Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas Eighteenth Century 1700 – The Treaty of Constantinople was signed on 13 July 1700 between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. It ended the Russian-Turkish War of 1686–1700. 1701 – Engraver from Holland A. Schoonebeek engraved a map called “Eastern part of the Sea Palus Maeotis, which is now called the Sea of Azov.” On the map there were shown: the coastline of the sea, the grid of parallels and meridians, the compass grid, depths, anchor positions, cities. The map scale is about 1:700,000, the size is 52 Â 63 cm, published in Moscow. 1702–1704 – P. Picart issued in Moscow a map called “Direct drawing of the Black Sea from the town of Kerch to Tsargrad.” On the map there were shown the towns of Bendery, Ochakov, Taman, Trapezund, Tsargrad and there was an inset of the Bosphorus Strait with depths depicted on the fairway. 1703 – Issue of the Atlas of the Black and Azov seas with the navigation chart of the track from Kerch to Constantinople (observation was performed by the ship “Krepost”). 1703–1704 – The “Atlas of the Don River, Azov and Black Seas” compiled by Admiral C. Cruys was printed in Amsterdam; it consisted of a description and 17 maps. 1706 – A lot of new ships were added to the Russian Azov Fleet. S.R. Grinevetsky et al., The Black Sea Encyclopedia, 843 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-55227-4, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 844 Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas 1710–1713 – Russian–Turkish War. 1711 – Treaty of the Pruth was signed between Russia and Turkey according to which Russia was to hand over the fortress of Azov to Turkey. 1713 – Treaty of Adrianople was signed between Russia and Turkey. 1720 – “Perpetual Peace” between Russia and Turkey was signed in Constantinople; it replaced the temporary Treaty of Adrianople of 1713. 1722 – The Turks founded the fortress of Sudjuk-Kale (later Novorossiysk) 1733 – The Don Military Flotilla was formed; formation of the Russian Fleet to assist Russian troops in repelling attacks of the Crimean Tatars in the basin of the Don River and fighting with the Turkish Fleet in the Sea of Azov. 1735 – War with Turkey in 1735–1739 with the aim to return the Azov coast, Crimea to Russia, and to gain access to the Black Sea 1735–1739 – Russia in alliance with Austria is fighting against Turkey and takes Crimea twice. 1736 – The Russian Fleet of 50 ships under the command of Rear Admiral Bredal took part in the siege and taking of the Turkish fortress of Azov. 1737 – Peace negotiations between Russia and Austria on the one hand and Turkey on the other hand during the Russian-Turkish War of 1735–1739. The negotiations were called The Congress of Nemirov after a Ukrainian place named Nemirov (now an urban-type settlement in the Vinnytsia Oblast). – Formation of the Dnieper War Flotilla to assist the Russian Army which was fighting on the coast of the Dnieper Liman during the Russian-Turkish War of 1735–1739. – Russian boat under the command of Captain De Fre´mery sent to the Azov was met at the Fedotov Spit by the Turkish squadron of 31 ships. De Fre´mery sent the team to the shore, set afire the boat, with which he died. Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas 845 1739 – The Treaty of Belgrade between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. It ended the war of Russia and Austria against the Ottoman Empire in 1735–1739. Russia was prohibited from keeping its ships in the Black and Azov Seas. The Azov district now belonged to Russia. – Special navigation atlas was published by L. Renard; a map of the Black Sea was included in the atlas. 1768 – The Azov Military Flotilla started to form in Russia. 1768–1774 – Russian-Turkish War, which resulted in the proclamation of the Crimean Khan- ate independent of Turkey, Kerch becoming a Russian city, and forming of Russian garrisons in all ports. 1768–1796 – Some reconnaissance marine surveys of the Black and Azov seas under the leadership of Senyavin D., Odintsov I., Bersenev I. et al. were carried out. 1769 – Building of the Azov Military Flotilla in Russia. 1770 – Night attack in Chesma Bay during the Russian-Turkish War of 1768–1774 by the avant-garde of the Russian ships under the command of Rear-Admiral S.K. Greig (The Naval Battle of Chesma). 1771 – Admiral Senyavin introduced the map of the Sea of Azov with the Strait of Kerch to the Collegium of Admiralties. – Creation of the Danube Military Flotilla in Russia – Proclamation of the independence of the Crimean State. 1772 – Seizure of the fortress Chesma by assault. – The map of the Black Sea compiled by Jacques Nicolas Bellin was published in Paris. In the Russian Fleet it was used in copies and had significant errors: coastlines of the Black Sea were applied with an accuracy of up to 65 miles, coastlines of the Azov Sea—with an accuracy of 40 miles, and the mouth of the Don River was shown 100 miles further eastward. 1773 – Sea battle near Balaklava between two Russian ships “Koron” and “Taganrog” and the Turkish squadron of four ships. 846 Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas – Topographical survey and measurement (“...with measurements and tools”) of the Sevastopol Bay were performed by the team under the command of naviga- tor I.V. Baturin. The first map of the bay was made—“Map of the harbor of Akhtiar with measurements” and “Plan of the harbor of Akhtiar with measure- ments and the position of the town of Ackerman”, but the plan didn’t receive widespread use. 1774 – Battle in the Kerch Strait between a Russian squadron under the command of Rear Admiral V.Ya. Tchichagov and a Turkish squadron. – Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainardji (Ku¨c¸u¨k Kaynarca) between Russia and Turkey was signed, which ended the Russian-Turkish War of 1768–1774. Russia gained free access to the Black Sea. 1775 – Publication of the description of southern ports and seas, compiled by Academic Johann Anton Gu¨ldensta¨dt 1778 – Beginning of the building of the town and port of Kherson near a small fortress of Aleksanderschanz, which will be home of ship-building at the Black Sea. – Foundation of the Kherson commercial seaport. 1779 – Beginning of the construction of the first Russian Black Sea Fleet battleship “Saint Catherine” (60 guns) in Kherson. In 1784–1785 years it was dismantled on the stocks. 1782 – For the first time the Russian ships “Ostorozhnyi” and “Otvazhnyi” entered the Bay of Akhtiar and wintered there. During the winter their teams compiled the first sea map of the Sevastopol Bay. 1783 – Foundation of Sevastopol—the main base of the Russian Black Sea Fleet. – Foundation of the Russian Black Sea Navy. – Foundation of the Admiralty of Sevastopol—predecessor of the Sevastopol sea plant. – The ships of the Azov Flotilla under the command of Vice-Admiral F.A. Klokachev came into the Bay of Akhtiar (the Bay of Sevastopol). – G.A. Potemkin was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Black Sea Fleet. Building of the marine and commercial fleets at the Black Sea was performed under his command and upon his initiative. Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas 847 – Compilation of the “Map of the harbor of Akhtiar from the mouth of the Belbek River to the former town of Kherson is compiled upon demand of His Excel- lency F.A. Klokachev in 1783”. 1784 – The name “Sevastopol” was given to the town. 1785 – By a decree of Catherine II, all Crimean ports were exempt from customs duties for a period of 5 years, and customs guards were transferred to Perekop. – The Russian government approved the first sea staff of the Black Sea Fleet. – Turkish cartographer Mustafa Rezmi painted by hand on silk a map of the Black Sea. 1786 – The Bay of Sevastopol became the main base for the Russian Black Sea Fleet. 1787 – Joint actions of the Russian Army and the flotilla in the Dnieper Liman. – Severe storm in the Black Sea, destroying the Sevastopol squadron. 1787–1791 – Russian-Turkish War; Turkey acknowledges the incorporation of the Crimea into Russia. 1788 – During the Russian-Turkish War of 1787–1791 a naval battle took place in the Dnieper Liman between the Turkish Fleet under the command of Hassan al-Gasi (43 ships) and the Russian rowing Liman Flotilla under the command of Rear- Admiral Karl Heinrich de Nassau-Siegen (50 ships). – Expedition of the Russian squadron and its victory over the Turkish Fleet at Sinop. – The defeat of the Turkish Fleet under Ochakov. – The Black Sea Fleet squadron under the command of F.F. Ushakov defeated the Turkish Fleet at the Island of Fidonisi. – Construction of shipyards in Nikolaev. – A ship under the command of Captain II Rank Johann Reinhold von der Osten- Sacken was attacked by 30 Turkish ships near the mouth of the Southern Bug River. Osten-Saken blew up his vessel along with Turkish janissaries. – John Paul Jones, the first officer of the US Navy, Rear-Admiral of the Russian Black Sea Fleet, the famous privateer of the Atlantic Ocean, came to serve at the Black Sea. 848 Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Black and Azov Seas 1789 – Russian victory over the Turkish Army at Rymnik. – Foundation of the city of Nikolaev—the rear base of the Russian Black Sea Fleet.