Russia and Turkey I Powerful Weapons in a Possible War II

Secret Intelligence Service (C-I)

Russia and Turkey

I Powerful weapons in a possible war

II Geopolitical and historical notes

Looking at it from there (the United Kingdom) it appears ‘so’, but here in the U.S., is a very different politic. Think back to the Cold War and when behind the public scenes of threat and counter-threat, Kennedy was holding a confidential with Krushchev and did create a mood of laissez-faire into which the Cuban Missile Crisis, the war in Vietnam was desired to become peace. Alan Dulles, Lyndon B Johnson, J Edgar Hoover, Clint Murchison and the rest of the super-power elites (the world's richest people) much inclusive of the industrial military magnates were well aware of what they regarded as double dealing on Kennedy's behalf. Recall the Guilty of Treason leaflets distributed on the eve of Kennedy's state visit to Texas and that they were all there in person the night before the assassination, at Murchison’ house in Texas. What it achieved for Kennedy was a cementing into a future course of events that have not and will not change. It's impossible to work against it and any leader is well aware. Whether you like Trump or not, if he is their ‘boy’ he will become President and continue in that role. The current standoff with Moscow has no comparative official resolve as per Kennedy, much the reverse and all of the motions in play, the rhetoric comes from 'them', because it has to. Trump will continue this and what Moscow and those on their 'side' whether in the moral right or wrong the expected way they will respond will only serve to work in their favor. If it comes to the brink, they will be making more money than ever, their machine and its propaganda force fed what all are conditioned to hear, constitutive of the collective American psyche.

In brief : Arms of Russia and Turkey

The most dangerous weapons systems Russia and Turkey, which should make us reflect.

Syria was a major source of tension between Turkey and Russia even before the Turkish F-16s shot down on November 24 Russian Su-24 on the border with Syria. From the beginning of the civil war in Syria in 2011, Russia and Iran support the regime of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, and Turkey, along with Saudi Arabia, Qatar and the United States provides assistance to the rebels fighting against Assad.

When the forces of Assad in June 2012 shot down in the skies over the Mediterranean Turkish reconnaissance aircraft RF-4, Ankara has introduced new rules of engagement and the use of weapons against Damascus, which are of questionable validity.

Over the past three and a half years, Turkey was hit by a dozen Syrian planes, helicopters and unmanned aerial vehicles for alleged violation of its airspace.

The latest incident was the culmination of this tug of war, and Turkey in an effort to help its customers in Syria.

After arriving in September 2015 on the Mediterranean coast of Syria, the Russian aviation contingent, one of its aircraft briefly violated Turkish airspace; Syrian MiG-29 switched to automatic tracking, which turned out to be the Turkish F-16s in Turkey, and the Turks on October 16 was shot down on its territory, the Russian, they believe drone.

Despite these incidents, the Russian air force had to show the Turks that their support forces are not welcome. For Turkey, the increased pressure on operating in Syria Russian aircraft was the ability to calm the combatants under its wing rebel groups and target them to further the fight against Assad.

Since Turkey is a NATO member and has more access to space combat in Syria, while Russia has enormous military superiority, a large-scale war between the two parties is unlikely.

Nevertheless, small clashes related to the incident on November 24 is still possible - especially in view of the fact that the Russian General Staff has taken a more aggressive stance against the Turks. But Turkey has a formidable military capabilities that can make life difficult for Russia.

The publication brought together five of the most dangerous weapons systems Russia and Turkey, which should give pause before someone decides to go from the bottom to the escalating tensions.

Turkey

Multirole fighter F-16 and advanced guided missile of class "air-to-air" medium-range AIM-120

Russia and Turkey. Powerful weapon possible war

As part of the Turkish Air Force nearly 250 F-16 aircraft, with 30 of them in the modification of Block 50+. Block 50+ is the latest version of the F-16 is a proven multi-role fighter in the battle of the fourth generation. Turkey produces (for US licenses) and use since the mid-1980s various options for the F- 16, in connection with which it gained the BBC considerable skills and experience to the Fighting Falcon fly in all kinds of scenarios.

American-made missile AIM-120, which the Turks November 24 shot down a Russian Su-24 is lethal weapons the F-16. With the launch range of almost 50 kilometers, AIM-120 makes the F-16 into a serious threat to the well-trained and equipped with the Russian Air Force.

The system of ground-based jamming KORAL

Russia and Turkey. Powerful weapon possible war

The mobile station ground-based jamming KORAL - the newest addition to the Turkish arsenal of EW. Established Turkish state kooporatsiey Aselsan, the system of electronic protection / active jamming suppression and is designed for jamming enemy radar modern.

It analyzes the signals numerous purposes in a wide range of frequencies and automatically generates a response algorithm due to its high frequency digital memory. With an effective range of about 150 kilometers, KORAL, according to available information, can suppress or mislead any radar system of land, sea and air- based.

This new system reduces the enemy's awareness about the environment and can therefore disorient Russian, to strengthen the combat situation and uncertainty blind them weapons systems that can pose a threat to the Turkish army.

Gür Class Submarines

Russia and Turkey. Powerful weapon possible war

As part of the Turkish Navy has four class submarine Gür, who are among the best diesel-electric submarines in the world. The basis for their design was the export version of the German Type 209 submarines, model T2 / 1400 the company HDW.

Gür class submarines are armed with anti-ship missiles Harpoon (UGM-84), as well as heavy torpedo Tigerfish British manufacturing and production DM2A4 Germany. Turkish subs are also equipped with the most modern systems of detection and targeting, so they are silent and deadly hunters pose a serious threat to the Russian group of surface ships in the eastern Mediterranean.

Given the drawbacks of funds ASW Russian naval task force in

Syria submarine Gür give the Turkish side of the enormous leverage.

Corvettes invisible class Ada

Turkish corvette Class Ada - another naval platform, represents a mortal danger for the Russian group of surface ships and support vessels operating in the Mediterranean.

Designed and built in Turkey, these corvettes equipped with eight missiles Harpoon Block II, 76-millimeter cannons OtoMelara Super Rapid and other weapons.

Since the ship used stealth technology "stealth", he reduced acoustic signature, the effective reflecting surface and reduced thermal telltale signs.

These ships are equipped with radar stealth increased, allowing them to sneak up on Russian surface ships and inflict on them a fatal blow.

The naval commando unit SAT

Russia and Turkey. Powerful weapon possible war

SAT (underwater assault groups) - the elite of the Turkish armed forces. Division SAT can operate in any conditions. They can penetrate behind enemy from the air, by land and by sea, striking on important goals.

They can carry out acts of sabotage and to attack the port facilities and ships at anchor. These groups are fighting swimmers special forces and rapid response.

During a limited conflict fighters SAT able to conduct an effective covert operations against the Syrian coastal infrastructure and Russian ships operating in the Mediterranean.

Russia

Multipurpose tactical fighter-bomber Su-34 and guided missiles "Air-air" medium-range R-27 / RVV-AE

Russia and Turkey. Powerful weapon possible war

Since 2008, multifunctional fighter-bombers Su-34 (NATO - Fullback Defender) began to come into service in place of the older models of bombers Tu-22M and Su-24.

The Su-34 is equipped with a modern fire control system, radar with a phased antenna array and a powerful system of radio- electronic means of suppression.

Compared with the Turkish F-16s of the Su-34 can carry more shells and fuel, which ensures a greater range. At present, Russia has in service more than 80 frontline bombers Su-34, about 15 of which are based in Syria.

After the incident, which occurred on November 24 it is expected that in mid-air confrontation with the Turkish F-16s of the Su-

34 will participate more often. These modern aircraft, adding to the arsenal of the Russian air force, better able to protect themselves and are highly maneuverable. Thanks to all these characteristics, the Su-34 are "hard nut" for Turkish F-16s.

However, Su-34 is even more deadly enemy, when you consider that he is armed with guided missiles of medium-range R-27 (NATO AA- 10 Alamo) and RVV-AE (NATO AA-12 Adder) class "air-to-air ".

Of particular concern of the Turkish side in terms of air combat can cause the missile RVV-AE, the range of which is 100 kilometers away - in comparison with Turkish medium-range missiles (made in USA) AIM-120 AMRAAM air-to-air with a range of about 50 kilometers .

Ground complex electronic warfare Krasuha-4

Russia and Turkey. Powerful weapon possible war

Krasuha-4 is the latest system of electronic warfare (EW), in service with the Russian army.

Features of this multi-functional broadband platforms allow to

suppress ground-based radar, airborne radar systems (especially systems with long-range radio detection and guidance AWACS) and low-orbit satellites.

According to some reports, the complex EW Krasuha-4 is able to cause serious damage to the electronic systems of the enemy.

Russian troops in Syria, according to some assumptions, has at its disposal a set Krasuha-4, the range of which is known, is 300 kilometers, so it has an advantage over the Turkish ground system jamming KORAL.

Complex Krasuha-4 is able to "blind" system AWACS, which are equipped with Turkish airplanes Peace Eagle, and greatly hinder the Turkish Air Force to obtain information from the air on the situation in the eastern Mediterranean and Syria, as well as prevent them from coordinating ups alarm their fighters and to intercept Russian aircraft.

Missile cruiser Project 1164 Atlant Russia and Turkey. Powerful weapon possible war

Missile cruiser Project 1164 Atlant (NATO - Slava class) - is a highly efficient platform for surface combat operations and air defense.

Cruisers Project Atlas are floating fortresses - they are equipped with 16 cruise missiles P-500 Basalt, anti-aircraft missile system C-300PMU-2 Favorit with ammunition of 64 long- range missiles, two installations Osa-M short-range missiles of class "surface off-air, "three-coordinate radar detection and tracking, as well as the-horizon radar.

After the death of the Russian Su-24, the head of this class cruiser - Moscow - has taken up duty in the coastal part of the Syrian port of Latakia, which poses a serious threat to the future of Turkey's air operations in the eastern Mediterranean.

However, with the cruiser Atlanta project has its problems. For example, the threat to Turkey may be only a cruiser Moscow, since such ships of this project - Marshal Ustinov, and Varyag - including as part of respectively the Baltic and Pacific fleets.

But more importantly, these cruisers do not have enough effective means of antisubmarine warfare (ASW) able to repel the attacks of the Turkish submarines as silent and deadly class submarine Gür. As for the escort ships of the Russian Navy in 1135 Project Puffin (NATO - Krivak I, II), accompanying cruiser Moscow on alert to ensure that the PLO (as the text - approx. Trans.), their capabilities is highly controversial.

Special Forces Russia and Turkey. Powerful weapon possible war

Special Forces - is the generic term for Russian special forces. These units are well-trained operatives can perform a wide range of military operations, in particular, to conduct reconnaissance, subversion, to carry out sabotage, guerrilla warfare and authorized to carry out the murder.

Its operational skills and courage commandos demonstrated recently, represented as a "little green men" during the sudden invasion of the Crimea in February 2014 and in the ensuing military operations in eastern Ukraine, so Russia became clear winner.

The Russian elite special forces units currently in Turkey may be the most clear and present danger.

Against the background of how the south-east of Turkey intensified struggle of Ankara with the paramilitary rebel organization Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), and while the country is still arriving refugees from Syria, it is not excluded that the highly trained Russian special forces to infiltrate into Turkey And he built there riots and the destruction.

Forces and means of psychological warfare and cyber

During each of the recent international crisis, involving Russia, Moscow's opponents were subjected to a various and massive cyber-attacks.

In 2007, during a crisis in relations with Estonia in the North Ossetia during the war with Georgia in 2008, and the occupation of the Crimea and the war in the east of Ukraine in 2014-2015 Russia demonstrated its significant competitive advantage - both in qualitative and in quantitatively.

And in view of Moscow's ability to conduct psychological warfare - to manipulate the media to incite the local population and demoralize the enemy - it would be prudent if Turkey drew attention to the strength and resources available to Russia.

Addendum

30/11/2015

A new report by the Ministry of Defence, circulating in the Kremlin, says President Putin this morning ordered the 58th Army, with headquarters in the North Caucasus Military District, immediately deploy "choice" regiments and brigades electronic warfare, air defense systems, multiple launch rocket systems fire, anti-tank, infantry and artillery troops on the Turkish- Armenian border, which in total includes about 7,000 Russian military.

According to the report, the legal component of the authorization for this massive deployment of combat associated with the joint agreement of the Russian-Armenian air defense system that President Putin ordered signed on 11 November which will be finally signed this week by Prime Minister Medvedev.

With Armenia, now becoming an important part of the united air defense system of Russia, the Russian Armed Forces will be able to withstand the threats from Turkey.

It is also important to note that these forces will be protected, as well as their colleagues working in Syria, the S- 400 Triumph (NATO: SA-21 Growler) and EW system Krasuha-4, which will give them almost complete control over 85 percent Turkey.

ADDENDUM II By ‘covering’ Turkey politically, NATO took full responsibility for the downing of Russian Su-24 – envoy

Benoit Doppagne / BELGA / AFP

By refusing to render an opinion on Turkey’s “intentional” downing of Russia’s bomber over Syria, and instead providing Ankara with political backing, NATO’s leadership has taken responsibility for the incident, Russia’s NATO envoy, Aleksandr Grushko, said.

Grushko gave his comments to reporters on Monday after it emerged that he had met with NATO’s Deputy Secretary-General Alexander Vershbow to discuss the November 24 incident when a Russian Su-24 bomber was shot down by a Turkish F-16 while striking terrorist positions in Syria.

“Yes, indeed I had talks with Deputy Secretary-General A. Vershbow over the Su-24 incident…. I laid out the Russian assessment of the incident and cited a series of military and political factors which indicate of the intentional nature of the attack on the Russian plane in the Syrian airspace,” Grushko, Russia’s Permanent Representative at NATO, said.

However, Vershbow would not give any assessment of Turkey’s aggressive action, according to the Russian diplomat, and only called for restraint and direct contact between Moscow and Ankara concerning the issue.

“NATO prefers not to go into detail on what the reason was for Turkey’s decision to launch a missile to down a plane which was flying in Syrian airspace and which posed no threat to Turkey,” Grushko pointed out.

The Russian envoy to NATO stressed that Turkey’s decision to down a non-hostile plane in the border region goes against the alliance’s rules of engagement.

“In the case of the November 24 incident, even if we take for granted the absolutely ungrounded version of violation of Turkey’s airspace, these NATO’s practices were not observed, since, according to Ankara, the pilots did not even know the identity of the violator plane,” he stressed.

ADDENDUM III

President Putin this morning ordered the 58th Army, with headquarters in the North Caucasus Military District, immediately deploy "choice" regiments and brigades electronic warfare, air defense systems, multiple launch rocket systems fire, anti-tank, infantry and

artillery troops on the Turkish-Armenian border, which in total includes about 7,000 Russian military.

With Armenia, now becoming an important part of the united air defense system of Russia, the Russian Armed Forces will be able to withstand the threats from Turkey.

It is also important to note that these forces will be protected, as well as their colleagues working in Syria, the S-400 Triumph (NATO: SA-21 Growler) and EW system Krasuha-4, which will give them almost complete control over 85 percent Turkey.

Turkish and US warplanes have stopped flights over the territory of Syria after Russia deployed S-400 anti-aircraft system in the region.

ADDENDUM IV

"[President] Putin, [Prime Minister] Medvedev and other Russian officials know Turkey is complicit with Washington in recruiting, arming, funding, training and directing ISIS elements along with other terrorists on its territory, aiding their free movement cross- border into Syria and Iraq and back,"

"Erdogan's recent reckless act, with virtually certain US support, destroys chances for East-West cooperation against terrorism — at the same time, upping the stakes for direct confrontation. The Doomsday Clock inched closer to midnight,"

ADDENDUM V

Turkish President dreams of the Ottoman Empire, and idiocy had dictated his recent actions to authorize the destruction of the Russian bombers. The fact that this was done intentionally and with his knowledge - should not cause doubt. However, this move - stupid, beckons very unpleasant consequences, and it will remain with Russia, also unlikely to have earned at least any serious support from NATO partners.

In the situation of the downed Russian aircraft Su-24 was carried out the planned ambush of the Turks who knew perfectly well the plane they had seen dozens of times and the effect of such aircraft in the area. They knew perfectly well that the plane was returning to base after the mission. Knowing armed aircraft, and its inability to fight in the air, Turkish aircraft struck from behind. Such operations are NOT carried out by accident. This is not an unidentified flying object. They were waiting, and did what they did. It is clear that without the permission of Erdogan such an operation could not be scheduled. This a purposeful act of the Turkish authorities,

This is done for reasons of fact that the Ottoman Empire, in the understanding of Erdogan, still exists and it should be restored.

The territory of Northern Syria it considers its sphere of influence and management. Erdogan - clearly a few days ago said "We can not protect our Turkmens". Therefore one of the goals - to determine that the Turkmen opposition, the Islamic militias fellow Turkmens that were created and armed by Turkey, they have to attack Russian forces. Erdogan tried to establish a "clear sky" over their Turkmens. It is almost an exact translation of his words. Second, he tried to strengthen position in negotiations on the future of Syria, and tried to defend about 10 military factions of the Muslim Brothers, which today is a discussion - whether they are legitimate or not,

Erdogan wants to restore the Ottoman Empire to the level of influence which it once was, however, characterized by unbalanced and ill-considered actions have.

What will then be? Russia rightly does not want to get involved in open military conflict with Turkey. Its main task - to achieve a successful resolution of the goals set before the

start of operations in Syria. And nothing will stop Russia and knock Vladimir Putin from this path, which would not have been a provocation. This is - the main thing.

The Defense Minister Shoigu said Russia's S-400, (most advanced in the world) and following the statements of command videoconferencing RF, neither Turkish aircraft will cross the border of Syria, unless they want to be shot down. And not only the Turkish aircraft, but also the Turkish jeep, Turkish border guards, or anyone. Every military Turk crossing the border to Syria by land, sea or air, thus he signs his own death warrant.

All Turkish aircraft suddenly stopped flying! It turns out that all Turkish planes as soon as they run up on the runway - they are on Russian locators. Next will be even worse.

Second, yesterday there was a Russian bombing of the Turkmens, who most likely killed the pilot, they will be no more.

And thus Erdogan undermined any possibility of recognition of the "opposition" as legitimate. It has already become illegitimate after his actions.

In addition, the Syrian Kurds, out of the reach of the Turkish army, now. Russia is likely to give them a full cover, and will provide them with any military assistance via Assad in the confrontation with Turkey.

With regard to international commerce, Turkey is also in a rather difficult situation, because all the contacts, including economic, with the Russian Federation, will be frozen solid, except those that are signed, and Turkey will be obliged to comply with them or pay a penalty.

In addition, Merkel said that it is a conflict between Turkey and Russia, but we do worry. Everyone else also made it clear that to settle the conflict themselves. Turkey has made nonsense, and now the Turks are trying to make excuses, Typical and too late. > Olga Rubenskaya (C-I)

26/11/2015. The Russian aerospace force carried out several massive strikes near the Turkish-Syrian border. As a result, unprecedented in its strength and duration in the area Bayyrbukdzhak and other Syrian areas adjacent to the Turkish border, were destroyed several convoys of crude oil moving towards Turkey, as well as units of the Turkish army, on the Syrian territory and without a UN mandate, which provided protection for now nonexistent transported oil.

The loss of Turkish military forces of the regular army, acting on the LIH side can be more than 500 personnel, all vehicles destroyed. The infrastructure in the border area with Turkey, which is actively used by militants LIH and Turkish military units that provide support to them, and that before the incident with the Russian aircraft was subjected to air strikes was almost completely destroyed.

It should be noted that the line of the Turkish-Syrian border is controlled by the militants, from 24/11/2015 oil transport has increased by many times, that is until a column or several units of trucks enjoyed Russian missile and bomb strikes on them - applied immediately.

If President Erdogan wanted his trick to reduce the intensity of Russia's actions in these areas, he has achieved the opposite effect - no surprise the "gold mine" of Erdogan, ha,r har, as cheap LIH - ISIS oil ends. But that's not all - to spoil relations with Russia, Turkey runs the risk of incurring huge multibillion-dollar losses in the economy, as the country is much more dependent on Russia than vice versa, and the tourism business in Turkey without Russian tourists will be doomed to die. (C-I) Olga Rubenskaya Russian MPs have submitted a bill on holding to account those denying Armenian genocide - courtesy of the Turks. The opposition Just Russia Party has submitted a bill to parliament on holding to account ANYONE who DENIES that the 1915 KILLINGS of Armenians by Ottoman Turkish forces was a “genocide,” - “We have just submitted a bill on responsibility for failure to acknowledge the fact of a genocide of Armenians by Turkey,” the party’s leader, Sergey Mironov said on his Twitter account. The statement came a day after the Turkish Air Force shot down a Russian jet over Syria. Recall : In 1915, leaders of the Turkish government set in motion a plan to expel and massacre Armenians living in the Ottoman Empire. Though reports vary, most sources agree that there were about 2 million Armenians in the Ottoman Empire at the time of the massacre. By the early 1920s, when the massacres and deportations finally ended, some 1.5 million of Turkey’s Armenians were dead, with many more forcibly removed from the country. Today, most historians call this event a genocide – a premeditated and systematic campaign to exterminate an entire people perpetrated by scum

Russia declared the Turkish military response. The statement of the General Staff of the incident with the Su-24 Russia will respond to the destruction of Turkey bomber Su-24 is not only the "closing of the Turkish Tourism and Trade - The Russian Defense Ministry has announced an unprecedented military response to the aggression of Ankara.

Russia will respond to the destruction of Turkey bomber Su-24 is not only the "closing of the Turkish Tourism and Trade - The Russian Defense Ministry has announced an unprecedented military response to the aggression of Ankara.

For example, the missile cruiser "Moskva" will destroy all targets representing even a potential threat to Russian videoconferencing, and all departures bombers and attack aircraft will be covered by the Russian fighters. Earlier, Russian President has already announced that Russia will not leave without an answer, "stab in the back from the IG accomplices." Military Ministry of Russia has already announced that it would stop contacts with Turkey on the military side - recalling that after the destruction of the Su-24 Turkey had not responded to an emergency request on the "red line."

Also, the Defense Ministry said - now all departures bombers and attack aircraft of the Russian Federation will cover videoconferencing fighters. And when you consider that among the group of combat aircraft deployed in Syria, the Su-34, known as the world's military aviasoobschestvom "King of heaven" - they will be able to hit any military aircraft Turkey or NATO, providing electronic suppression of their on-board systems and ground- based air defense systems.

"Any attempt on the part of the Turkish aircraft to contact or establish visual contact with our crew by means of objective control is not fixed" - it sounds in a statement the Ministry of Defence. "Rocket hit the plane Su-24M took place over the territory of Syria. Place the crash is on Syrian territory, four kilometers from the border," - dryly informed the military, adding "As accurate data objective control our plane border with Turkey do not intersect. This is confirmed Data Syrian air defense. "

Not only that, according to radar reconnaissance airfield Hmeymim "noted a violation of the airspace of Syria attacking the Turkish Air Force aircraft." Earlier, Turkey dozens of times every day to violate the airspace of Greece - but after the destruction of the Su-24 "no violation has occurred," but Turkey immediately appealed to NATO for help "save, we shot down Russian aircraft."

The military also hinted that "the General Staff are currently being worked out additional measures to ensure the security of the Russian air base." Experts believe that this is at least the deployment within the base air defense system S-400 "Triumph", able to lead and hit any target, from aircraft and cruise missiles to the IDB at a great distance.

Also, the Defense Ministry said that now the missile cruiser "Moskva", equipped with air defense system "Fort", will take part in the coastal region of Latakia. "We warn that all goals that represent a potential threat for us will be destroyed."

The network has the video of American fighters, as well as Turkomans - the inhabitants of border areas of Syria, who sympathize with LIH and "Dzhebhat en Nusra" - positioned as a Russian pilot, was shot down - Su-24. The authenticity is checked. Russian Foreign Intelligence Service

Historical notes

Victories of the Russian army over Turkey

November 24 Turkish military shot down a Russian Su-24 bombers. Two pilots were killed allegedly RF videoconferencing. Relations between Russia and Turkey for hundreds of years were at least strained, which resulted in 11 wars conducted. Despite the different results of these wars for Russia, it is in confrontation with the Ottoman Empire, the Russian army the whip one of its most high-profile victories. Recall five Russian- Turkish battles.

Chesma battle

Naval Battle Chesmene became part of the Russian-Turkish war, which lasted from 1768 to 1774 years. At the time of start of the campaign, Russia had no outlet to the Black Sea, which became one of the reasons for the war.

In July, 1770 in the Mediterranean Sea with the Baltic Sea have been sent several squadrons under the command of Count Orlov. Finding the Turkish fleet anchored in the bay of Cesme, the Russian fleet, which consisted of 9 battleships against the 15 enemy, July 6 attacked the Turkish fleet.

As a result, they destroyed 15 ships of the line and six frigates of the Navy of Turkey. Another five galleys and one battleship, Russia received a trophy.

A contemporary of the events, a famous writer and military zroniker A.Ya.Glotov described the outcome of the Battle of Chesma Bay, "all things there is Russia. Victorious their flag waving in the run-up to Constantinople. Those small successes of the Russian fleet did not have examples in history."

This corresponded to the truth. Russia was able to control the Dardanelles, which paralyzed much power in Istanbul. The very same war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji, under which Russia withdrew the first land in the Crimea and Azov. And most importantly - Russia received the right to have a military fleet in the Black Sea.

Sturm Ishmael

After the nomination of Russian unrealistic conditions (the return of the Crimea, the right to inspect all ships passing through the straits, and others.) Turkey in August 1787 declared war. Home happened to Russia successfully: made a number of fortresses, including Ochakov, and won at Ramnicu. By December, Russian troops came to Ishmael.

The fortress, which was considered impregnable, was defended by a garrison of 35 thousand people. Later, recalling the details of the operation, led by storm Alexander Suvorov admitted that "to storm this fortress could be solved only once in a lifetime", which was quite understandable: the fortress was surrounded by a 7-meter shaft, which in some places reached a height of 8 meters and moat 12 meters. On the walls were set up to 200 shells to conduct defense.

Defenders fighting spirit peculiar reinforced Sultan Selim III, who promised in his decree to execute every survivor of the Turkish soldier in the event that the fortress will fall. The assault, which began on December 22 ended two days later, when the resistance of the Turks was broken. Preparing for the assault took only a week. As a result, killing more than 26 thousand people. It is estimated that of the garrison was saved only one man, who was able to log to cross the Danube.

During the capture of Ishmael, among Suvorov, participated, and other such well-known military commanders of his time, Mikhail Kutuzov (at that time the rank of major general, was the commandant of the fortress after the capture), and Major-General de Ribas (supervised the construction of Odessa, the famous street Deribasovskaya is named after him), who led the assault force during the assault. A year after the capture of the fortress Turkey signed the Treaty of Jassy, which recognized the right of Russia to the Crimea, Kuban and Georgia.

Battle of Sinop

A disaster for the Russian Crimean War began with the triumph of the Russian fleet over the Turks in Sinop Bay. November 23, 1853 Russian ships under the command of Admiral Nakhimov came to the Bay of Sinop on the Black Sea. The aim was to prevent the exit of the bay of the Turkish fleet for further landing near Sukhumi. Of course the battle took place on 30 November and lasted less than four hours. During this time, all the ships were destroyed by the Turkish squadron, about three thousand people were killed and wounded, and taken prisoner by Vice Admiral Osman Pasha. In fact, other than ships, was destroyed entire Turkish naval base. On the Russian side, there were 37 fatalities. None of the Russian ship was not sunk.

Nakhimov in the order at the end of the battle wrote: "The Lord commanders of ships and frigates for the cold-blooded and accurate resolution of its vessels under this disposition during heavy enemy fire as well and unwavering their bravery continuation of the case, turn with gratitude to the officers for the unflinching and accurate execution of its debt, thanks to a team who fought like lions. "

Battle of Sheinovo

12 April 1877 Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empire. The goal - to help disseminate widely the Balkans liberation

movement of the Slavic peoples.

By the summer of 1877 the Russian army captured the Shipka Pass (divides the territory of modern Bulgaria in the northern and southern parts), which had a strategic position to further advance deep into the Ottoman Empire. Hold the position was left a detachment of only five thousand soldiers, while the Turks in the hope to recapture the pass rapidly increasing force. As a result, Russian soldiers had heroically to repel the attacks of 30-thousand Turkish army. The climax of the fighting were the events of 9-14 August, when Russian soldiers reflected the incessant (13 hours) the Turks attack, but gave no knock themselves from the heights.

The defeat at Sheinovo was decisive in the war. For the Russian army has opened an unprotected line and the Turks the way to Adrianople and Istanbul. Promotion of the Russian army only prevented the signing of the San Stefano peace treaty, under which Serbia, Montenegro and Romania gained independence and was the creation of a new principality - Bulgaria.

Russian losses amounted to little more than five thousand people. The Turks fled, about 23 thousand Ottomans were captured.

Sarykamysh battle

Caucasian direction of the First World War in Russia was not the main, however, the Ottoman Empire under the leadership of German military experts long been preparing for an offensive campaign against Russia. In October 1914 the Turkish fleet bombarded Odessa and Sevastopol, forcing Russia to move into action. In November, the first Russian connections crossed the border with the Ottoman Empire.

On the border with Russia moved eccentric Enver Pasha, one of the leaders of the empire, which, ignoring the recommendations of the German consultants, decided on their own to defeat the army of the Caucasus. The first two weeks of the war took shape in Russia badly - forces were forced to retreat to the border. By December, the city turned out to be focused Sarykamysh the largest detachment of the Russian forces, where, on the one hand, it was possible to strike at Kars, and on the other - to be able to organize a counter-attack down to Tiflis and disorganize the whole Russian Caucasus group.

In the first days of defense of the city took over the Brigade militia and about 100 young officers. The fate of the 18 Russian battalions in the Caucasus was in their hands, and Tbilisi was seized by panic - the evacuation of the population. By mid- December to the Russian Sarykamysh tightened parts (mainly the Kuban Cossacks), but the forces were still unequal.

As a result, by December 25, the Turks managed to train and go to the rear of the defenders. But then the station was retaken by the forces of the Cossacks-Plast, whose silent attack Turks plunged into shock. The turning point came on December 31 when the 3rd Turkish army was dealt a decisive blow from which they never recovered, and in early January undertaken successful kontranstuplenie. "Caucasian Russian army commits there every day amazing feats" - said French Ambassador to Russia Maurice Palaeologus, meaning Sarykamysh operation.

12/2015

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