DOCSLIB.ORG

Unit-4-Notes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Unit-4-Notes 4 APPLICATIONS LAYER The challenge of multimedia communications is to provide applications that inte- grate text, image, and video information and to do it in a way that presents ease of use and interactivity. We start with discussing ITU and MPEG applications from the integration, interactivity, storage, streaming, retrieval, and media distri- bution points of view. After that, digital broadcasting is described. Beginning from the convergence of telecommunications and broadcasting infrastructures, we continue with an overview of digital audio, radio broadcasting, digital video broad- casting, and interactive services in digital television infrastructure. This chapter also reviews mobile services and applications (types, business models, challenges, and abstracts in adopting mobile applications) as well as research activities, such as usability, user interfaces, mobile access to databases, and agent technologies. Finally, this chapter concludes with the current status of universal multimedia access technologies and investigates future directions in this area: content representation, adaptation and delivery, intellectual property and protection, mobile and wearable devices. 4.1 INTRODUCTION The lists of Web sites maintained by standards, groups, fora, consortia, alliances, research institutes, private organizations, universities, industry, professional/techni- cal societies, and so on, are quite extensive, and every effort is made to compile an Introduction to Multimedia Communications, By K. R. Rao, Zoran S. Bojkovic, and Dragorad A. Milovanovic Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 147 138 FRAMEWORKS FOR MULTIMEDIA STANDARDIZATION Towards the end of that year, broadcasters, consumer electronics manufacturers, and regulatory bodies came together to discuss the formation of a group that would over- see the development of digital television in Europe – the European Launching Group (ELG). The ELG expanded to include the major European media interest groups, both public and private, the consumer electronics manufacturers, common carriers, and regulators. It drafted a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) establishing the rules by which this new and challenging game of collective action would be played. The concept of the MoU was a departure into unexplored territory and means that commercial competitors needed to appreciate their common requirements and agendas. The MoU was signed by all ELG participants in September 1993, and the Launching Group became DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting). Around this time, the Working Group on Digital Television prepared a study on the prospects and possibilities for digital terrestrial television in Europe. The highly respected report introduced important new concepts, such as a proposal to allow several differ- ent consumer markets to be served at the same time (e.g., portable television and HDTV). In conjunction with this activity, change was coming to the European sat- ellite broadcasting industry. It was becoming clear that the state-of-the art media access control (MAC) systems would have to give way to all-digital technology. DVB provided the forum for gathering all the major European television interests into one group. It promised to develop a complete digital television system based on a unified approach. It became clear that satellite and cable would deliver the first broadcast digital television services [46]. DVB presents the best, most practical solution for the consumer electronics industry, the broadcaster, and the viewer. The success of DVB depends upon the development of a coherent set of methods of bringing digital television into the home, by taking advantage of the special characteristics of a range of delivery media, including satellite, cable, and terrestrial, as well as satellite master antenna television (SMATV) and multipoint distribution systems (MDS). DVB also ensures that essential elements of the DVB standards are common to all delivery environ- ments, providing benefits from economies of scale. The DVB system provides a complete solution for digital television and data broadcasting across the range of delivery media. DVB adds to the MPEG transport stream multiplex, the necessary elements to bring digital television to the home through cable, satellite, and terrestrial broadcast systems. Also, the question often arises as to how DVB might help with the framework for the interactive television services of the future. The DVB core system has the following philosophy: . The system is designed as a container to carry flexible combinations of MPEG- 2 video and audio, or other data. The system uses the common MPEG-2 transport stream (TS) multiplex. The system uses a common service information (SI) system giving details of the programs being broadcast. 148 APPLICATIONS LAYER up-to-date list. The types of organizations producing standards, specifications, rec- ommendations, or prestandards are . International standards bodies such as ISO, IEC, and ITU-T – these develop standards and recommendations applicable throughout the world. Regional standards bodies such as ETSI – these produce standards applicable to large parts of the world. National standards bodies – these produce standards applicable to a single nation. Prestandardization bodies such as IETF – they produce pre-standards or func- tional applications, which are not standards in the legal sense, but are often used as the basis of standards that are later adopted by a regional or inter- national standards organization. Industry standards bodies – these produce standards for the IT industry, some of which are later adopted by ISO. ITU, a United Nations organization, is responsible for coordination of global tele- com networks and services among governments and the private sector. Application areas in ITU GII Standardization projects are: . home entertainment . electronic commerce . interbusiness processes . personal communications . public service communications . publications. Application aspects in GII include: . medical informatics . libraries . electronic museums . road transport informatics . industrial multimedia communication . ergonomics . character set . geographic information systems. ITU GII services are: . data interchange . graphic 4.1 INTRODUCTION 149 . audio . data processing . data management . cost billing . network control. Services building blocks are: . access methods . addressing . compression . cost . quotation . data navigation . data portability . identification . internationalization . interoperability testing . latency control . nomadicity/mobility . priority management . privacy/ownership . quality of service . route selection . search . security. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is a large, open, international commu- nity of network designers, operators, vendors, and researchers concerned with the evolution of the Internet architecture and smooth operation of the Internet. IETF applications areas are: . Application configuration access protocol . Content navigation . Digital audio video (DAV) searching and locating . Large-scale multicast applications . Detailed revision/update of message standards . Electronic data interchange – Internet integration . Extension to file transfer protocol (FTP) . Hyper text transfer protocol (HTTP) 150 APPLICATIONS LAYER . Instant messaging and presence protocol . Internet fax . Internet open trading protocol . Internet routing protocol . Calendaring and scheduling . Mail and directory managements . Message tracking protocol . Network news transfer protocol (NTP) extensions . Scheme registration . Uniform resource registration procedures . User article standard update . WWW distributed authoring and versioning . Web replication and caching . Web version and configuration management. As for multimedia applications over IP, we have . IP telephony . Media gateway control protocol . Reliable multicast transport . Performance implications of link characteristics . Internet fax. IETF transport WG is responsible for . Audio/video transport . Context and micromobility routing . Differentiated services (diffserv) . IP performance metrics . IP storage . IP telephony . Integrated services over specific link layers . Media gateway control . Middlebox communication . Multicast-address allocation . Multiparty multimedia session control . Network address translators . Network file systems . Performance implications of link characteristics 4.1 INTRODUCTION 151 . Reliable multicast transport . Reliable server pooling . Resource reservation setup protocol . Robust header compression . Internet service . Session initiation protocol . Signaling transport . Telephone number mapping. The Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) is an international organ- ization that is establishing voluntary technical standards for advanced television sys- tems. ATSC DigitalTV standards include digital high definition television (HDTV), standard definition television (SDTV), data broadcasting, multichannel surround- sound audio, and satellite direct-to-home broadcasting. Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) is a consortium of companies in the field of broadcasting, manufacturing, network operation, and regulatory matters that have come together to establish common international standards for the move from ana- log to digital broadcasting. For each specification, a set of user requirements is com- piled by the Commercial module. These are used as constraints for a DVB system (price-band, user functions, etc.). The Technical module then develops the specifi- cation, following these user requirements.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Digital Audio Broadcasting : Principles and Applications of Digital Radio
    Digital Audio Broadcasting Principles and Applications of Digital Radio Second Edition Edited by WOLFGANG HOEG Berlin, Germany and THOMAS LAUTERBACH University of Applied Sciences, Nuernberg, Germany Digital Audio Broadcasting Digital Audio Broadcasting Principles and Applications of Digital Radio Second Edition Edited by WOLFGANG HOEG Berlin, Germany and THOMAS LAUTERBACH University of Applied Sciences, Nuernberg, Germany Copyright ß 2003 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (þ44) 1243 779777 Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): [email protected] Visit our Home Page on www.wileyeurope.com or www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or emailed to [email protected], or faxed to (þ44) 1243 770571. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.
    [Show full text]
  • ABBREVIATIONS EBU Technical Review
    ABBREVIATIONS EBU Technical Review AbbreviationsLast updated: January 2012 720i 720 lines, interlaced scan ACATS Advisory Committee on Advanced Television 720p/50 High-definition progressively-scanned TV format Systems (USA) of 1280 x 720 pixels at 50 frames per second ACELP (MPEG-4) A Code-Excited Linear Prediction 1080i/25 High-definition interlaced TV format of ACK ACKnowledgement 1920 x 1080 pixels at 25 frames per second, i.e. ACLR Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio 50 fields (half frames) every second ACM Adaptive Coding and Modulation 1080p/25 High-definition progressively-scanned TV format ACS Adjacent Channel Selectivity of 1920 x 1080 pixels at 25 frames per second ACT Association of Commercial Television in 1080p/50 High-definition progressively-scanned TV format Europe of 1920 x 1080 pixels at 50 frames per second http://www.acte.be 1080p/60 High-definition progressively-scanned TV format ACTS Advanced Communications Technologies and of 1920 x 1080 pixels at 60 frames per second Services AD Analogue-to-Digital AD Anno Domini (after the birth of Jesus of Nazareth) 21CN BT’s 21st Century Network AD Approved Document 2k COFDM transmission mode with around 2000 AD Audio Description carriers ADC Analogue-to-Digital Converter 3DTV 3-Dimension Television ADIP ADress In Pre-groove 3G 3rd Generation mobile communications ADM (ATM) Add/Drop Multiplexer 4G 4th Generation mobile communications ADPCM Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project ADR Automatic Dialogue Replacement 3GPP2 3rd Generation Partnership
    [Show full text]
  • Ultra Short Multiband AM/FM/DAB Active Antennas for Automotive Application
    Universit¨at der Bundeswehr M¨unchen Fakult¨at f¨ur Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik Institut f¨ur Hoch- und H¨ochstfrequenztechnik Ultra Short Multiband AM/FM/DAB Active Antennas for Automotive Application Alexandru Negut Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines DOKTOR-INGENIEURS (Dr.-Ing.) von der Fakult¨at f¨ur Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik der Universit¨at der Bundeswehr M¨unchen genehmigte DISSERTATION Tag der Pr¨ufung: 18. November 2011 Vorsitzender des Promotionsausschusses: Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. W. Pascher 1. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. S.Lindenmeier 2.Berichterstatter: Prof.Dr.-Ing.habil.U.Barabas Neubiberg, den 6. Dezember 2011 Acknowledgments It is with great pleasure to acknowledge the opportunity Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Stefan Lindenmeier offered me when he accepted to work out my PhD thesis within the Institute of High Frequency Technology and Mobile Communication, University of the Bundeswehr Munich. I am deeply indebted to him for introducing me to this exciting field and for providing constant guidance and support. Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Udo Barabas is thanked to for being the second reviewer of this thesis. The vast experience of Apl. Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Leopold Reiter in the field of active antennas – but not only – is especially acknowledged, as the knowledge I acquired during this time would have surely been less without his support. I warmly thank him for the fruitful and friendly cooperation. Long and fruitful discussions with Apl. Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Jochen Hopf are gratefully acknowledged, as his rich experience proved invaluable in clarifying many theoretical and practical details. I also thank Dr.-Ing. Joachim Brose for his kind help whenever it was needed and the electromagnetic simulations contributed to this work.
    [Show full text]
  • WBU Radio Guide
    FOREWORD The purpose of the Digital Radio Guide is to help engineers and managers in the radio broadcast community understand options for digital radio systems available in 2019. The guide covers systems used for transmission in different media, but not for programme production. The in-depth technical descriptions of the systems are available from the proponent organisations and their websites listed in the appendices. The choice of the appropriate system is the responsibility of the broadcaster or national regulator who should take into account the various technical, commercial and legal factors relevant to the application. We are grateful to the many organisations and consortia whose systems and services are featured in the guide for providing the updates for this latest edition. In particular, our thanks go to the following organisations: European Broadcasting Union (EBU) North American Broadcasters Association (NABA) Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) HD Radio WorldDAB Forum Amal Punchihewa Former Vice-Chairman World Broadcasting Unions - Technical Committee April 2019 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................... 5 WHAT IS DIGITAL RADIO? ....................................................................................................................... 7 WHY DIGITAL RADIO? .............................................................................................................................. 9 TERRESTRIAL
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Radio in Europe
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by UCLouvain: Open Journal Repository (Université catholique de Louvain) A GREAT FUTURE ? DIGITAL RADIO IN EUROPE Hans J. Kleinsteuber1 This article is about the diffi cult path towards digital radio in Europe. In technical terms, digitalisation refers to the transformation of commu- nication technologies from an analogue to a binary logic. Digital may be seen as a synonym for « sampled, quantifi ed, and presented in binary characters »; digital broadcasting refers to the transmission of digitised audio, video, and auxiliary information as data signals. (Reimers 2005 : 1) One might say that the logic of the computer, which always worked digitally, is gradually taking over all aspects of the production, distri- bution, consumption, and storing of broadcast messages. What sounds like a purely technical process has strong effects on all aspects of the media, including politics and economics, the production process itself, as well as programme content. One aspect of digitalisation is that it allows for convergence, meaning the fusion of the traditionally separate functions of radio and 1 Professor, University of Hamburg Recherches en communication, n° 26 (2006). 136 HANS J. KLEINSTEUBER the Internet – of mono-directional mass media and interactive individual communication. According to this understanding, technical conver- gence leads to content convergence. As such, convergence does not just describe a technological possibility ; it is seen much more as a model that guides the thinking of engineers, business managers, and political decision-makers about the future of the media. Because of this scenario, it is not only important to analyse what is going to happen, but it is also of central importance to look at the actors behind the process of digita- lisation regarding their interests, their strategies, and their errors.
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Audio Broadcasting
    Digital Audio Broadcasting DigitalAudioBroadcasting:PrinciplesandApplicationsofDAB,DAB+andDMB,ThirdEdition Edited by W. Hoeg and T. Lauterbach © 2009JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-51037-7 Digital Audio Broadcasting Principles and Applications of DAB, DAB+ and DMB THIRD EDITION Editors WOLFGANG HOEG Audio Consultant, Berlin, Germany and THOMAS LAUTERBACH Georg-Simon-Ohm, University of Applied Sciences, Nu¨rnberg, Germany A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Publication This edition first published 2009 Ó 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Registered office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com. The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.
    [Show full text]
  • SCPC AUDIO RECEIVER from 0000 to 0500 Local Time on Safm 104-107 FULL COMMERCIAL FEATURES Daily
    SATELLITE RADIO GUIDE INTERNATIONAL SHORTWAVE BROADCASTERS / SCPC SERVICES WRN Two Multi -Lingual to Europe Hotbird-4, 13 degrees East, transponder 121 Single Channel Per (Quantum TV) 10.933 GHz, H -Polarization, audio subcarrier 7.74 MHz. Carrier (SCPC) Services By Robert Smathers [email protected] WRN3 German to Europe Astra 1 B, 19 Grad Ost, Transponder 16 (Sky An SCPC transmitted signal is transmitted with 1201.30 (58.7) Wisconsin Voice of Christian Youth Movies), 11.436 GHz vertikal, Audio its own carrier, thus eliminating the need for a (VCY) America Radio Network - Tonunterträger 7.38 MHz und Astra Digital Radio video carrier to be present. Dozens of SCPC religious programming (ADR) Astra 1C, Transponder 33 (ZDF), 10.964 signals can be transmitted on a single GHz horizontal, auf Monokanal B, 7.56 MHz. Alle Programme auf Deutsch. transponder. In addition to a standard TVRO Galaxy 6 Transponder 1 -Horizontal (C -band) satellite system, an additional receiver is 1443.80 (56.2) Voice of Free China (International WRN to Eastern Europe, Middle East and Africa required to receive SCPC signals. Shortwave Broacaster) Taipei, WRN1 & 2 may be received throughout Africa Taiwan and the Middle East via satellite on Intelsat 707 The frequency in the first column is the 1st IF 1443.60 (56.4) KBLA-AM (1580) Santa Monica, at 1 degree West. (typical LNB frequency) and the second column frequency (in parentheses) is the 2nd IF CA -Radio Korea The signal can be picked on DVB receivers such 1443.40 (56.6) Voice of Free China (International as those manufactured by Nokia, Humax etc).
    [Show full text]
  • The DVB Glossary
    The DVB Glossary term scope_description acronym acronym_description source_document 100BaseT Networks 100BaseT Ethernet over copper at 100 B/s GGBREF 10BaseT Networks 10BaseT Ethernet over copper at 10 B/s GGBREF 16-CAP Networks 16-CAP Carrierless Amplitude/Phase Modulation with 16 GWREF constellation points: The modulation technique used in the 51.84 Mb Mid-Range Physical Layer Specification for Category 3 Unshielded Twisted- Pair (UTP-3). 2G General 2G Second Generation - Generic name for second GWREF generation networks, for example GSM. 3G Networks 3G Third Generation - Generic name for third GBREF generation networks 64-CAP Networks 64-CAP Carrierless Amplitude/Phase Modulation with 64 GWREF constellation points. 8-level Vestigial Sideband Radio Frequency 8VSB The form of modulation specified by ATSC for PBREF terrestrial transmission AAL Connection Networks Association established by the AAL between two GWREF or more next higher layer entities. AAL Management Networks AALM GGBREF AAL-1 Networks AAL-1 ATM Adaptatation Layer Type 1: AAL functions GWREF in support of constant bit rate, time-dependent traffic such as voice and video. AAL-2 Networks AAL-2 ATM Adaptatation Layer Type 2: This AAL is still GWREF undefined by the International standards bodies. It is a placeholder for variable bit rate video transmission. AAL-3/4 Networks AAL-3/4 ATM Adaptatation Layer Type 3/4: AAL GWREF functions in support of variable bit rate, delay- tolerant data traffic requiring some sequencing and/or error detection support. Originally two AAL types, i.e. connection-oriented and connectionless, which have been combined. AAL-5 Networks AAL-5 ATM Adaptatation Layer Type 5: AAL functions GWREF in support of variable bit rate, delay-tolerant connection-oriented data traffic requiring minimal sequencing or error detection support.
    [Show full text]
  • News from Rohde & Schwarz
    News from Rohde & Schwarz Audio measurements Analysis, monitoring, data transmission EMC test cell Favourably priced alternative to anechoic chambers Customized radiomonitoring from 10 kHz to 18 GHz 151 Number 151 1996/II Volume 36 Audio Analyzer UPL is able to perform practically all audio measurements on analog and digital interfaces. As the “younger brother” of the inter- nationally successful UPD, which still holds the top position in audio measurements, UPL is the solution for budget-conscious users. For more details see article on page 4. Photo 42 458 (Beethoven picture: Amadeus-Verlag, Winterthur) Articles Wolfgang Kernchen Analyzer UPL Audio analysis today and tomorrow ...........................................4 Dr. Klaus-Dieter Göpel EMC Test Cell S-LINE Compact EMC test cell of high field homogeneity and wide frequency range .........................................................7 Johann Klier Signal Generator SME06/SMT06 Analog and digital signals for receiver measurements up to 6 GHz ............10 Gregor Kleine Satellite Receiver CT200RS TV reception with analog and digital sound from outer space..................13 Peter Singerl; Christian Krawinkel Audio Data Transmission System ADAS and Audio Monitoring System AMON Data transmission without data line, audio measurements without program interruption ............................16 Reiner Ehrichs; Claus Holland; Radiomonitoring System RAMON Günther Klenner Customized radiomonitoring from VLF through SHF ...........................19 Dr. Christof Rohner BTS Antennas HF.../HK... The right antenna for every mobile-radio base station .........................22 Thomas Rieder Paging System P2000 Flexible, multiprotocol radiopaging system....................................25 Application notes Frank Körber Testing GSM/PCN/PCS base stations in production, installation and service with CMD54/57 .......................28 Thomas Kneidel Container location from space ...............................................30 Tilman Betz Automatic measurements on tape recorders using Audio Analyzer UPD ........32 Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Radio by Satellite – New Risks, New Opportunities and a Possible New Gateway
    DRS Digital radio by satellite – new risks, new opportunities and a possible new gateway D. Wood EBU Technical Department The future of digital radio by satellite (DRS) is exciting but uncertain, with a number of current and proposed systems all hoping for success. In this article, the Author discusses the shortcomings of the current radio-by-satellite systems (DSR and ADR) – mainly their inability to provide for the mobile listener – and looks ahead to the difficulties that will be encountered if and when the rival WorldSpace and MediaStar systems take to the skies. The solution to this situation, he argues, is to work towards a minimum number of standards for DRS and to maximize the number of common elements between them. 1. Introduction 1998 may be a landmark year for digital radio by satellite (DRS). Although it has been available in some form for several years in Europe via the DSR and ADR systems, a new satellite digital radio sys- tem with a new objective, WorldSpace,istobe launched this year. Another system, MediaStar, may come in three years’ time or more. These new systems may have major consequences for radio broadcasting. A selection of early DAB receivers from Bosch. The current situation – including why the Eureka-147 DAB system is not being used for WorldSpace – can be understood by drawing some historical threads. All radio broadcasters need to follow this development. 2. The Eureka DAB terrestrial services The European Eureka DAB system was developed technically almost a decade ago to provide near-CD sound quality to the listener, at home or on the move.
    [Show full text]
  • 1/014 1 (2/041)
    INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION TELECOMMUNICATION Document 1/014-E DEVELOPMENT BUREAU Document 2/041-E 31 August 1998 ITU-D STUDY GROUPS Original: English only DELAYED FIRST MEETING OF STUDY GROUP 1: GENEVA, 10 - 12 SEPTEMBER 1998 FIRST MEETING OF STUDY GROUP 2: GENEVA, 7 - 9 SEPTEMBER 1998 Question 10/1: Regulatory impact of the phenomenon of convergence within the telecommunications, broadcasting, information technology and content sectors Question 11/2: Examine digital broadcasting technologies and systems, including cost/benefit analyses, assessment of demands on human resources, interoperability of digital systems with existing analogue networks, and methods of migration from analogue to digital technique STUDY GROUPS 1 AND 2 SOURCE: TELECOMMUNICATION DEVELOPMENT BUREAU (BDT) TITLE: DIGITAL RADIO GUIDE Please find hereafter the Digital Radio Guide for your consideration. - 2 - 1/014-E 2/041-E World Broadcasting Unions C Technical Committee (WBU-TC) Digital Radio Guide - 3 - 1/014-E 2/041-E FOREWORD The basic purpose of this Guide is to help engineers and managers to understand various aspects of analogue to digital conversion in radio broadcasting. Although the main focus is on ‘broadcasting’ systems, the Guide includes a fair amount of description of the ways in which digital technology can be applied in other related areas, such as programme production. It is my sincere hope that the publication will be a useful tool for radio broadcasters to evaluate the various options available to them. I would like to thank Mr. G. J. Harold of Brendon Associates, United Kingdom, who basically prepared the Guide, for having accomplished a difficult task, as well as the member Broadcasting Unions for incorporating additional material in several sections.
    [Show full text]
  • FM Broadcast with Digital Quality
    Review in STEREO magazine (Germany), Issue March 2007 Accuphase DDS FM Stereo Tuner T-1000 FM Broadcast With Digital Quality by Uwe Kirbach Accuphase has long ago signed up to the hall of fame for making brilliant FM tuners. The new T-1000, which is to process analogue radio waves in the digital domain, can be considered another milestone. FM broadcast? Well, for most people this means flat sound, silly commercials and often a noisy, sometimes sizzling reception. Perhaps just good enough for piped music in the background, drowning out other noisy sources or merely for having some company whilst doing some lonesome work at the PC. On the other hand, when a couple of years ago that nice little, retro-designed Tivoli radio hit the market many of us could experience anew what FM broadcast can also be, namely a good and round sounding medium to entertain you 24 hours a day, provided one has tuned to the right stations. And there were those notorious discussions and statements about FM broadcast eventually being substituted by digital radio. But what has really happened since? The digital satellite radio DSR has been switched off and Astra Digital Radio will be history as soon as the last analogue TV stations have ceased their transmissions. To this date DAB is lingering about with more or less poor sound and hardly any programme variety. In Sweden they already stopped further tests with DAB because of its typical shortcomings. To sum up: the threat of having FM broadcast also switched off in this country by the year 2010 has become meaningless in the meantime, and it's an open secret for insiders of Bavaria Broadcast Corporation that the short- and medium-term plans concerning DAB have failed and therefore terminating FM broadcast is a very long way off.
    [Show full text]