Asia Pacific Social Science Review

ASIA-PACIFIC SOCIAL SCIENCE REVIEW

Volume 13 Number 1 JUNE 2013

- Accredited by the CHED as one of the most distinguished Philippine journals classified in Category B level - Abstracted and Indexed in EBSCO The Asia-Pacific Social Science Review (APSSR) is an internationally refereed journal published biannually by the De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines and is abstracted by the online research database SCOPUS. It aims to introduce a venue for the discussion of contemporary issues related to economics, politics, development, society, and international relations. Subject matter should be on topics that concern the Asia-pacific region, or that which provides a perspective from within the region. The APSSR encourages theoretical and methodological papers with an emphasis on comparative study and empirical research addressing development problems in Asia and Pacific contexts. It seeks to publish research arising from a broad variety of methodological traditions and those with multi- and inter- disciplinary focus. The APSSR is officially endorsed by the Asian Political and International Studies Association (APISA).

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ISSN 0119-8386

Published by De La Salle University Publishing House 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila 1004 Philippines Telephone: (63 2) 523-4281 / 524-2611 loc 271 Fax: (63 2) 523-4281 Emails: [email protected] [email protected] Website: www.dlsu.edu.ph

The De La Salle University Publishing House is the publications office of De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines. EDITORIAL BOARD

Editor Julio Teehankee De La Salle University, Philippines

Managing Editor Al James Untalan De La Salle University, Philippines

INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD

Patricio N. Abinales Wang Li University of Hawaii-Manoa, U.S.A Nankai University, Tianjin, China Leonora Angeles Ron Matthews University of British Columbia, Canada Nangyang Technological University, Singapore Edward Aspinall Australian National University, Akihisa Matsuno Canbrera, Australia Osaka School of International Public Policy, Osaka, Japan William Case City University of Hong Kong, SAR, China Charmaine Misalucha De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines Paul Chambers Payap University, Chiang Mai, Thailand Ka Ho Mok The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Renato de Castro SAR, China De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines Siripan Nogsuan Narayanan Ganesan, Chulalongkorn University, Bankok, Thailand Hiroshima Peace Institute, Hiroshima, Japan Kitti Prasertsuk Edmund Terence Gomez Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Robert Salazar Ritsumeikan Asia-Pacific University, Joaquin Gonzales III Beppu, Japan University of San Francisco, USA Christian Schafferer Allen Hicken Overseas Chinese University, Taichung, Taiwan University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Bilveer Singh Toshiya Hoshino National University of Singapore Osaka School of International Public Policy, Osaka, Japan Mark Thompson City University of Hong Kong, SAR, China Brendan Howe Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea Dirk Tomsa La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia Paul Hutchcroft Australian National University, Andreas Ufen Canbrera, Australia German Institute of Global Affairs, Hamburg, Germany Yuko Kasuya Keio University, Tokyo, Japan Napisa Waitoolkiat Payap University, Chiang Mai, Thailand Philip Kelly York University, Canada Meredith Weiss State University of New York at Albany, Gerardo Largoza New York, USA De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines

ASIA-PACIFIC SOCIAL SCIENCE REVIEW Table of Contents

EDITOR’S NOTES

ARTICLES

Brazil’s Bolsa Familia and the Philippines’ “4Ps” CCT Programs: 1 Considering South–South Cooperation for Social Protection Mark Stevenson Curry, Airah Tauli Cadiogan, and Rogério Gimenes Giugliano

Economic Growth, Globalization, and Poverty in Taiwan: 16 Evidence After Economic Liberalization Shou-Lu Lee

Establishing the ASEAN Economic Community Through Investment Integration 30 John Paolo R. Rivera and Beatrice Regina S. Lagdameo

Responsibility to Protect in Southeast Asia and the Role of 41 Civil Society Organizations as Norm Entrepreneurs Maria Thaemar Tana

Sources of “Sandwich Coalitions”: Distributive Strategies and Democratic Politics 50 in India, Thailand, and the Philippines Arun Swamy

FROM THE EDITOR

Globalization increased the interdependence among nation-states and expedited the mobility of commodities, services, and technology across borders. It even resulted to the phenomenon of functional spillover evident on the growing propensity for intergovernmental cooperation, regionalism, and economic integration. However, alongside the positive effects arise criticisms that globalization actually furthers the expansion of the gap between the rich and the poor; catalyzes the aggravation of illicit transactions and transnational crimes; and even blurs the already thin definition of state sovereignty. Many account these to the weakness of institutions, the incongruence of prevalent norms, and even to domestic factors (e.g., political systems, social structures, etc.). That being so, this issue of APSSR compiles articles discussing issues on international political economy, human security, and comparative politics. The first articleBrazil’s Bolsa Familia and the Philippines’ ‘4Ps’ CCT Programs: Considering South-South Cooperation for Social Protection by Mark Stevenson Curry, Airah Tauli Cadiogan, and Rogerio Gimenes Giuliano examines neoliberalist policies as mechanisms for poverty alleviation especially in the global south. In particular, it looks at the effects of the implementation of Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programs by the governments of Brazil (i.e., Bolsa Familia Program or the BFP) and the Philippines (i.e., Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program or the 4Ps). The authors conclude that the success of the BFP is due to the centralization of the program under one ministry to regulate corruption and ensure transparency. On the other hand, the Philippines experience difficulty in effectuating the 4Ps for it is being handled and influenced by multiple institutions. The second article Economic Growth, Globalization, and Poverty in Taiwan: Evidence After Economic Liberalization by Shou-Lu Lee is the first Taiwan study to investigate the effects of neoliberalist policies in Taiwan since it joined the wave of globalization in 1987. Using quantitative approach in explaining the globalization-growth-poverty nexus, the author argues that trade liberalization–particularly the policies on exports–have positive impact on the mean income of the poor in the short run. The third article Establishing the ASEAN Economic Community Through Investment Integration by John Paolo Rivera and Beatrice Regina Lagdameo looks into the current climate of monetary flow and surge of foreign direct investments (FDIs) in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region, and examines the readiness of the current framework of the proposed ASEAN Economic Community for such. The authors suggest the need for the amendment of the ASEAN Charter in order to permit the existence of a hegemon that would facilitate investment integration and harmonization within the ASEAN region. The fourth article Responsibility to Protect in Southeast Asia and the Role of Civil Society Organizations as Norm Entrepreneurs by Maria Thaemar Tana uses the constructivist lens in explaining the incompatibility of Responsibility to Protect (R2P) to the norm of non-intervention enshrined in the ASEAN Way. The author explicates that transnational advocacy networks and civil society organizations–as norm entrepreneurs–contribute in raising awareness and encouraging ASEAN member states to facilitate dialogues and transform R2P from discourse to action. This issue closes with the article Sources of ‘Sandwich Coalitions’: Distributive Strategies and Democratic Politics in India, Thailand, and Philippines by Arun Swamy. It examines the emergence and formation of sandwich coalitions, the place they occupy in various political systems, and their significant impact during elections. The author explains the weakness of sandwich coalitions in the Philippines–particularly during the Marcos regime–by comparing this to the experience of less-stratified societies such as that of in India andThailand.

Julio C. Teehankee Editor, APSSR June 2013 issue