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L'antisémitisme Et Le Mouvement Nationaliste Québécois

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L'antisémitisme Et Le Mouvement Nationaliste Québécois Les revues et les journaux canadiens-français face aux droites radicales européennes, 1918-1945 Hugues Théorêt Thèse soumise à la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales dans le cadre des exigences du programme de Doctorat en histoire Département d’histoire Faculté des arts Université d’Ottawa © Hugues Théorêt, Ottawa, Canada, 2016 RÉSUMÉ Cette thèse porte sur l’analyse des discours autour des droites radicales européennes dans les revues et les journaux du Canada français. Qu’est-ce que les publications canadiennes-françaises des années 1920, 1930 et 1940 (revues, journaux d’opinions et grands quotidiens) avaient à dire sur les cinq principales droites radicales de l’Europe de l’entre-deux-guerres incarnées par Benito Mussolini en Italie, Charles Maurras et l’Action française en France, Adolf Hitler en Allemagne, Franco en Espagne et Salazar au Portugal ? À quels types d’éditoriaux, de couverture de presse et de propagande le lectorat canadien-français était-il exposé dans ces publications qui avaient, pour la plupart, un parti pris affiché pour ou contre les droites radicales européennes ? En quoi les positions du Saint-Siège sur les droites radicales ont-elles influencé l’opinion des journalistes et des éditorialistes canadiens-français à leur égard ? Le Canada français était-il davantage attiré par le corporatisme social découlant des traditions de l’Église catholique plutôt que par le corporatisme d’État qui a fortement inspiré des dictateurs européens comme Mussolini, Franco et Salazar ? Dans quelle mesure l’anticommunisme au Canada français a-t-il forgé les opinions à l’égard des droites radicales européennes ? L’attitude du Canada français à l’égard d’Hitler a-t-elle changé lors de l’invasion de la France en juin 1940 ? Comment interpréter le NON du Canada français lors du plébiscite de 1942 sur la conscription face à ces même des droites radicales européennes ? Voilà autant de questions qui guident cette recherche dans les pages des revues, mensuels et hebdomadaires et quotidiens de différentes allégeances. L’originalité de cette thèse repose sur le fait qu’elle couvre à la fois l’étude de cinq droites radicales européennes (L’Action française de Charles Maurras, Mussolini, Salazar, Hitler et Franco) à travers le prisme de vingt publications canadiennes-françaises qui reflètent l’ensemble du spectre idéologique du Canada français de l’entre-deux- guerres que l’on pourrait diviser en six groupes. Le premier, l’extrême gauche, est incarné par l’hebdomadaire communiste Clarté. On retrouve ensuite la gauche libérale dont les idées sont véhiculées par l’hebdomadaire Le Jour et le quotidien L’Ordre. En troisième lieu, nous avons la gauche catholique personnifiée par la revue La Relève et le mensuel Jeunesse. En outre, nous pouvons regrouper les revues L’Action française de Montréal, L’Action nationale et les quotidiens L’Action catholique, Le Devoir et Le Droit au sein du noyau nationaliste et catholique. Au centre de l’échiquier, nous avons des publications plus libérales et capitalistes destinées au grand public, à savoir La Presse, Le Soleil, La Patrie, Le Canada et La Revue moderne. Enfin, nous retrouvons à l’extrême droite du spectre les publications d’obédience fasciste Le Miroir, Le Patriote, Fasciste Canadien et, dans une moindre mesure, la revue Vivre et l’hebdomadaire La Nation dont le radicalisme n’atteignait pas le niveau des journaux d’Adrien Arcand. La thèse comporte sept chapitres qui portent sur l’opinion des revues et de la presse canadiennes-françaises sur les droites radicales européennes pour la période s’échelonnant de 1918 à 1945. Ainsi, le deuxième chapitre se consacre aux droites radicales européennes couvrant la période 1918-1932, à savoir l’Action française et Charles Maurras en France Benito Mussolini en Italie et Salazar au Portugal. Le troisième chapitre se concentre sur l’avènement au pouvoir des Nazis en Allemagne en 1933. Le ii quatrième chapitre porte sur l’Allemagne nazie d’Hitler et l’Italie fasciste de Mussolini pour la période 1933-1935. Le cinquième chapitre traite de la Guerre civile espagnole et Franco de 1936 à 1939. Le sixième chapitre s’attarde à la formation des forces de l’Axe en 1936 et aux événements qui se succèdent sur la scène internationale jusqu’à l’été 1939. Enfin, le septième et dernier chapitre couvre toute la période de la Seconde Guerre mondiale de 1939 à 1945. Après une analyse de 690 textes, éditoriaux et articles de presse, nous concluons que la culture religieuse fortement implantée dans le Canada français de l’entre-deux- guerres a constitué un rempart idéologique contre l’intrusion des droites radicales européennes au Québec. De fait, nous avons pu observer dans les pages des publications canadiennes-françaises que l’hostilité des mouvements de jeunesse de l’Action catholique à l’égard du nazisme, le traditionalisme religieux et le respect des encycliques ont été des repoussoirs à la tentation des droites radicales européennes au Québec au cours des décennies 1920, 1930 et 1940. Malgré ce fait, notre analyse a révélé que la majorité des publications étudiées ont affiché des sympathies – à des degrés divers et selon les époques – pour Mussolini, Franco et Salazar, principalement en raison de leur proximité avec l’Église catholique, leur appui au corporatisme et leur anticommunisme, et ce jusqu’à la veille du déclenchement de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Les opinions favorables à l’égard des programmes politiques, économiques et sociaux de Mussolini, Franco et Salazar se sont progressivement estompées au fur et à mesure que le Canada s’est engagé aux côtés de la France et de la Grande-Bretagne pour vaincre les forces de l’Axe de 1939 à 1945. iii Table des matières Chapitre 1 : Introduction………………………………………………..………..p. 1-59 1.1 Une historiographie des droites radicales au Québec et au Canada : - L’Action française et le maurrassisme - Fascisme et antisémitisme - La question du corporatisme - Les mouvements de jeunesse 1.2 Hypothèses de travail 1.3 Méthodologie et utilisation des sources - Les revues - Les journaux de combat - Les grands quotidiens - Autres fonds d’archives 1.4 Division des chapitres Chapitre 2 : Les droites radicales européennes : 1918-1932…………………p. 60-122 - La Marche sur Rome - Des réactions positives au Canada français - Charles Maurras et L’Action française de Paris - L’Action française de Montréal - L’encyclique Ubi Arcano Dei Consilio - La condamnation du Vatican de 1926 - L’écho de la condamnation au Canada français - Mussolini, le Vatican et la jeunesse - Les accords du Latran - Mussolini et les encycliques de Pie XI - Le corporatisme de Mussolini - Le régime de Salazar au Portugal - Salazar vu par le Canada français - Conclusion de chapitre Chapitre 3 : L’avènement au pouvoir des nazis en Allemagne : 1933- 1935…………………………………………………………………………......p. 123-167 - Hitler prend le pouvoir - Des réactions mitigées au Canada français - Le Concordat avec le Vatican - Arcand appuie Hitler - Les détracteurs d’Hitler iv - L’assassinat de Dollfuss - Conclusion de chapitre Chapitre 4 : De Rome à Berlin : l’Allemagne nazie d’Hitler et l’Italie fasciste de Mussolini : 1933-1935………………………………………………………….p. 168-200 - La question italo-allemande au Canada français de 1933 à 1935 - Le corporatisme de Mussolini - Le corporatisme d’Adrien Arcand - Des sympathies pour Mussolini - Des réactions à l’accord franco-italien de 1935 - L’invasion de l’Éthiopie - Conclusion de chapitre Chapitre 5 : Franco et la Guerre d’Espagne : 1936-1938………………….p. 201-242 - Le début de la Guerre d’Espagne - Le Québec en 1936 - Franco dans la presse et les revues du Canada français - L’Axe Rome-Berlin et la Guerre d’Espagne - Franco et l’anticommunisme catholique en 1937 - L’encyclique Divini Redemptoris - Les Brigades internationales et le Docteur Bethune - Des appuis à Franco au Canada français en 1938 - Conclusion de chapitre Chapitre 6 : Les forces de l’Axe se préparent pour la guerre : 1936- 1939…………………………………………………………………………......p. 243-298 - Mussolini en 1936 - L'encyclique Mit brennender Sorge - Mussolini en 1937 - Des appuis pour Salazar - Mussolini, Hitler et le Canada français en 1938 - Contre l’Anschluss - Le clergé catholique québécois condamne le nazisme - Les accords de Munich - À bas la croix gammée et Adrien Arcand ! - Charles Maurras refait surface - Conclusion de chapitre Chapitre 7 : La Seconde Guerre mondiale vue par le Canada français : 1939- 1945……………………………………………………………………………p. 299-354 - Les réactions à la fin de la Guerre d’Espagne - Le Pacte de non-agression germano-soviétique de 1939 v - Le début de la guerre - La capitulation de la France - Charles Maurras, le régime de Vichy et Pétain - La crise de la conscription - Le raid de Dieppe - Mussolini détrôné - Les alliés débarquent en Normandie - Des appuis pour Salazar - 1945 : la chute finale - Conclusion de chapitre Conclusion……………………………………………………………….......…p. 355-366 Bibliographie…………………………………………………………..…….…p. 367-380 Annexe 1 : Liste des articles de revues, de journaux et de quotidiens cités dans la thèse………………………………………………………………………….....p. 381-400 Annexe 2 : Chronologie des événements marquants des droites radicales européennes de 1919 à 1945…………………………………………….…......p. 401-402 vi Chapitre 1 : Introduction Un phénomène historique ne peut être compris que par rapport à son époque et son environnement. C’est le cas des mouvements de droite dont la radicalisation entraîna l’Europe dans la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Le lecteur ne saurait comprendre ces phénomènes étroitement liés aux événements internationaux qui marquèrent la première moitié du XXe siècle sans porter, au préalable, des verres bien ajustés à la lumière des décennies 1910, 20, 30 et 40. La Première Guerre mondiale – les traités qui en ont découlé –, la Révolution russe, l’essor du communisme, la crise économique des années 1930 sont tous des événements qui ont créé un terreau fertile pour les dictatures européennes de l’entre-deux-guerres. Entre les années 1920 et la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, aucun terme politique n’a été employé aussi souvent que celui de fascisme.
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