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Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and

Eighteenth Century

1700 – The Treaty of was signed on 13 July 1700 between and the . It ended the Russian-Turkish War of 1686–1700.

1701 – Engraver from Holland A. Schoonebeek engraved a map called “Eastern part of the Palus Maeotis, which is now called the .” On the map there were shown: the coastline of the sea, the grid of parallels and meridians, the compass grid, depths, anchor positions, . The map scale is about 1:700,000, the size is 52 Â 63 cm, published in .

1702–1704 – P. Picart issued in Moscow a map called “Direct drawing of the from the town of to Tsargrad.” On the map there were shown the towns of Bendery, Ochakov, Taman, Trapezund, Tsargrad and there was an inset of the Bosphorus Strait with depths depicted on the fairway.

1703 – Issue of the of the Black and Azov seas with the navigation chart of the track from Kerch to Constantinople (observation was performed by the “Krepost”).

1703–1704 – The “Atlas of the , Azov and Black Seas” compiled by C. Cruys was printed in ; it consisted of a description and 17 maps.

1706 – A lot of new were added to the Russian Azov Fleet.

S.R. Grinevetsky et al., The Black Sea Encyclopedia, 843 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-55227-4, © Springer-Verlag Heidelberg 2015 844 Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas

1710–1713 – Russian–Turkish War.

1711 – Treaty of the Pruth was signed between Russia and according to which Russia was to hand over the fortress of Azov to Turkey.

1713 – Treaty of Adrianople was signed between Russia and Turkey.

1720 – “Perpetual Peace” between Russia and Turkey was signed in Constantinople; it replaced the temporary Treaty of Adrianople of 1713.

1722 – The Turks founded the fortress of Sudjuk-Kale (later )

1733 – The Don Military Flotilla was formed; formation of the Russian Fleet to assist Russian troops in repelling attacks of the in the basin of the Don River and fighting with the Turkish Fleet in the Sea of Azov.

1735 – War with Turkey in 1735–1739 with the aim to return the Azov coast, to Russia, and to gain access to the Black Sea

1735–1739 – Russia in alliance with Austria is fighting against Turkey and takes Crimea twice.

1736 – The Russian Fleet of 50 ships under the command of Bredal took part in the siege and taking of the Turkish fortress of Azov.

1737 – Peace negotiations between Russia and Austria on the one hand and Turkey on the other hand during the Russian-Turkish War of 1735–1739. The negotiations were called The Congress of Nemirov after a Ukrainian place named Nemirov (now an urban-type settlement in the Oblast). – Formation of the War Flotilla to assist the Russian Army which was fighting on the coast of the Dnieper during the Russian-Turkish War of 1735–1739. – Russian under the command of Captain De Fre´mery sent to the Azov was met at the Fedotov by the Turkish squadron of 31 ships. De Fre´mery sent the team to the shore, set afire the boat, with which he died. Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas 845

1739 – The Treaty of between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. It ended the war of Russia and Austria against the Ottoman Empire in 1735–1739. Russia was prohibited from keeping its ships in the Black and Azov Seas. The Azov district now belonged to Russia. – Special navigation atlas was published by L. Renard; a map of the Black Sea was included in the atlas.

1768 – The Azov Military Flotilla started to form in Russia.

1768–1774 – Russian-Turkish War, which resulted in the proclamation of the Crimean - ate independent of Turkey, Kerch becoming a Russian , and forming of Russian garrisons in all ports.

1768–1796 – Some reconnaissance marine surveys of the Black and Azov seas under the leadership of Senyavin D., Odintsov I., Bersenev I. et al. were carried out.

1769 – Building of the Azov Military Flotilla in Russia.

1770 – Night attack in Chesma Bay during the Russian-Turkish War of 1768–1774 by the avant-garde of the Russian ships under the command of Rear-Admiral S.K. Greig (The Naval Battle of Chesma).

1771 – Admiral Senyavin introduced the map of the Sea of Azov with the Strait of Kerch to the Collegium of Admiralties. – Creation of the Military Flotilla in Russia – Proclamation of the independence of the Crimean State.

1772 – Seizure of the fortress Chesma by assault. – The map of the Black Sea compiled by Jacques Nicolas Bellin was published in Paris. In the Russian Fleet it was used in copies and had significant errors: coastlines of the Black Sea were applied with an accuracy of up to 65 miles, coastlines of the Azov Sea—with an accuracy of 40 miles, and the mouth of the Don River was shown 100 miles further eastward.

1773 – Sea battle near between two Russian ships “Koron” and “” and the Turkish squadron of four ships. 846 Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas

– Topographical survey and measurement (“...with measurements and tools”) of the Bay were performed by the team under the command of naviga- tor I.V. Baturin. The first map of the bay was made—“Map of the of Akhtiar with measurements” and “Plan of the harbor of Akhtiar with measure- ments and the position of the town of Ackerman”, but the plan didn’t receive widespread use.

1774 – Battle in the between a Russian squadron under the command of Rear Admiral V.Ya. Tchichagov and a Turkish squadron. – Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainardji (Ku¨c¸u¨k Kaynarca) between Russia and Turkey was signed, which ended the Russian-Turkish War of 1768–1774. Russia gained free access to the Black Sea.

1775 – Publication of the description of southern ports and seas, compiled by Academic Johann Anton Gu¨ldensta¨dt

1778 – Beginning of the building of the town and port of near a small fortress of Aleksanderschanz, which will be home of ship-building at the Black Sea. – Foundation of the Kherson commercial seaport.

1779 – Beginning of the construction of the first Russian Black Sea Fleet “Saint Catherine” (60 guns) in Kherson. In 1784–1785 years it was dismantled on the stocks.

1782 – For the first time the Russian ships “Ostorozhnyi” and “Otvazhnyi” entered the Bay of Akhtiar and wintered there. During the winter their teams compiled the first sea map of the .

1783 – Foundation of Sevastopol—the main base of the Russian Black Sea Fleet. – Foundation of the Russian Black Sea Navy. – Foundation of the Admiralty of Sevastopol—predecessor of the Sevastopol sea plant. – The ships of the Azov Flotilla under the command of Vice-Admiral F.A. Klokachev came into the Bay of Akhtiar (the Bay of Sevastopol). – G.A. Potemkin was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Black Sea Fleet. Building of the marine and commercial fleets at the Black Sea was performed under his command and upon his initiative. Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas 847

– Compilation of the “Map of the harbor of Akhtiar from the mouth of the Belbek River to the former town of Kherson is compiled upon demand of His Excel- lency F.A. Klokachev in 1783”.

1784 – The name “Sevastopol” was given to the town.

1785 – By a decree of Catherine II, all Crimean ports were exempt from customs duties for a period of 5 years, and customs guards were transferred to Perekop. – The Russian government approved the first sea staff of the Black Sea Fleet. – Turkish cartographer Mustafa Rezmi painted by hand on silk a map of the Black Sea.

1786 – The Bay of Sevastopol became the main base for the Russian Black Sea Fleet.

1787 – Joint actions of the Russian Army and the flotilla in the Dnieper Liman. – Severe storm in the Black Sea, destroying the Sevastopol squadron.

1787–1791 – Russian-Turkish War; Turkey acknowledges the incorporation of the Crimea into Russia.

1788 – During the Russian-Turkish War of 1787–1791 a naval battle took place in the Dnieper Liman between the Turkish Fleet under the command of Hassan al-Gasi (43 ships) and the Russian rowing Liman Flotilla under the command of Rear- Admiral Karl Heinrich de Nassau-Siegen (50 ships). – Expedition of the Russian squadron and its victory over the Turkish Fleet at Sinop. – The defeat of the Turkish Fleet under Ochakov. – The Black Sea Fleet squadron under the command of F.F. Ushakov defeated the Turkish Fleet at the Island of Fidonisi. – Construction of in Nikolaev. – A ship under the command of Captain II Rank Johann Reinhold von der Osten- Sacken was attacked by 30 Turkish ships near the mouth of the Southern River. Osten-Saken blew up his vessel along with Turkish janissaries. – John Paul Jones, the first officer of the US Navy, Rear-Admiral of the Russian Black Sea Fleet, the famous privateer of the , came to serve at the Black Sea. 848 Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas

1789 – Russian victory over the Turkish Army at Rymnik. – Foundation of the city of Nikolaev—the rear base of the Russian Black Sea Fleet. – F.F. Ushakov was appointed Commander of the Sevastopol naval squadron.

1790 – Rear-Admiral F.F. Ushakov was appointed Commander of the Russian Black Sea Fleet. – Sea fight of the Liman rowing flotilla under the command of Major-General de Ribas with the Turkish river flotilla. – Renaming of the Liman (Danube) rowing flotilla into the Black Sea rowing fleet. – Battle in the Kerch Strait at Cape Takil between the Russian squadron under the command of Rear-Admiral F.F. Ushakov and the Turkish squadron of Kapudan Pasha Hussein.

1791 – between Russia and Turkey was signed, which ended the Russian-Turkish War of 1787–1791. – The Black Sea Fleet squadron under the command of F.F. Ushakov defeated the Turkish Fleet at Cape Kaliakra.

1793 – A fortress was built on the bank of the Gulf of Khadzhibey, future . – A.V. Suvorov signed a plan for the construction of Odessa, prepared by the engineer-colonel of the Russian army Franc¸ois Sainte de Wollant.

1794 – Foundation of Odessa. De Ribas directs the construction of Odessa. – On the stocks of the Sevastopol Admiralty there were laid the first two schooners of the rowing fleet, marking the beginning of sailing in the Sevas- topol Admiralty. – Catherine II issued a rescript on founding a new port city at the site of Khadzhibey.

1795 – Khadzhibey was renamed into Odessa.

1796 – Sevastopol was renamed into Akhtiar by Emperor Paul I, who was against everything what had been done during the reign of Empress Catherine II.

1798 – Foundation of the school of ship architecture in Nikolaev for the Black Sea Fleet. Dissolved in 1803. Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas 849

1799 – Publication of the first “Atlas of maps and plans of the northern coast of the Black Sea from the River to the River” compiled by Captain I Rank Billings.

Nineteenth Century

1801 – Foundation of the first Black Sea hydrometeorological station in Nikolaev.

1801–1803 – ’ description of the Black Sea was continued with inclusion of the west coast of the Black Sea from Odessa to the Bosphorus Strait, the south coast from the Bosphorus Strait to Cape under the leadership of Lieutenant I.M. Budischev, warrant officer N.D. Kritskiy, Capitan Lieutenants A.E. Vlito and P. Adamopulo; besides description of the Sea of Azov was performed under the leadership of A.E. Vlito and N.D. Kritskiy.

1803 – Depot of the Black Sea Fleet maps was created in Nikolaev in order to collect and store drawings of ships, marine surveys books and navigation maps. Later functions of the maps depot were expanded and it became the leading agency of the fleet, which was engaged in hydrographic research, compilation and publi- cation of maps, as well as in supplying maps to ships.

1804 – Map of the Sea of Azov compiled by Capitan Lieutenant A.E. Vlito and warrant officer N.D. Kritskiy with the use of the description they had made earlier was published in Russian, French and Greek. – Sevastopol regained its name, and it became the main naval port of the Russian Black Sea Fleet.

1805 – Treaty of alliance between Russia and Turkey was signed in Constantinople, Turkey, according to which Russia was permitted to have free passage through the Black Sea straits.

1806–1812 – Russian-Turkish War.

1806 – Turkey terminated the Russian-Turkish treaty of alliance. – Supervisor of the Depot of the Black Sea Fleet Lieutenant I.M. Budischev compiled the “Flat Map of the port of Akhtiar”. 850 Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas

1807 – Opening of the hydrometeorological station in Kherson. – The Admiralty published the Atlas of maps and plans of the Black and Azov Seas, as well as a map of the western part of the Black Sea in the Mercator projection. – . The defeat of the Turkish Fleet by the Russian squadron of D.N. Senyavin off Cape Athos.

1808 – Laying of the “Crimea”, which marked the beginning of a systematic construction of sailing ships in the Sevastopol Admiralty. – Publication of the “Pilot chart, or a marine guide of the Azov and Black Seas”, compiled by Lieutenant I. Budischev.

1809 – The Russian rowing flotilla took part in the siege by the Army of the Turkish fortress of Silistra.

1811 – Academician Peter Simon in the book “Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica” published the first scientific information on the fish fauna of the Black Sea, which he had collected during a trip to the Black Sea in 1793–1794.

1812 – Signing of the Peace Treaty that ended the Russian-Turkish War of 1806–1812.

1816 – The first stone lighthouses of Tarkhankut and were built on the Black Sea. – Reni Port was founded on the Danube. – Fabian Gottlieb Thaddeus von Bellingshausen (Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen) described the Black Sea coast.

1817 – The general map of the Black and Azov Seas from the Atlas of I.M. Budischev was republished with data from supplementary inventories. – Foundation of the Directorate of the lighthouses and pilot chart of the Black and Azov Seas, responsible for the operation of lighthouses and other means of navigation equipment. Capitan Lieutenant M.B. Berkh was appointed the first director, later he was a full Admiral.

1820 – Russian-French hydrographic expedition on the ship “La-Chevrette”, led by French Captain Gauthier, with the participation of Russian Captain Lieutenant Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas 851

M.B. Berkh, describes the shores of the Black Sea. The map of the sea was published 2 years later in . – Building of the Enikalskiy lighthouse. – Launching of the brig “Mercuriy” in Sevastopol, which became a legendary ship, awarded St. George’s Ensign.

1821 – Opening of the hydrometeorological station in Odessa. – In order to provide a safe entrance to the Sevastopol Bay Leading lights were built with the visibility of the front one—20 miles, of the one in the back—28 miles. – Foundation of the Kerch Sea Commercial Port.

1822 – Foundation of the Marine astronomical observatory in Nikolaev. – Publication of the map of the Black and Azov Seas in France. – The first pilots (pilot service) appeared in Kerch.

1824 – Opening of the hydrometeorological station in Sevastopol.

1826–1836 – Hydrographic expedition under the command of Captain I Rank E.P. Manganari with the aim to make a survey of the Black and Azov Seas.

1826 – Akkerman Convention was signed between Russia and Turkey, which confirmed the Treaty of Bucharest of 1812. – Dzharylgach lighthouse built on the same name island in the of the Black Sea.

1827 – Statute and staff of the Corps of naval navigators were approved. The head of the Corps became General—hydrograph G.A. Sarychev. – The first small sailing ships were built—pilot #1 and #2 for hydrographic work at the Black Sea. – Odessa (Vorontsov) lighthouse was built.

1828 – Russian-Turkish War of 1828–1829. – Shipping began at the Black Sea; the first steamer “Odessa”.

1829 – Peace treaty of Adrianople was concluded between Russia and Turkey. Russia gained the mouth of the Danube with islands and the coast of the . 852 Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas

– Publication of the atlas and the map of I.M. Budischev. – Depot of the Black Sea Fleet maps made a new general map of the Black and Azov Seas on the basis of the map of Gauthier—Berkh. – Battle of the brig “Mercuriy” with two Turkish line ships “Selimie” and “Real- Bei”—a naval battle with the inequality of forces.

1831 – Russian authorities founded fortresses of Gelendzhik and .

1832 – Depot of the Black Sea Fleet maps was abolished. – On the 1st of September within the headquarters of the Black Sea Fleet the Hydrographic Office was established, which included the hydrographic depot. That day was the date of foundation of the Hydrographic Department of the Russian Black Sea Fleet.

1833 – During the stay of the squadron under the command of M.P. Lazarev in Turkey there was made a survey of the and the Straits, which was conducted by Lieutenants E.V. Putyatin and V.A. Kornilov. – Establishment of the first steamship company at the Black Sea.

1834 – Opening of the Merchant Shipping School for preparation of skippers, naviga- tors and shipbuilders in Kherson.

1835 – Laying of the first sluice of the five-chamber-dry dock in Sevastopol.

1836 – Captain Lieutenant E.P. Manganari published a map of a part of the northern shore of the Black Sea from Chersonesus Cape to Taman.

1836–1837 – Е.Е. Sabler, A.N. Savich and E.N. Fus conducted leveling of the Black and Caspian Seas.

1837 – Beginning of the building of a lighthouse on the island of Fidonisi (Zmeinyi Island) from the ruins of the temple of Pontarches, which means “Master of the Black Sea”. Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas 853

1838 – Admiral Mikhail Lazarev founded Fort Velyaminovskiy, future Tuapse. – Amphibious landing at the mouth of the River; laying of the fortification of Aleksandria. – Foundation of the city of Novorossiysk. – In the roads of Tuapse during the storm of incredible force there were lost: “Varna”, corvette “Mesembria”, brig “”, tenders “Luch” and “Skoryi”, steamship “”, several merchant ships—a total of 13 vessels, of which five military ones. – Two warships and seven merchant vessels were lost in the roads of Sochi.

1840 – Convention, signed by Great Britain, Russia, Austria and on one side and Turkey on the other on support for the Turkish Sultan against Egyptian Pasha Muhammad Ali.

1841 – London Straits Convention, signed by Russia, Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Turkey; it regulated the regime of the Black Sea straits.

1841–1842 – Depot of the Black Sea Fleet maps published the first copies of the Atlas of maps of the Black and Azov Seas. The publication of it was completed in 1844. On the maps of the Atlas for the first time in the Russian marine relief was depicted with isobaths.

1842 – Publication of the “Atlas of the shores of the Black and Azov Seas”, complied by Major General E.P. Manganari.

1843 – Permanent steamship service was established between Odessa and Constantino- ple on state steam “Odessa” and “Crimea”. – Completion of the construction of the lighthouse on Zmeinyi Island (Fidonisi).

1846 – Beginning of steamship service between Odessa and Russian Danube ports up to Galati. – of the largest field Golitsynskoe on the Crimean Black Sea shelf in the Karkinit Bay, about 70 km from the Tarkhankut coast.

1847–1849 – Lieutenants G.I. Butakov and I.A. Shestakov (commanders of the tenders “Pospeshnyi” and “Skoryi”) carried out marine survey of the shores of the Crimea and the Caucasus (1847), the Bug River, the Dniester Liman and a 854 Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas

part of the coast between Ochakov and the mouth of the Danube River (1848), the coast of (1849) (with the assistance of two Turkish military brigs) and the coast from the Strait of Constantinople to the mouth of the Danube River. On the basis of the materials of the expedition there was compiled the “Pilot chart of the Black Sea”.

1848 – Novorossiysk was granted status of a city.

1850–1851 – Depot of the Black Sea Fleet maps published the first pilot chart of the Azov Sea.

1851 – Depot of the Black Sea Fleet maps in Nikolaev published the first “Pilot chart of the Black Sea” by G.I. Butakov and I.A. Shestakov. – Beginning of the description of lighthouses of the Black and Azov Seas in the Black Sea hydrographic depot.

1853–1856 – The . Sevastopol becomes a place of heroic battles on land and sea; Russia is fighting against , France and the Kingdom of , which are protecting the influence of Turkey in the Black Sea.

1853 – The first in history battle of steamers: “Vladimir” (of the Black Sea Fleet) with the Turkish ship of the similar class “Pervaz Bahri”. – Sea (Sinop is a port on the Black Sea coast of Turkey) between the Russian squadron under the command of Vice Admiral P.S. Nakhimov and the Turkish squadron under the command of Osman Pasha. All the Turkish ships were destroyed, except for one. – An Anglo-French squadron enters the Black Sea in order to block the Russian Fleet.

1854 – Russia declares war on Great Britain and France. – Joint Fleet of England, France and Turkey dropped anchor in the roads of Evpatoria. – Landing of the “allies” at in the Crimea. – Military action near the mouth of the Danube. – Landing of the Anglo-French troops in Varna, blocking the Russian Black Sea Fleet in the Sevastopol harbor. – Flooding of a part of the Russian squadron (seven sailing ships) at the entrance to the bay of Sevastopol in order to prevent the entrance of the enemy ships. – The first bombardment of Sevastopol, which led to considerable destruction of defensive fortifications. Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas 855

– Bombardment of Odessa by the Anglo-French squadron started. – Publishing of the first pilot chart of the Azov Sea, compiled by Second Lieutenant A. Sukhomlin on the basis of the work that he had performed on the pilot schooner “Astrolabe” in 1850–1851,—“Pilot chart of the Kerch-Enikalskiy Strait”. – Admiral A.A. Popov organized the defense of Sevastopol from the sea, using artillery taken from the ships. – Battle of Balaklava. – “The great storm of Balaklava”—a storm that hit the Crimea destroying much of the Anglo-French squadron that participated in the Crimean War, and resulted in the deaths of 1,500 people.

1854–1855 – Diplomatic negotiations during the Crimean War of 1853–1856 (Vienna Conferences). – Defense of Sevastopol.

1856 – Signing of the between Russia and Great Britain, France, Turkey and Sardinia that were at war with Russia. The Black Sea was declared neutral. – The Russian Steam Navigation and Trading Company was established (ROPiT, also referred to as Russian S.N.Co.).

1857 – The Russian Steam Navigation and Trading Company (ROPiT) opened the cargo-passenger service in the Black Sea.

1858 – Foundation of the sea port .

1859–1860 – Capitan Lieutenant I.M. Dikov did geomagnetic measurements in 41 locations in the Black Sea. On the basis of these data and the coordinates of the ship he built maps of isogons and isoclines of the Black Sea.

1860 – Hydrographic Office of the Staff of the Black Sea Fleet was transformed into the Hydrographic part of the port of Nikolaev with the existing functions. The hydrographic part was directly subordinate to the chief commander of the port, and on special issues—to the Hydrographic Department.

1860–1862 – Magnetic survey was performed under the direction of warrant officers I.M. Dikov and M.I. Samoilovych on the shores of the Black Sea that belonged to Russia, and in some locations of the Anatolian coast. The Odessa magnetic anomaly was identified and examined; 41 locations were identified. On the basis 856 Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas

of the results of the work a magnetic map of the Black Sea was compiled under the direction of warrant officer I.M. Dikov. I.M. Dikov continued observations in 1871 and 1875.

1861 – The Hydrographic part of the port of Nikolaev and the Directorate of the Black and Azov Sea lighthouses were merged. In 1863 V.I. Zarudnyi was appointed Head of the organization. – The Workshop of nautical instruments in Nikolaev became subject to the Hydrographic Department (till 1861 it was part of the Admiralty of the Black Sea Fleet).

1862–1863 – Military Geodesist I.I. Stebnitskiy performed geodetic measurements of the Black and Azov Seas’ levels.

1864 – Creation of the pilot assistance in Nikolaev.

1865 – Foundation of the Hydrometeorological center of the Black and Azov Seas in the University of (now University of Odessa).

1867 – The Pilot chart of the Black Sea was republished with amendments and changes. – The first electric lighthouse in Russia—the Odessa lighthouse—came into operation.

1868 – The Society of pilots of Nikolaev in the Black Sea was founded. – A comprehensive expedition in the Black Sea on the corvette “Lvitsa” (“Lion- ess”) under the command of Capitan Lieutenant F.N. Kumani. The aim of the research was to study the route for laying a telephone cable in the area of Feodosiya—. Depths (up to 800–1,000 m), temperature and of were measured, soil samples were taken.

1869 – Foundation of the Military History Museum of the Russian Black Sea Fleet.

1871–1914 – The first detailed, based on triangulation, marine survey of the Black and Azov Seas under the direction of V.I. Zarudnyi, K.A. Myakishev, Yu.K. Ivanovskiy, P.E. Belyavskiy, K.P. Andreev, L.V. Antonov, N.V. Malina. Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas 857

1871 – Foundation of the Sevastopol Biological Station, later A.O. Kovalevskiy Insti- tute of Biology of the Southern Seas of the National Academy of Sciences of . – Establishment of the hydrographic expedition of the Black Sea. – Organization of the Black Sea hydrographic expedition led by Captain I Rank V.I. Zarudnyi. During 16 years by the means of plane-table survey, boat and sometimes ship soundings the most important areas of the Black and Azov Seas were examined. – Signing of the agreement on the amendment of some articles of the Treaty of Paris of 1856. The document was named the London Convention. It canceled the “neutralization” of the Black Sea. – On the right riverbank of the near the village the signs of the first on the Black Sea dimensional line were set. – Establishment of the compass observatory in Nikolaev. – Foundation of the Azov Sea Shipping in .

1872 – Beginning of the construction of armored ships in the port of Nikolaev.

1873 – The Department of the Black Sea Fleet and ports allocated to the jurisdiction of the Directorate of lighthouses and pilot charts an schooner “Ingul” with a mobile lighthouse workshop on it. – Lieutenant F.F. Vrangel began hydrological studies of the Black and Azov Seas. – Publication of a paper named “The Black Sea and its significance for Russia: historical and geographical essays”.

1877 – Russian-Turkish War of 1877–1878. – Battle between the Russian armed steamer “Vesta” and the Turkish ironclad warship “Feth-i Bu¨lend”. – The seizure of the Turkish steamer “Mersina” by the Russian cruiser “Russia”. The biggest prize in the war history in the Black Sea ( ore, valuables, government papers, a lot of “pocket money”, etc.). – The roads of , attacks of Russian mine boats against Turkish ships in the port of Batumi during the Russian-Turkish War of 1877–1878. – Foundation of the seaport of Batumi.

1878 – Attack of Russian boats against Turkish ships and running down of the guard vessel “Intibah” in the roads of Batumi. – In the Admiralty of Sevastopol the Russian Steam Navigation and Trading Company (ROPiT) built the first torpedo boats (12) for the Black Sea, intended for use against enemy ships at the coast and for defense of access to ports. 858 Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas

– The “Russian sea and river insurance company” opened service along the Crimea-Caucasus line. – End of the Russian-Turkish War and military operations in the Black Sea in the nineteenth century. – The preliminary Treaty of Stefano, which ended the Russian-Turkish War of 1877–1878.

1879 – Signing of the Peace Treaty of Constantinople—an agreement between Russia and Turkey. – Meeting in Livadia, chaired by Alexander II, who discussed the fate of the Black Sea straits in case of disintegration of the Ottoman Empire. – Foundation of the society “Voluntary Fleet” to assist the Government in the transport of goods across the Black Sea.

1880 – The “Russian sea and river insurance company” established the connection between Odessa and Nikolayev.

1880–1883 – E.V. Maydell built a new map of isogons of the north-western part of the Black Sea, additionally making measurements of magnetic declination in 23 locations on land and in 14—at sea.

1881 – Signing of a secret Austro-Russian-German treaty, known as the Three Emperors’ Alliance. The third article of the treaty was dedicated to the Black Sea straits. It provided Russia with a guarantee of diplomatic support from and Austria-Hungary to prevent the Sultan from letting the English Navy entry the Black Sea. – A special meeting on a long-term program of building of the Russian Black Sea Fleet. – Republication of the Pilot chart of the Black Sea, with account of the data of the hydrographic expedition of V.I. Zarudnyi.

1881–1882 – S.O. Makarov, being Commander of the ship “Taman”, conducted observations of currents in the Strait of Bosporus: about 4,000 measurements of temperature and specific gravity of water and 1,000 measurements of velocity of currents. He discovered deep and surface currents and, thus, determined the pattern of water exchange in the Black and Marmara Seas.

1882 – The Black Sea Company “Portlandcement” built in Novorossiysk the first cement factory “Zvezda” (“Star”) (now “Proletariy” (“Proletariat”)). Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas 859

– Approval of a large-scale shipbuilding program of the Russian armored fleet for 20 years for the , Black Sea and Pacific Fleets consisting of 24 battle- ships, 15 cruisers, 19 and 127 torpedo vessels.

1883 – Beginning of construction of the West dock in Sevastopol.

1884 – Laying of the first in the world multitowered ironclads “Chesma” and “Sinop”, which laid foundation for the armored Black Sea Fleet. – Introduction of the first pilots (pilot service) in Batumi.

1885 – S.O. Makarov published a paper named “On water exchange in the Black and Mediterranean Seas,” which received the Prize of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – Completion of construction of the West dock in Sevastopol; the first ship—the steamer “Nakhimov”—was put in the dock.

1887 – Hydrographic expedition of the Black Sea due to the completion of major work was transformed into a Separate survey of the Black Sea, reduced to a Separate team in 1908. – The “Reinsurance Treaty” –an informal name of a secret Russian-German treaty signed in Berlin. The agreement recognized the European importance of the straits of Bosporus and Dardanelles being closed to warships of all nations.

1888 – Beginning of the transition to lighthouses with kerosene in the Black Sea.

1889 – Formation of the pilot society in Kerch.

1889–1890 – At the 8th Congress of Russian naturalists and physicians A.V. Klossovskiy and N.I. Andrusov reported their project on physiographic and biological studies of the Black Sea.

1890 – Creation of the Black Sea pilot district. – Russian Navy Ministry (Principal Hydrographic Department) at the request of the Russian Geographical Society organized an expedition on the “Chernomorets”, led by the Head of the meteorological office of the Department I.B. Spindler, with the participation of F.F. Vrangel and N.I. Andrusov, with the aim to study the Black Sea in four main directions: (1) along the axis of the 860 Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas

western basin, (2) along the middle parallel of the sea between Varna and , (3) along the shortest line between the Crimea and the Anatolian coast, (4) along the axis of the eastern basin. – Creation of the pilot society in Novorossiysk. – Foundation of the Constanța —the largest and most modern shipyard in . – N.I. Andrusov published a paper named “On the need for deep-sea research in the Black Sea”.

1891 – Lieutenant M.E. Zhdanko collected all measurements of magnetic declination made on the shores of the Black Sea and compiled a map of isogons of the sea. – Expedition led by I.B. Spindler on the gunboats “” and “Zaporozhets” with the aim to study the content of hydrogen sulfide in the deep of the Black Sea. – The Sevastopol Biological Station came under the jurisdiction of the Academy of Sciences.

1892 – Beginning of the construction of the sea commercial port of Feodosiya. – Foundation of the “Bulgarian Trade Steamship Company” (later “Bulgarian Sea Fleet Shipping Company”).

1894 – Emperor Alexander III died in the Smaller in Yalta.

1895 – Sevastopol became the main base and administrative center of the Russian Black Sea Fleet. – Putting into operation of the Feodosiya sea commercial port. – The first revolutionary armed uprising of the Russian Black Sea Fleet sailors. – Beginning of the shipbuilding facility construction in Nikolaev (future “Naval”).

1896 – Doctor of Zoology A.A. Ostroumov published the “Indicator of fish of the Black and Azov Seas”. – Completion of the construction of the Novorossiysk sea port.

1897 – Creation of a at the Sevastopol Biological Station. – Opening of the “Naval” plant in Nikolayev, later the .

1898 – Completion of the Eastern dock construction in Sevastopol; the first ironclad “Georgiy Pobedonosets” (“Saint George the Victorious”) was put into the dock. Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas 861

– The second cement plant “Tsep” (“Chain”) [now “Octyabr” (“October”)] was put into operation in Novorossiysk.

1899 – The Navy Ministry published “Materials on the hydrology of the Black and Azov Seas in the expeditions of 1890–1891” (processed by I.B. Spindler and F.F. Vrangel). – Closing of the Sevastopol commercial port.

1900 – Creation of the Observatory.

Twentieth Century

1901 – Laying of the cruiser “Ochakov”—the legendary ship of the first —on the first stocks of the Lazarevsky Admiralty in Sevastopol. – L.N. Tolstoy visited Sevastopol.

1902 – Completion of the construction of the Palace.

1902–1904 – Franz Alekseevich Roubaud with a team of artists and students of the Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts created the panorama “Defense of Sevastopol in 1854– 1855”.

1903 – Republication of the “Pilot chart of the Black Sea” with the pilot chart of the Sea of Azov as its part. – Emergence of the first revolutionary groups of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) on ships and in crews of the Black Sea Fleet.

1903–1905 – under the leadership of Captain II Rank A.M. Bukhteev triangulation of the Black and Azov Seas was recalculated and equalized.

1904 – Construction of the building of the panorama “Defense of Sevastopol in 1854– 1855” (destroyed in 1942, restored in 1953, repaired in 1974). – The first revolutionary actions of the Black Sea Fleet crews in Sevastopol. 862 Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas

1905 – The Sunken Ships Monument was erected in Sevastopol on an artificial island. – Opening of the panorama of F.A. Roubaud “Defense of Sevastopol”, dedicated to the heroism of the defenders of Sevastopol during the Crimean War, on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the first defense of Sevastopol. – Creation of the “Novorossiysk ”, that lasted from the 12th till the 25th December. – The world’s first reinforced concrete lighthouse—Ozharskiy was built in the Black Sea; height—36.7 m (from the bottom). – Uprising on the battleship “Kniaz Potemkin Tavritcheskiy” (“Prince Potemkin of Tauris”) supported by the battleship “Georgiy Pobedonosets” (“Saint George the Victorious”), hydrographic vessel “Vekha” (“Milestone”) and torpedo vessel “#267”. – Uprising of the Sevastopol garrison, naval crews and a part of the Black Sea Fleet led by the cruiser “Ochakov” under the leadership of Lieutenant P.P. Schmidt. The cruiser “Ochakov” was joined by the battleship “Panteleimon”, mine cruiser “Griden”, training ships “Dnestr” and “”, torpedo boat “Svirepyi”, “Zavetnyi”, torpedo vessel “# 270” and others.

1906 – Leaders of the Black Sea Fleet uprising in Sebastopol—Lieutenant P.P. Schmidt, conductor Chastnik, sailors Antonenko and Gladkiy—were shot on .

1908 – Creation of the pilot society in the port of Odessa. – The Principal Hydrographic Department published the “Atlas of the winds and fogs of the Black and Azov Seas”. – In connection with the completion of hydrographic surveys of the Black and Azov Seas the Separate survey was transferred into the Separate hydrographic team. – Oral Russian-Austrian agreement was reached in the castle of Buchlov (). It was envisaged that Austria-Hungary would not make difficulties for changing the regime of the Black Sea straits.

1909 – Huge cluster of the red algae Phyllophora, known in the literature as “Zernov’s Phyllophora field”, was discovered in the north-western part of the Black Sea. – Foundation of the Sevastopol Naval Observatory—one of the oldest naval observatories of Russia. It consisted of three parts: the compass, astronomical and hydrometeorological ones. – Foundation of the first trawling teams of the Black Sea Fleet, which included specially built trawlers of 100–150 tons and adapted for trawling out-of-date torpedo vessels and harbor vessels. Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas 863

1911 – Laying of three Black Sea Fleet of the type in Nikolaev: “Imperatritsa Mariya” (“Empress Maria”) (came into commission in ), “Imperatritsa Ekaterina II” (“Empress Catherine II”) (came into commission in ), “Imperator Aleksandr III” (“Emperor Alexander III”) (came into commission in ). – Development of the shipbuilding program for 1912–1916 for the Baltic and Black Sea fleets consisting of 4 battle cruisers, 8 cruisers, 44 torpedo boat destroyers, 24 . – The Sevastopol Naval Observatory was made responsible for the management of the entire network of hydrometeorological stations of the Russian Black Sea Fleet. – The Greater Livadia Palace was built.

1912 – Yu.M. Shokalskiy founded the Department of Oceanography in the Russian Naval Academy.

1913 – Future academician S.A. Zernov (1922) published a fundamental monograph “On the study of the life of the Black Sea”. – The Sevastopol Naval Observatory began compiling synoptic maps on a daily basis.

1914–1917 – Blockade of the Bosphorus, military operations of the Russian Black Sea Fleet during the First World War in order to interdict the passage through the Bos- phorus for enemy warships and to disrupt the enemy’s shipping operations in the southern and south-western parts of the Black Sea.

1914 – Yu.M. Shokalskiy developed a detailed plan of the Black Sea study for a special comprehensive expedition. – Opening of the Karadag Biological Research Station, which had been built for a long time on very modest means of Moscow University Privat-docent T.I. Viazemskiy. – L.S. Bagrov published “The list of ancient maps of the Black Sea” in Petrograd (St.-Petersburg).

1914–1915 – The Russian Navy was active in the sea links of Turkey in the between the Bosporus and the ports of the southern coast of the Black Sea (mines’ placing, firing ports). 864 Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas

1915 – Bosporus campaign of a Black Sea Fleet squadron going to the Bosporus. – Publication of the “Physical-geographical survey of the Black and Azov Seas”. – The world’s first underwater “Crab” (sunk in 1919) became part of the Black Sea Fleet. – A secret Anglo-French-Russian agreement on the Black Sea straits (cancelled in 1917).

1916 – Opening of the meteorological department of the Headquarters of the Russian Black and Azov Seas Fleet. – At the request of the Black Sea Fleet Commander Admiral Andrey Augostovich Eberhardt there was formed a hydrographic expedition of the Black Sea, in technical aspects subordinate to the Principal Hydrographic Department, and in other aspects during the war—to the Black Sea Fleet Commander. Its main task was to perform hydrographic survey near the Anatolian coast of Turkey occu- pied by the Russian troops (Head—Major General A.M. Bukhteev). – The newest battleship “Imperatritsa Mariya” (“Empress Maria”) was blown up at Apollonov Pier in Sevastopol; it had come into commission 1 year before. – A.V. Kolchak was made Rear Admiral and appointed Commander of the Russian Black Sea Fleet.

1917 – Pilot societies, partnerships, associations ceased to exist; pilots were now employees at the Hydrographic Department. – Foundation of the Ukrainian General Secretariat of Maritime Affairs in Kiev. – Publication of the classical scientific work by Yu.M. Shokalskiy “Oceanogra- phy”, which became part of the world history of science. – The Black Sea after the armistice with Germany was divided by the demarcation line into two parts—the Russian and the Turkish one. The line ran from the Georgievsky delta arm of the Danube to Trapezund which was occupied by the Russian troops. – Creation of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.

1918 – The main part of the Russian Black Sea Fleet was intentionally sunk in the Tsemess Bay, so that not a single ship could be taken by Germany. – Central Rada adopted the “Temporary Law on the Fleet of the Ukrainian People’s Republic”. – The Soviet power was established all over the Crimea. – German troops took the Crimea, then they were replaced by Anglo-French forces. – , and became part of Romania after the fall of the Austria-Hungary. – Nationalization of ROPiT and the Voluntary Fleet. Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas 865

– Establishment of the Ukrainian People’s Republic. – Creation of the Black Sea Soviet Republic on the territory of the Black Sea Governorate. – The first landing troops of the Entente in Odessa.

1918–1921 – The Crimea became the scene of brutal battles of the Civil War and interventions of Imperial Germany, that led to the formation of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.

1919 – Creation of the Black and Azov Sea fishery research station as a public service. – The Kuban region was occupied by the . – Creation of the “Armed Forces of South Russia”. – Order of the People’s Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs of Ukraine established the Hydrographic Department of the Black and Azov Seas, which was located in Odessa. The Department was an independent body and was not subordinate to the Principal Hydrographic Department as it was difficult to maintain communication with it. – The liberated the whole Crimea, except for the . – Army of General A. I. Denikin occupied the Crimea. – Creation of the Black and Azov Sea White Fleet, that played an important role in the Crimean saga of 1919–1920. – Liquidation of the Ukrainian People’s Republic.

1920 – Taking of Perekop-Chongar fortifications by the South Front troops of the Red Army under the command of M.F. Frunze (Perekop-Chongar operation). – The Black Sea Fleet upon arrival in Constantinople after the evacuation from the Crimea was reorganized into a Russian squadron. – Creation of the Department of Safe Navigation in the Black and Azov Seas (Ubekochernaz). – Creation of the Black Sea hydrographic unit, which consisted of three teams, with the base in Odessa. – Creation of the Novorossiysk Naval Base. – Formation of the government of the South of Russia in April; in November it escaped with the remaining parts of the Russian Army to Constantinople. – The Russian squadron left Constantinople and arrived in Bizerte, . – The Red Army completely liberated the Crimea from the White Army. – Foundation of the Admiral S.A. Makarov Nikolaev Shipbuilding Institute. – Creation of the Novorossiysk Biological Station.

1921 – Signing of the Treaty of Friendship and Brotherhood between the RSFSR and Turkey. 866 Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas

– Opening of the Kerch Ichthyology Laboratory. – Commander of the Naval Forces of the RSFSR adopted the 1st program of hydrographic research of Ubekochernaz in the Black and Azov Seas, which included a range of activities related to installing navigational facilities on the shore, hydrographic and hydrological studies. – Publication of the first Black Sea Fleet (after 1917) issue of “Notices to Mariners”.

1922 – Creation of the Commission composed of Lev Trotskiy, Karl Radek and Georgiy Chicherin, following the decision of the Political Bureau of the Central Com- mittee of the Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks for development of the Soviet platform regarding the Black Sea Straits at the conference in Lausanne. Georgiy Vasilyevich Chicherin sent a letter with the theses regarding the Straits to and all the members of the Political Bureau. – International Conference in Lausanne, , on the , with the issue of the Black Sea Straits being included in the agenda. – All hydrographic expeditions were dissolved; conducting of surveys was now under the supervision of the Department of navigation security in the Black and Azov Seas (Ubekochernaz) that had been formed earlier. – Creation of the State Black Sea—Azov Sea Shipping Company. – Azov Sea—Black Sea scientific-commercial expedition led by Nikolay Mikhailovich Knipovich.

1923 – The second stage of the Conference of Lausanne. The participants signed the Peace Treaty between the Allied Powers and Turkey as well as a number of documents attached thereto, including the Straits Convention. – Creation of the Special-Purpose Underwater Rescue Party (“EPRON”) in Sevas- topol by order of F.E. Dzerzhinskiy for salvaging of sunken ships and rescue operations. – Black Sea hydrographic team performed a magnetic survey of the whole sea coast from the mouth of the Dnieper to Batumi, including the Sea of Azov. – Proclamation of the Turkish Republic. – The Sevastopol Biological Station of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR started to conduct oceanographic transects along the line of Sarych (Crimea) to Cape Inebolu (Turkey). – Opening of the “Maritime Museum” in Varna, (now the Naval Museum).

1923–1927 – The Black Sea oceanographic expedition led by Yu.M. Shokalskiy in order to conduct a comprehensive study of the Black Sea. By 1928, the principal research of the sea regime had already been made, but the work continued until 1935. Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas 867

1924 – I.V. Kurchatov, the future most prominent atomic scientist published his work on the of the Black Sea. – Creation of the Weather Bureau of the Black and Azov Seas in the USSR.

1925 – The was broken through during a violent storm. – Foundation of the pioneer camp “Artek”, the most famous children’s recreation center of the Crimea and USSR.

1926 – Creation of the marine zoological station in Adjija (Mamaia, Romania) at the initiative of Borca Jon.

1927 – Crimean earthquake completely destroyed Yalta. – The Kerch Ichthyologic Laboratory was renamed into the Kerch Scientific Fishery Station.

1928 – Creation of the seismic station of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR within the Sevastopol Naval Observatory. – The Black Sea hydrographic team was moved from Odessa to Sevastopol. – The Kerch Scientific Fishery Station was named the Azov and Black Sea Research Institute of Raw Materials.

1929 – By the initiative and under the leadership of V.V. Shuleykin in the village of Katsiveli, Crimea, on the Black Sea coast there was created the first in the world stationary marine hydrophysical station for performing research of processes and phenomena in the coastal area.

1930 – Creation of the Odessa Institute of Marine Fleet Engineers. – The scientific fishery and biological station in Batumi was put into operation. – The first in the USSR underwater archaeological expedition was conducted under the supervision of Prof. K.E. Grinevich in the area of Chersonesus Cape.

1931 – Signing of the protocol that envisaged responsibilities of the USSR and Turkey to increase their naval forces in the Black Sea without notice to the other party. – Formation of the Dnieper Military Flotilla (disbanded in 1940) in the USSR. 868 Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas

1932 – Signing of the Treaty on economic and cultural cooperation between the USSR and Turkey. – The first aerial photographic survey of the Black Sea coast from Cape Chauda to Anapa, the Kerch Strait and the . – Creation of the “Sovtanker” enterprise in Tuapse—predecessor of the Novorossiysk Shipping Company. – N.M. Knipovich published two works: “Hydrological research in the Azov Sea” and “Hydrological research in the Black Sea”. – Foundation of the Odessa Hydrometeorological Institute (in Kharkov, then in 1944 it was moved to Odessa).

1933 – The Black Sea oceanographic expedition by order of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR conducted a study of topography and bottom sediments of the Black Sea in connection with the earthquake in the Crimea in 1927. – The Azov and Black Sea Research Institute of raw materials was transformed into the Azov and Black Sea Institute for Fishery and Oceanography (AzCherNIRO). – Creation of the experimental ichthyological station in Varna, Bulgaria.

1934 – The scientific fishery station in Odessa was put into operation.

1936 – The heads of the delegations of Bulgaria, France, Great Britain, , Japan, Romania, Turkey, the USSR and signed the Convention regarding the Regime of the Straits (the Montreux Convention). – Formation of the system of standard hydrological sections on the Azov Sea.

1937 – The “Paris Commune” battleship was given to the Navy after its moderniza- tion—it was a powerful gunship which added bright pages into the heroic annals of the USSR Navy. – In the Dnieper-Bug mouth there was discovered a crab species which was new for the Black Sea—the Dutch crab. – Formation of the (territory).

1938 – The first conference on the study of the Black Sea took place in Sevastopol, which was attended by Yu.M. Shokalskiy, N.M. Knipovich, A.D. Archangelskiy. – Publication of the book by A.D. Archangelskiy, N.M. Strakhov “Geological structure and history of the development of the Black Sea”. – Part of the in Romania was declared a nature reserve. Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas 869

1939 – Catastrophic earthquake in Turkey that claimed more than 23,000 lives was accompanied by a tsunami.

1940 – Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR adopted a decree “On the orga- nization of special marine secondary schools”. One of them was opened in Odessa. Such schools were created to form reserves for naval schools.

1941 – Off the western coast of the Crimea there took place large training maneuvers of the Black Sea Fleet. – The beginning of the Great Patriotic War on 22 June. – The 73-day-long defense of Odessa by the forces of the Odessa defense area. – The first and the largest in the history of the Great Patriotic War Kerch— Feodosiya landing operation. – The first military assault of Sevastopol by the Germans. – The beginning of the defense of Sevastopol by the Soviet forces. The defense lasted until July 4, 1942. – At the very beginning of the war there was conducted a raid of a light forces squadron of the Black Sea Fleet at Constanta. The leader “Moskva” (“Moscow”) was sunk during the operation. – I.V. Kurchatov and P.A. Alexandrov, working in Sevastopol, theoretically substantiated a method of protecting ships from noncontact electromagnetic mines and performed the first test of degaussing ships. – Almost the whole Crimea was occupied by the Nazis. – Publication of the fundamental monograph by V.V. Shuleykin “Physics of the Sea”. – Special-Purpose Underwater Rescue Party (“EPRON”) joined rescue service of the USSR Navy. – The first in the history of the Great Patriotic War amphibious landing operation took place near the fishing village of Grigorievka near Odessa.

1942 – Evpatoria landing operation. – The cruiser “Krasny Kavkaz” (“Red Caucasus”) came into operation after the plant had removed emergency and battle damages. – The Novorossiysk defense operation—August 19–September 26. – A raid was made at Feodosiya. During the operation the cruiser “Molotov” was made inoperative for almost a year. – The biggest weapon of World War II— “Dora” (caliber of 800 mm) was delivered near Bakhchisarai. – The Kerch operation “Bustard Hunt”—military advance of the 11th German Army under the command of General on the Kerch Penin- sula, taking of Kerch. 870 Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas

– Liquidation of the Crimean group of German-Fascist troops was finished on Chersonesus Cape. – The start and the end of the operation “ Catch” on taking Sevastopol by the of Erich von Manstein. – Beginning of the transfer of German small submarines from Germany to the Black Sea. – Italian Admiral Arturo Riccardi signed an agreement with the Germans, according to which “Italian light forces” would be used to help the German Air Force in the Black Sea. – Novorossiysk fell as a result of the Nazi military advance in the direction of the Caucasus.

1943 – On the basis of the marine department of the State Hydrological Institute there was founded the State Oceanographic Institute (GOIN)—the central research, scientific and methodological institution of the Main Department of the Hydro- meteorological Service of the USSR in the field of oceanography and marine forecasts. – Additionally the map-making Southern institution was created in order to pro- vide maps for the Black Sea Fleet. – Leader “Kharkov” and destroyers “Sposobnyi” (“Able”) and “Besposhadnyi” (“Merciless”) raided Feodosiya and Yalta. The operation resulted in sinking of three large ships and death of 692 people. – Conducting of a combat operation, which was unique in the history of the Black Sea Fleet—simultaneous destruction of two ships by one salvo from the “C-33” submarine under the command of Soviet Captain II Rank B.A. Alekseev. – Kerch—Eltigen amphibious operation. – The Black Sea landing operation by Tsesar Kunikov at “Malaya Zemlya” near Novorossiysk. – Failed landing operation of Soviet troops in Yuznhaya Ozereika north of Novorossiysk. – V.V. Shuleykin opened the Department of Physics of the Sea at the and was its head until 1965. – Novorossiysk was freed after the defense that lasted for 225 days.

1944 – Creation of the Danube Military Flotilla. – The declared war on Bulgaria. – The Black Sea Fleet landed troops in the area of Varna. – A squadron of Soviet marine troopers seized a bridgehead in the Black Sea port of Nikolaev (Nikolayev bridgehead). – Operation of the NKVD (People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs) of mass deportation of Crimean Tatars, Bulgarians, , Gypsies into the of Central and . Political rehabilitation took place in 1967 and massive return of deported peoples—since 1989. Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas 871

– An official armistice was signed between the USSR, USA and Great Britain on the one hand, and Romania—on the other. – September 9—the official date of the termination of armed hostilities of the Black Sea Fleet. – V.P. Zenkovich developed a new method to depict underwater topography, based on drawing isobaths not according to the method of linear interpolation, but on the basis of geomorphological understanding of the bottom. – Odessa was freed from Nazi invaders. – The Higher Marine Engineering School (later Odessa National Marine Acad- emy) was founded in Odessa.

1945 – The Yalta Conference (The Crimea Conference) of the Heads of the govern- ments of the USSR, USA and Great Britain defined the postwar world: there were adopted decisions on the division of Germany into occupation zones and on reparations, on the USSR participation in the war with Japan, on the postwar system of international security and on the establishment of the . – Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the transforma- tion of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic into the Crimean region within the RSFSR. – The beginning of the inventory of the Black Sea under the leadership of V.P. Zenkovich. – Liberation of Ukraine by the Soviet Army. – The issue of the Black Sea Straits was on the agenda at the Potsdam Conference of Heads of Government.

1946 – Creation of the P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences. – The Hydrometeorological Service of the Black Sea Fleet was renamed into the Marine Observatory; regional hydrometeorological stations were subject to it. – Functions of the pilot service of the Azov and Black Sea basin by a joint decision of the People’s Commissars of the Navy Fleet and the Ministry of the Sea Fleet were transferred to the administration of commercial ports (except for military pilot sites of the ports of Bulgaria, Romania and Sevastopol). – Foundation of the shipyard “Okean” (“Ocean”) in Nikolaev. – An unknown large gastropod—Rapana—was found near Novorossiysk.

1947 – Paying tribute to the scientific and organizational merits of the academician A.O. Kovalevskiy, his name was given to the Sevastopol Biological Station. – In Romania the Monarchy was brought down and the People’s Republic was proclaimed. 872 Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas

1948 – Commencement of work of the Black Sea Scientific and Industrial VNIRO expedition. – The Marine Hydrophysical Institute (MHI) was founded in Moscow on the basis of the Black Sea hydrophysical station of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and Marine hydrophysical laboratory. – Reconstruction of the Sevastopol Biological Station after the war. – The Danube Commission was established instead of the European Danube Commission.

1949 – Creation of the Black Sea experimental research station (CHENIS) of the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the Golubaya (“”) (Rybatskaya, “Fisherman’s”) Bay near Gelendzhik. One of the first research vessels of the Institute of Oceanology “Forel” (“Trout”) was obtained in the framework of reparations from Romania and was transferred to the owner- ship of the CHENIS. – In the Black Sea the research ship “Vityaz” made its first scientific voyage.

1950 – In the memorial church erected in the memory of Russian sailors in Bizerte, Tunisia, there was made a marble plaque on which there were carved the names of all the ships that came from the Crimea. – Nazim Hikmet, a famous poet, escaped from Turkey by boat across the Black Sea to the USSR.

1951 – Japan under the San Francisco Peace Treaty left the Montreux Convention.

1952 – Turkey joined NATO. – 12 Soviet torpedo boats of the Black Sea Fleet were given to the Navy of the Romanian People’s Republic. – Foundation of the port city of Ilyichevsk in the Odessa region.

1953 – Creation of the Department of Oceanology in the Moscow State University. – Opening of the Kerch service. – Foundation of the Institute of Fishery Research in , Turkey.

1954 – Creation of the Odessa Marine School. – Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR “On the transfer of the Crimean region from the RSFSR to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic” during the celebration of the 300th anniversary of the reunification of Ukraine with Russia. Crimea became a region within Ukraine. Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas 873

– Compilation of the inventory of the Black Sea was finished. – The “Atlas of morphology and dynamics of the Black Sea shores” was created manually. – Creation of the Lower Danube River Administration (RAND) for hydrotechnical works and regulation of shipping. – Beginning of the submarine fleet of the People’s Republic of Bulgaria (the USSR gave three small submarines of the XV series to Bulgaria).

1955 – Sinking of the battleship “Novorossiysk” in the Sevastopol Bay.

1956 – Publication of the “Climatic and hydrological atlas of the Black and Azov Seas”.

1957 – Prof. V.D. Blavatskiy organized an underwater expedition of the Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR at the Black Sea coasts. – Beginning of the construction of a top-secret facility #825 at Balaklava for basing submarines.

1959 – Trilateral agreement on fisheries in the Black Sea.

1960 – At the 11th Session of the UNESCO General Conference it was decided to establish the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC). The pro- posal to establish the IOC was made by the USSR delegates at the Conference on Oceanographic Research. – Creation of the Danube Hydrometeorological Observatory in Izmail.

1961 – The Marine Hydrophysical Institute was transferred into the system of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.

1962 – Publication of the monograph by Yu.I. Sorokin “Black Sea: nature, resources”. – Publication of the “Ice atlas of the Black and Azov Seas”.

1963 – The Marine Hydrophysical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic was relocated to Sevastopol. – The Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR approved the estab- lishment of the Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (IBSS) with the center in the city of Sevastopol. 874 Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas

1964 – The terminal—oil depot “Sheskharis”, built on the outskirts of Novorossiysk, came into operation. – Archaeological research on Zmeinyi Island (“Snake Island”) was conducted under the direction of N.V. Pyatysheva. – A squadron of warships of the Black Sea Fleet for the first time came into the to monitor the strike group of the US Navy.

1965 – Foundation of the museum of the Navy of Ukraine. – Foundation of the specialized seaport “Oktyabrsk” on the bank of the Dnieper- Bug mouth. – -City Sevastopol was awarded the Order of and the medal “Gold Star”. – Romania was declared a Socialist Republic. – Hero-City Odessa was awarded the and the medal “Gold Star”. – The “Catalogue of level observations in the Black and Azov Seas” was compiled.

1966–1967 – Research work of the underwater laboratories of the Leningrad Hydrometeoro- logical Institute “-I” and “Sadko-II” at the depth of 25 m near Sukhumi.

1966–1968 – Experiments near the Crimean coast in the underwater houses “Ichthyandr-67” and “Ichthyandr-68”.

1966 – A sand gaper, or Mya (Mya arenaria), was found in the Black Sea. – The “Atlas of hydrological characteristics of the northwestern part of the Black Sea” was compiled.

1967 – Two scuba divers during 24 h were in the underwater house “Gebros-67” at the depth of 10 m in the waters of the Gulf of Varna. They performed different physiological and psychological research. – Foundation of the Georgian Shipping Company in Batumi. – Foundation of the Novorossiysk Shipping Company. – Foundation of the Black Sea Shipping Company in Odessa. – CHENIS (The Black Sea experimental research station) was transformed into the Southern Branch of the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences. – For the first time the blue crab was found at the Bulgarian coast. – Foundation of the Azov Shipping Company. Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas 875

1967–1968 – Oceanographic work was carried out on an experimental pier on Donuzlav Spit near the port of Mirnyi.

1969 – Research work of the underwater laboratory of the Leningrad Hydrometeoro- logical Institute “Sadko-III” at the depth of 25 m near Sukhumi. – A comprehensive 7-week voyage on the research vessel “ II” of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (USA) on the Black Sea. – The “Atlas of waves and wind of the Black Sea”.

1970 – Foundation of the Romanian Marine Research Institute in Constanta.

1971 – In connection with the 100th anniversary of the Sevastopol Biological Station (SBS) and for the achievements in the development of the biological science the A.O. Kovalevskiy Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour. In memory of the outstanding scientists there were put portrait sculptures of N.N. Miklukho-Maklay and A.O. Kovalevskiy in front of the Institute. – Foundation of the Southern Scientific Center of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in Odessa.

1972 – Publication of the first issue of the “Water Resources” journal of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, which later paid attention to the problems of the Black Sea. – On the basis of the part of the forces of the Soviet Black Sea Fleet, the Navy of Bulgaria and Romania there was created the Joint Black Sea Fleet. – The Soviet Black Sea Fleet gave six torpedo boats to the Navy of Bulgaria.

1973 – Signing of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (amended in 1978)—the main international convention regulating protec- tion of the marine environment from pollution from ships (MARPOL—78). – The first Bulgarian—Soviet experiment in the manned Soviet underwater labo- ratory “Chernomor”, entitled “Shelf—Chernomor—73”. – Foundation of the Institute for Marine Research and Oceanology in Varna, Bulgaria. – Kerch was awarded the title “Hero-City”. – Beginning of the construction of the sea commercial port “Yuzhnyi”. – following the decision of the Krasnodar Krai Executive Committee was now under the administrative control of the Crimea. 876 Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas

– Creation of the Danube branch of the Black Sea State Reserve. – Novorossiysk was awarded the title “Hero-City”.

1974 – The second Bulgarian-Soviet experiment in the manned Soviet underwater laboratory “Chernomor”, entitled “Chernomor—74”. – The port of Varna-West was built 30 km from the city of Varna—the most modern port of Bulgaria. – The “Handbook on the Climate of the Black Sea” was compiled.

1975 – The special drilling vessel “Glomar Challenger” (USA) worked in the Black Sea. – The research vessel “Chain” from the USA made a short voyage in the Black Sea. – The Post Number One was opened in Novorossiysk on the 30th anniversary of the victory over on the square, where the graves of the Heroes of the Soviet Union Ts.L. Kunikov and N.I. Sipyagin are situated. – The territory of the Danube branch of the Black Sea State Reserve was identified as of international importance. – Signing of the agreement between the USSR and Bulgaria on organization of the ferry service between Ilyichevsk and Varna.

1976 – Adoption of the Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and the Council of Ministers of the USSR “On measures to prevent pollution of the Black and Azov Sea basins”. – The seaport on the Dniester was built in the city of - Dnestrovskiy. – Foundation of the Bulgarian Ship Hydrodynamics Centre.

1976–1978 – Implementation of the joint program of the Complex Research of the Black Sea (SKOICh) involving major organizations of the Black Sea.

1977 – The polygon Kamchiya of the Institute of Oceanology of the Academy of Sciences of Bulgaria came into service. – The port of Ust-Dunaisk was founded in the Zhebriyanskaya Bay of the Danube Delta (Odessa region).

1977–1979 – International experiment at the polygon “Kamchiya” in Bulgaria under the program of the CMEA member countries. Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas 877

1978 – Jacques-Yves Cousteau visited the Black Sea. – Publication of the compilation book “Cherno more” (“The Black Sea”) in Bulgaria, later (in 1983) it was published in Russian as “Chernoe more” (“The Black Sea”). – joined the Montreux Convention. – Publication of the works of “Tristia. Epistulae ex Ponto” (“Sorrows. Letters from the Black Sea”). – Publication of the paper by A.V. Fedorov “Ponto-Caspian ”. – Foundation of the sea commercial port “Yuzhnyi” 20 km from Odessa in the Grigoryevskiy mouth. One of the three largest ports of Ukraine.

1980 – The nudibranch mollusk Doridella was for the first time detected in the north- western part of the Black Sea. – Beginning of the formation of joint squadrons of the ships of the Soviet Black Sea Fleet and the Navy of the People’s Republic of Bulgaria in the Black Sea. – The “Danube—Sasyk” was built.

1981 – Tuapse for the courage and fortitude shown on a massive scale by its citizens during the Great Patriotic War was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War. – Storm on the Black Sea near Cape Tarkhankut; waves washed away the floor of the oil platform at the height of 14 m above sea level. – The scientific-production association “Gruzberegozaschita” was created on the basis of the laboratory of the sea coastal zone of the Institute of of the Academy of Sciences of . – Foundation of the State Reserve of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine “Dan- ube flooded lands”. – Publication of the book by V.N. Stepanov, V.N. Andreev “The Black Sea, resources and problems”.

1982 – Signing of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. – Turkey introduced new rules of navigation on the Bosphorus. – The Ctenophore leidyi was detected in the northern part of the Black Sea.

1983 – Creation of the Black Sea State Biosphere Reserve.

1984 – Irish traveler and writer on the sailing oared ship “” repeated the trip of the . 878 Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas

– The ancient city of Acra founded by the Hellenes in the sixh century B.C. was found at the bottom of the Gulf of Kerch.

1985 – The Institute for Marine Research and Oceanology in Varna, Bulgaria, was transformed into the Institute of Oceanology.

1986 – Collision of the bulk carrier “Petr Vasev” with the passenger liner “Admiral Nakhimov” near Novorossiysk. The latter sank claiming 423 lives. – The cruiser “Yorktown” and the destroyer “Caron” of the US Navy appeared at the coast of the Crimea near Feodosiya.

1987 – Publication of the book by M.V. Agbunov “Antique pilot of the Black Sea”. – Creation of the State Commission on the Crimean Tatars (Chairman—A.A. Gromyko).

1988 – International geological expedition to the Black Sea aboard the “Knorr”, USA, that consisted of five trips. – The Azov and Black Sea Research Institute for Fishery and Oceanography got a new name—YugNIRO. – The cruiser “Yorktown” and the destroyer “Caron” of the US Navy appeared again in the Black Sea. They were going along the Soviet coast from the side of Sevastopol, violating the state border. The patrol ship “Bezzavetnyi” (“Selfless”) twice rammed “Yorktown”, after which the American ships came out of the Soviet .

1989 – An uprising in Romania resulted in the overthrowing of the government, exe- cution of Ceausescu, change of the country’s name into Romania.

1990 – Adoption of the Declaration of the National Sovereignty of Ukraine. – Publication of the Bulgarian-Soviet monograph “Practical Ecology of Marine Regions of the Black Sea”.

1991 – Establishment of the program of joint scientific research of the Black Sea (CoMSBlack). – Publication of the volume “The Black Sea” in the framework of the project “Sea” of the scientific—technical program “The World Ocean” of the USSR State Committee for Science and Technology. – The Danube Delta was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List. Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas 879

– The Supreme Council of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic declared the independence of Ukraine.

1992 – Creation of the Black Sea Fleet of Ukraine. – Signing of the “Declaration on the Black Sea Economic Cooperation—BSEC” by the Heads of State and Government of , Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, , Romania, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine in Istanbul. – The Black Sea countries signed the Bucharest Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution. – Creation of the JSC “Novorossiysk Commercial Sea Port”. – An extraordinary storm on the Black Sea. Large waves eroded of the Crimea and flooded many ships in the port of Yalta. Losses exceeded 2.5 billion Rubles (at 1992 values). – The Danube Delta became a biosphere reserve under the umbrella of UNESCO. – Publication of the book “Peniteli Ponta” by E.V. Venikeev, L.T. Artemenko in . – From Poti to Novorossiysk there were drawn out 18 combat ships and boats; 3 marine vessels for various purposes; 17 roadsters and boats. Navy ships and vessels brought about five thousand military servants, members of their families, etc. – Publication of the paper “The Black Sea ecosystem” by M.E. Vinogradov et al.

1993 – Creation of the Black Sea Environmental Programme (BSEP). – Creation of the Black Sea Environmental Series for publication of works performed under the Black Sea Environmental Programme. – The Odessa Declaration on the Black Sea protection by the Ministers of Environment. – The Turkish government announced a review of the ships passage through the Bosporus and Dardanelles Straits due to “environmental security”. – Presidents of Ukraine and Russia signed an agreement on urgent measures for the formation of the Naval Forces of Ukraine and the Naval Fleet of Russia on the basis of the Black Sea Fleet. – A large landing ship (BDK-69) and the “Konstantin Olshanskiy” ship carried out the delivery of humanitarian aid to the area of the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict and took refugees from the port of Sukhumi. – At the request of the Government of Georgia a tactical operations group under the flag of Black Sea Fleet Commander Admiral E.D. Baltin was sent to the area of Poti to participate in restoring the constitutional order in Poti. 880 Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas

1994 – Creation of the Black Sea Regional Activity Centre for Environmental Aspects of Fisheries and other Marine Living Resources Management (Constanta, Romania). – Turkey has introduced navigation regulations in the area of the Straits and the . – An extraordinary storm at the Black Sea disrupted the planned NATO maneuvers. – A collision of the crude “Nassia” with the bulk carrier “Shipbroker” in the Bosporus. 34 people died. 9,000 tons of oil spilled and burnt. The strait was closed for several days. – Foundation of the Black Sea Trade and Development Bank. – The Maritime Safety Committee of the UN International Maritime Organization adopted a set of international rules for the passage through the Straits. – Publication of the book “Accidents in the Black Sea” by E.F. Shnyukov, L.I. Mitin, V.P. Tsemke in Kiev. – Creation of the Inter-departmental Commission on the Black Sea for implemen- tation of the “Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution”.

1995 – Publication of the “Black Sea Bibliography” (1974–1994) in the . – The Turkish ferry “Avrasiya” was captured by Chechens in the Black Sea port of . – The workshop NATO-ARW «Sensitivity to Change: Black Sea, Baltic Sea and ”. – Publication of the book “Pirates of the Black Sea” by E.F. Shnyukov in Kiev.

1996 – The Strategic Action Plan for the Rehabilitation and Protection of the Black Sea was approved in Istanbul—the Black Sea Day. – The Moscow meeting of the Heads of State and Government of the participating countries of the BSEC. There was adopted a strategic political decision to transform the BSEC into an international organization of regional cooperation. – Creation of the Black Sea Regional Commission (BSRC) within the Intergov- ernmental Oceanographic Commission. – Creation of the Black Sea Regional Programme IOC/UNESCO. – The Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis of the Black Sea was compiled. – Creation of the independent group of observers of problems of the straits in Turkey. – The first in the history of the large-scale exercises of the “More-96” (“Sea-96”). – Due to the worsening of the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict the Black Sea Fleet allocated a tactical group with a reinforced squadron of Marine Corps to assist ships of certain brigades of border patrol ships of the Russian Federal Border Service in the blockade of the Abkhazian coast. Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas 881

– The Coordination Center of the BSEP in Miskhor held the first international conference on sustainable development in the Black Sea region.

1997 – A meeting of the BSEC Foreign Ministers with the participation of Ministers of Economy in Istanbul. There was signed a declaration of intentions to create a Black Sea free trade zone and there was adopted an Action Plan for the implementation of provisions of the Moscow summit. – The presidents of Russia and Ukraine signed the Treaty of Friendship, Cooper- ation and Partnership between Ukraine and the Russian Federation. – There was signed an agreement on the status and conditions of the stay of the Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine.

1998 – The largest protest of representatives of 300 NGOs took place in the Bosporus against Caspian oil transportation through the Strait. – Creation of the Danube Biosphere Reserve.

1999 – Creation of the Oceanological Center of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, which united the Marine Hydrophysical Institute and its departments in Odessa and in the village of Katsiveli (Crimea), Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Odessa branch of the Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas. – The Russian tanker “Volganeft-248” crashed in the Bosporus with 43,000 tons of fuel oil. Almost 1,500 tons of oil spilled to the sea. – Publication of the book “Environmental Degradation of the Black Sea: Chal- lenges and Remedies” in the NATO Science Series. – The International Coordinating Committee of the UNESCO Programme “Man and Biosphere” decided to recognize the estuarine territories of the Danube as the unified Romanian- Croatian biosphere reserve. – Publication of the book “Russia and the Black Sea Straits” (eighteenth to twentieth centuries) in Moscow. – Foundation of the Black Sea branch of the M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University in Sevastopol.

2000 – The of Ukraine adopted the law “On special (free) economic zone on the territory of the Odessa Sea Commercial Port”. – Creation of the Southern Federal District (originally North Caucasian District). – Creation of the “Gosgidrografiya” institution (“State Hydrography”) by order of the Ministry of Transport of Ukraine. 882 Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas

Twenty-First Century

2001 – President of the Russian Federation approved the Maritime Doctrine of the Russian Federation. – The “National Programme for the protection and restoration of the environment of the Azov and Black Seas” was adopted and approved in Ukraine.

2002 – Completion of the construction of the world deepest gas pipeline along the Black Sea bottom “Blue Stream” (from Dzhubga, Russia to Samsun, Turkey). – Tornado on the Russian coast of the Black Sea, which claimed hundreds of people. – Publication of the book “The Black Sea ecology and oceanography” by Yu. Sorokin in the . – The French oil and gas company “Total” is involved in the of hydrocarbons in the area of the Val Shatskiy oil field in the deep part of the Black Sea. – Publication of the collection book “Comprehensive study of the northeastern part of the Black Sea”.

2002–2003 – Negotiations between representatives of Russia and Ukraine on the legal status of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait and delimitation of the Black Sea.

2003 – The Agreement on the Ukrainian-Russian state border was signed between the Russian Federation and Ukraine. – Constanta became a free port. – Construction of a dam in the Kerch Strait between the Island of Tuzla and land o fRussia. – Beginning of territorial disputes on the Kerch Strait between Russia and Ukraine. – The French oil and gas company “Total” signed an agreement with “Rosneft” on joint development and exploration of fields in the Tuapse Trough area of the Black Sea. – Foundation of the Southern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sci- ences in Rostov, which conducts oceanographic research expeditions in the Black and Azov Seas. – A conference on the development of the port of Batumi was held in the Paris office of the World Bank. – The Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine approved the feasibility study for construc- tion of the Danube-Black Sea deep-water fairway. Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas 883

2004 – Romania joined NATO.

2005 – Russian President’s visit to Samsun (Turkey) for the official opening of the “Blue Stream” gas pipeline. – The international scientific conference “Modern state of ecosystems of the Black and Azov Seas”, Donuzlav, Crimea. – The traffic was blocked in the Bosporus for a few days because a bulk carrier with of liquefied gas had sunk during a storm.

2006 – Large-scale maneuvers of the Russian Black Sea Fleet. – The summit of the Black Sea Forum for Dialogue and Partnership was held in Bucharest. – Russia and Italy announced drafting of the South European Gas Pipeline (“Southern Stream”), which is to be put at the bottom of the Black Sea. – Ukraine resumed working on the Danube-Black Sea deep-water fairway. – Publication of the book “Black Sea Encyclopedia” by S.R. Grinevetsky, I.S. Zonn, S.S. Zhiltsov by the “International Relations” publishing house in Moscow. – The gas pipeline project Baku--Erzurum was implemented. – The EU has put forward a regional cooperation initiative for the Black Sea region—“Black Sea Synergy”. – Publication of the “Millennium around the Black Sea” by D.M. Abramov in Moscow.

2008 – Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko ordered the government to prepare a draft law on the termination of intergovernmental agreements on the temporary stay of the Russian Fleet on the territory of Ukraine starting from 2017. – Turkey launched an initiative to create the Caucasus Stability and Cooperation Platform. – The Charter on strategic partnership between Ukraine and the United States was signed in Washington. – Publication of the book “The Black Sea Environment” by Kostianoy A.G. and Kosarev A.N. (Eds.) in Springer, Germany.

2009 – The UN International Court of Justice in The Hague defined the demarcation line between the and the of Ukraine and Romania in the northwestern part of the Black Sea. – Russia and Turkey agreed to establish a working group to develop a pipeline project called “Blue Stream-2” with the pipeline to be put along the bottom of the Black Sea. 884 Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas

– The international energy summit in Sofia adopted the Declaration on support of gas pipeline projects in the direction of Southern . It emphasized the geopolitical importance of the Black Sea region. – An intergovernmental agreement between Turkey, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Austria to support the “Nabucco” project was signed in Ankara (Turkey).

2010 – Publication of the book “The Black Sea Region: a new shape” by I.S. Zonn and S.S. Zhiltsov in Moscow. – Russia and Ukraine signed an agreement on the extension of the stay of the Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Federation in Sevastopol (Crimea, Ukraine) until 2042. – The US company “Chevron” signed an agreement with the Russian company “Rosneft” to develop the Black Sea shelf (the Val Shatskiy oil field). – The Second Black Sea Energy and Economic Forum was held in Istanbul (Turkey).

2012 – The traditional international naval exercises of the “Black Sea Naval Coopera- tion Task Group—BLACKSEAFOR” took place at the Black Sea. – The Russian company “Rosneft” and the Italian company “Eni” in the frame- work of the previous agreements signed a financial agreement on development of the Black Sea areas.

2013 – President of the Russian Federation approved the concept of the Russian foreign policy, which reflects the importance of the Black Sea region. – The Black Sea Oil and Gas conference took place in Istanbul (Turkey).

2014 – Dramatic political events in the Ukraine, the power overturn, and destabilization of the internal situation in the country in February and 2014 led to a change of political map of the Black Sea Region. On 11 March 2014 Parliament of Autonomous adopted a Declaration of independence. On 16 March a referendum on the status of the Crimea took place. The official result from the Autonomous Republic of Crimea was a 96.77 % vote for integration of the region into the Russian Federation with an 83.1 % voter turnout. Based on these results, on 18 March 2014 the Crimea became a part of the Russian Federation, including the appropriate sea waters in the Black and Azov seas. – On 12 May 2014 and Lugansk People’s (former regions of the Ukraine) declared independence from the Ukraine. – Civil war in the Ukraine. List of Abbreviations

abs. Absolute height over the World Ocean level (in meters) A.D. Anno Domini ADB Asian Development Bank AS Academy of Sciences ASSR Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic B.C. Before Christ C.A. Central Asia CC (CPSU) Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CPSU Communist Party of the Soviet Union cu. cubic EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development ECO Economic Cooperation Organization ESCAP The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific EU FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GDP Gross Development Product GEF Global Environment Facility GGI State Hydrological Institute (Russia) GIS Geographic Information System GKNT (SCST) The USSR State Committee for Science and Techniques GNP Gross National Product GOIN State Oceanographic Institute (Russia) ha hectare IDB Islamic Development Bank HMS Hydro-meteo station HPS Hydroelectric power station IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICID International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage ICSD Interstate Commission for Sustainable Development ICWC Interstate Coordination Water (management) Commission (continued)

S.R. Grinevetsky et al., The Black Sea Encyclopedia, 885 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-55227-4, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 886 List of Abbreviations

INCO- The INCO-COPERNICUS programme promotes scientific and technological Copernicus cooperation with the countries of and the new independent states of the former Soviet Union INTAS International Association for the promotion of co-operation with scientists from the New Independent States of the former Soviet Union RAS P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences JSC Joint stock company m abs. elev. Absolute height over the World Ocean level (in meters) MSU Moscow State University (Russia) NATO CLG NATO Cooperative Linkage Grant NGO A Non-governmental organization OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OIC Organisation of the Islamic conference OPEC Organization of the Exporting Countries OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe RAS Russian Academy of Sciences RF Russian Federation RFBR Russian Foundation for Basic Research RGS Russian Geographical Society RSFSR Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic SCO The Shanghai Cooperation Organization SCP State Committee for Planning (USSR) SCST (GKNT) The USSR State Committee for Science and Technology SNK Council of People’s Commissars (USSR, 1923–1946) SOPS Council for Investigation of Production Forces sq. square SSR Soviet Socialist Republic TACIS Technical Assistance for the Commonwealth of Independent States thou thousand TSFSR Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic UN United Nations UNDP The United Nations Development Programme UNEP The United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization USAID United States Agency for International Development USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics USSR AS The USSR Academy of Sciences VKP(b) All-Union Communist Party of bolsheviks (USSR, 1925–1952) VNIIMORGEO All-Union Scientific Research Institute for Marine and Geophysics (Russia) VNIRO All-Russia Scientific Research Institute for Fishery and Oceanography VSNKh Supreme Council of the Russian (1917–1932) and the Soviet Union (1963– 1965) National Economy WMO World Meteorological Organization Bibliography

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