi~~ bir temliknâme; Belleten say~~ 17-18, tu ra ve pençeler; Belleten IN Gazi Orhan Bey vakfiyesi; Belleten 20, Çandarl~zâde Ali ~ Pa~a vakfiyesi; Belleten 34, Gazi Orhan Bey'in hükümdar oldu u tarih. -
A Comparison of Dede Korkut and Nibelungen Epics
2021-4170-AJHA – 1 APR 2021 1 A Comparison of Dede Korkut and Nibelungen Epics: 2 Family and Child 3 4 This study aimed to describe and compare the family and child themes in the Turkish 5 Dede Korkut Epic and the German Nibelungen Epic. The qualitative study used a 6 screening model and document analysis techniques. Two researchers first reviewed 7 the epics' authenticity and then created themes and sub-themes considering the 8 narratives about the family and the child in the epics. The agreement rate among the 9 three researchers was 83.15%. Three themes were labeled as family characteristics, 10 family relationships, and family and education. It was concluded that there were 11 similarities in both epics about the family and child issues and the differences about 12 heritage. 13 14 Keywords: Epics, Dede Korkut Epic, Nibelungen Epic, Family, Child 15 16 17 Introduction 1918 20 Epics are folk narratives that reflect cultural, social, and political events 21 and extraordinary adventures of heroic characters. Epics might convey both 22 actual historical events and fantastic stories. The epics that have left deep 23 traces in the memory of nations mainly involve long narratives of historical 24 events and heroic themes told orally. This narrative type is essential in 25 introducing and transmitting cultures to future generations (Çobanoğlu, 2000; 26 Ergin, 1981). Although epics’ content is not entirely consistent with the 27 historical facts, they reflect various aspects of a nation such as characteristics, 28 attitudes, behavioral patterns, values, feelings, thoughts, beliefs, morals, 29 customs and traditions, craftsmanship heritage, dressing, and eating and 30 drinking habits, so they are valuable sources of historical, social, technical and 31 educational information (Şimşek, 2007). -
Running Head: Correspondence of Ottoman Women
Correspondence of Ottoman Women 1 Running head: Correspondence of Ottoman Women The Correspondence of Ottoman Women during the Early Modern Period (16th-18th centuries): Overview on the Current State of Research, Problems, and Perspectives Marina Lushchenko Department of French, Hispanic and Italian Studies University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Correspondence of Ottoman Women 2 Abstract My main goal is to investigate problems and possible perspectives related to studies in Ottoman women’s epistolarity (16th-18th centuries). The paper starts with a review of the current state of research in this area. I then go on to discuss some of the major problems confronting researchers. Ottoman female epistolarity also offers many directions that future research may take. A socio-historical approach contributes to shed new light on the roles Ottoman women played within the family and society. A cultural approach or a gender-based approach can also provide interesting insight into Ottoman women’s epistolarity. Moreover, the fast computerization of scholarly activity suggests creating an electronic archive of Ottoman women’s letters in order to attract the attention of a wider scholarly audience to this field of research. Correspondence of Ottoman Women 3 INTRODUCTION In recent years researchers working in the field of gender studies have started to pay special attention to the place that letter-writing held in early modern women’s lives. As a source, letters provide, indeed, an incomparable insight into women’s thoughts, emotions and experiences, and help to make important advances towards a better understanding and evaluation of female education and literacy, social and gender interactions as well as roles played by women within the family circle, in society and, often, on the political stage. -
(Self) Fashioning of an Ottoman Christian Prince
Amanda Danielle Giammanco (SELF) FASHIONING OF AN OTTOMAN CHRISTIAN PRINCE: JACHIA IBN MEHMED IN CONFESSIONAL DIPLOMACY OF THE EARLY SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY MA Thesis in Comparative History, with a specialization in Interdisciplinary Medieval Studies. Central European University Budapest CEU eTD Collection May 2015 (SELF) FASHIONING OF AN OTTOMAN CHRISTIAN PRINCE: JACHIA IBN MEHMED IN CONFESSIONAL DIPLOMACY OF THE EARLY SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY by Amanda Danielle Giammanco (United States of America) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Comparative History, with a specialization in Interdisciplinary Medieval Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ Chair, Examination Committee ____________________________________________ Thesis Supervisor ____________________________________________ Examiner CEU eTD Collection ____________________________________________ Examiner Budapest May 2015 (SELF) FASHIONING OF AN OTTOMAN CHRISTIAN PRINCE: JACHIA IBN MEHMED IN CONFESSIONAL DIPLOMACY OF THE EARLY SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY by Amanda Danielle Giammanco (United States of America) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Comparative History, with a specialization in Interdisciplinary Medieval Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards