La Shoah Dans La Littérature Québécoise De Langue Française

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La Shoah Dans La Littérature Québécoise De Langue Française La Shoah dans la littérature québécoise de langue française par Christine POIRIER Mémoire soumis à l'Université McGill en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maître ès arts (M.A.) Département de langue et littérature françaises Université McGill Montréal, Québec Août 2004 © Christine Poirier, 2004 Library and Bibliothèque et 1+1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 0-494-12757-0 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 0-494-12757-0 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans loan, distribute and sell th es es le monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, électronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. ln compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privée, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont été enlevés de cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. ••• Canada Il RÉSUMÉ Ce mémoire analyse la représentation de la Shoah dans la littérature québécoise de langue française. Il présente d'abord les nombreuses difficultés liées à la mise en récit du génocide juif, qui relèvent principalement de la légitimité de l'écrivain; sans avoir un statut de «vrai» témoin, il écrit sur le sujet au risque d'offenser la mémoire des disparus. Ensuite, il est démontré que malgré les obstacles théoriques, une représentation de la Shoah, portée par un sentiment de culpabilité, se retrouve, bien que de manière allusive, dans de nombreux écrits québécois, autant poétiques que romanesques, dès les années cinquante. À partir de 1980, comme le postule le dernier chapitre, la disparition des témoins directs et l'éloignement temporel font en sorte que la fiction acquiert plus de légitimité et que les formes narratives utilisées pour mettre la Shoah en récit se diversifient. ABSTRACT This thesis analyzes the representation of the Shoah in French-language Quebec literature. It first presents the numerous difficulties involved in the fictional representation of this genocide, which relate primarily to writers' authority: lacking the legitimacy of "true" witnesses, writers who address the topic run the risk of betraying the memory of those who were persecuted. The thesis then demonstrates that, despite theoretical obstacles, many novels and poems from Quebec touch upon the Shoah and express a feeling of guilt towards the victims as early as the 1950's. The last chapter postulates that since the 1980's, fiction has acquired a greater legitimacy and narrative forms used to represent the Shoah have diversified, due to the graduaI disappearance of direct witnesses as weIl as the interval oftime separating writers from the tragedy. 111 REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens à offrir mes plus sincères remerciements à tous ceux qui ont contribué à ce mémoire. Leurs noms réunis ne tiendraient pas sur cette page; je me contenterai donc de nommer ceux dont l'enthousiasme et la foi en mes capacités n'ont jamais fléchi, du moins en ma présence, et dont l'aide m'a été très précieuse: Prof. Michel Biron, mon directeur de mémoire ; Prof. Robert Myles et mes pères intellectuels du groupe de discussion McGill-Concordia; les professeurs du Département de langue et littérature françaises de l'Université McGill, particulièrement Yvan Lamonde, Jane Everett, François Ricard et Diane Desrosiers-Bonin ; les membres du Collège de sociocritique de Montréal; et, pour terminer, ma compagne de bagne à la grande rigueur intellectuelle, Alisa Belanger. Mes activités de recherche ont en partie été soutenues financièrement par le Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada, le Groupe de recherche sur Gabrielle Roy et la Fondation Alma Mater de l'Université McGill. IV TABLE DES MATIÈRES La Shoah dans la littérature québécoise de langue française INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... p. 1 Chapitre 1 Mémoire, histoire et écriture de la Shoah ............................ .... p. 8 1. Raconter l'histoire ...... '" .................................... '" ............................ p. 9 2. Les difficultés de la mise en récit de la Shoah ............................................. p. 15 Chapitre II La Shoah dans le roman québécois de 1945 à 1980 .................. p. 23 1. Les maux de l'Homme moderne ............................................................ p. 24 2. Mémoire de la Shoah et mémoire des persécutions ...................................... p. 30 3. Tournés vers l'Europe ......................................................................... p. 40 4. Shoah, Juifs et projet national québécois ................................................... p. 47 Chapitre III La Shoah dans la poésie québécoise de 1945 à 1980 .. ................. p. 54 1. Du national à l'universel. .................................................................... p. 55 2. Communauté de victimes .................................................................... p. 61 Chapitre IV La Shoah dans la littérature québécoise depuis 1980 .............. ... p. 73 1. La légitimité de la fiction .....................................................................p. 74 2. Le prétexte de la Shoah ........................................................................ p. 78 3. Entre l'Histoire et la fiction ................................................................... p. 85 v CONCLUSION ............................................................................. ......... p. 95 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ...................................................................................p. 99 '\ .~ VI « ... que cet univers concentrationnaire existe n'est pas sans importance pour la signification de l'univers des gens ordinaires, des hommes tout court ». David Rousset, L'Univers concentrationnaire, 1945. INTRODUCTION Ce n'est qu'à la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale que la population découvre avec horreur les camps de concentration et les crimes contre l'humanité qui s'y sont commis. Depuis, les études historiques, philosophiques et littéraires sur le sujet et ses représentations se sont multipliées. Les travaux littéraires portant sur la Shoah! suivent d'abord le mouvement créateur d'écrivains qui, préoccupés par le respect de la mémoire des morts, produisaient des textes très proches de la réalité, non sans être empreints de 2 poésie • Le temps accomplissant lentement son œuvre, les survivants se raréfient et ce sont leurs descendants ainsi que d'autres témoins, de moins en moins directs, de l'événement qui prennent la relève et se font un devoir de garder la mémoire de la Shoah vivante. Parallèlement à l'étude des romans de cette seconde génération, des chercheurs feront le point sur la littérature de fiction inspirée de la Shoah. À titre d'exemple, 1 Le mot hébreu « Shoah» signifie « anéantissement» et désigne l'extermination de plus de 5 millions de Juifs par les nazis pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale (Le Petit Robert des noms propres, 1994, p. 1922). J'emploierai le mot « Shoah )} plutôt qu'« holocauste» pour éviter un malentendu sémantique, car le mot « holocauste» comporte la notion de sacrifice. 2 Parmi les auteurs les plus connus figurent entre autres Elie Wiesel (La nuit, Paris, Éditions de Minuit, 1958), Primo Levi (Si c'est un homme, Paris, Pocket, 1994 [1947]), Jorge Semprun (Le grand voyage, Paris, Gallimard, « Folio », 1963), Robert Antelme (L'espèce humaine, Paris, Gallimard, 1947) et Charlotte Delbo (Aucun de nous ne reviendra, Paris, Éditions de Minuit, 1970). 2 Liesbeth Korthals Altes, aux Pays-Bas, a publié une étude sur les fonctions libératrices de 3 la fiction dans Le roi des Aulnes de Michel Tournier . En 1993, il semble que la sortie du film américain La liste de Schindler, réalisé par Steven Spielberg, donne un nouveau souffle aux études sur la fiction inspirée de la 4 Shoah . Dès lors, les problèmes éthiques sur ses modes de représentation, qui avaient été abordés par Theodor Adorno, furent repris par nombre d'autres critiques, principalement en Europe et aux États-Unis. Dominick LaCapra, dans History and Memory afler 5 Auschwitz , se penche sur les problèmes engendrés par la transposition littéraire de l'histoire: est-ce immoral de prendre plaisir à lire un roman, ou à regarder un film qui décrit
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