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Digital Audio Broadcasting : Principles and Applications of Digital Radio

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Digital Audio Broadcasting : Principles and Applications of Digital Radio Digital Audio Broadcasting Principles and Applications of Digital Radio Second Edition Edited by WOLFGANG HOEG Berlin, Germany and THOMAS LAUTERBACH University of Applied Sciences, Nuernberg, Germany Digital Audio Broadcasting Digital Audio Broadcasting Principles and Applications of Digital Radio Second Edition Edited by WOLFGANG HOEG Berlin, Germany and THOMAS LAUTERBACH University of Applied Sciences, Nuernberg, Germany Copyright ß 2003 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (þ44) 1243 779777 Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): [email protected] Visit our Home Page on www.wileyeurope.com or www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or emailed to [email protected], or faxed to (þ44) 1243 770571. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741, USA Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 33 Park Road, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 129809 John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9W 1L1 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some of the content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0-470-85013-2 Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Kolam Information Services Pvt. Ltd, Pondicherry, India Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJ International, Padstow, Cornwall This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production. Contents Foreword xi Preface xiii List of contributors xvii Abbreviations xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 General 1 1.2 Radio in the Digital Age 2 1.3 Benefits of the Eureka 147 DAB System 2 (Quality of service; Value added services; Universal system layout; Flexible multiplex configuration; Transmission efficiency) 1.4 History of the Origins of DAB 5 (Development, Organisations and platforms such as Eureka 147; WorldDAB; Milestones of introduction) 1.5 International Standardisation 12 (System; Audio coding; Data services; Network and transmission; Receiver; Guidelines for implementation; ETSI; IEC; ITU-R; CENELEC; CEPT; EBU) 1.6 Relations to Other Digital Broadcasting Systems 14 (Satellite based systems Astra, Worldspace; Terrestrial Systems such as DRM, Digital television DVB-T, Digital radio in US and Japan; Web-casting) 2 System Concept 27 2.1 The Physical Channel 27 (Multipath propagation; Doppler shifted carriers) vi Contents 2.2 The DAB Transmission System 30 (Multicarrier modulation; Frame structure of DAB; Channel coding; Interleaving and PSK mapping; Time interleaving and overall delay; DQPSK modulation and frequency interleaving; Performance considerations) 2.3 The DAB Multiplex 40 (Description of the multiplex; Main service channel; Transport mechanism; FIC; Transmission frames; Logical structure; Multiplex reconfiguration) 2.4 Conditional Access 48 (Scrambling/descrambling; Checking/management of entitlements) 2.5 Service Information 50 (Basic information; Service-related information; Programme-related information; Announcements; Numerous examples; Tuning aids) 3 Audio Services and Applications 75 3.1 General 75 (MPEG Audio coding vs. 16 bit PCM) 3.2 Audio Coding 76 (Basic principles; Masking; Psycho-acoustic model; Filterbank; Bit allocation; Quantisation; Layer II audio bitstream; Audio decoding) 3.3 Characteristics and Features of MPEG-1 Layer II for DAB 84 (Audio modes; Sampling rate; Audio frame structure; Audio bit rates; Layer II vs. SBR coding technologies) 3.4 Programme-associated Data 87 (Dynamic Range Control DRC; Music/Speech Control; Receiving end) 3.5 Advanced Audio Applications Using MPEG-2 Features 91 (Multichannel audio coding; Half–sampling–rate coding; Multilingual services; Audio broadcasting for Hearing impaired) 3.6 Quality of Service 102 (Audio quality; Subjective assessment; Objective assessment – PEAQ) 3.7 Error Protection and Concealment 111 (Error protection; Concealment measures; Assessment of error performance) 3.8 A Typical DAB Ensemble 120 Contents vii 3.9 Audio Levels 121 (Audio signal level alignment; Programme loudness) 4 Data Services and Applications 127 4.1 General 127 (Introductory information) 4.2 Data Service Signalling 127 (General considerations) 4.3 Multimedia Applications with MOT 128 (Multimedia Object Transfer Protocol MOT; MOT object transport) 4.4 Standardised MOT User Application 133 (MOT slide show; Broadcast web site; Interactive services) 4.5 ‘‘Mobil-Info’’ as an Example of a Proprietary MOT User Application 137 (Presentation of video clips, news and graphic animation in a tram) 4.6 Textual PAD Services 139 (Dynamic label; Other textual PAD services) 4.7 Traffic Information Services and Navigation Aids 140 (Traffic massage channel TMC; TPEG; Differential GPS) 4.8 Moving Picture Services 143 (Digtal multimedia broadcast DMB; Motion PAD) 4.9 Other Data Transmission Mechanism 145 (Transparent data channel; IP tunnelling) 5 Provision of Services 151 5.1 The DAB Service Landscape 151 (Structure of DAB service organisation; Main services; Data services) 5.2 Use of Existing Infrastructures 157 (Broadcasting operation systems; Editorial systems) 5.3 Need for New Infrastructure 159 (Data management; Multimedia editorial tools; Data inserter) 5.4 Relationship between DAB Data Services and RDS 166 (DAB SId vs. RDS PI code; PTy codes; DAB Announcements vs. RDS TA; DAB Dynamic label vs. Radiotext; Crossrefering DAB services from RDS) viii Contents 5.5 Electronic Programme Guide (EPG) for DAB 176 (Development; Data formatting; Transportation and compressing; Data management; Launch of EPG; User interface) 5.6 Possible New Audio Services 183 (Dynamic reconfiguration; Secondary services; Announcement channels for ‘‘Near Radio on Demand’’; Announcement switching; Mailbox radio) 6 Collection and Distribution Networks 187 6.1 General 187 (Requirements; Ensemble multiplexer; Broadcast network; Implementation) 6.2 The Collection Network 193 (Service Transport Interface STI; Network architecture; Operation; STI implementation levels; Integration of non-STI service providers; Advanced features) 6.3 The Distribution Network 208 (Ensemble Transport Interface ETI; Network architecture; Operation) 6.4 Example of Implementation 212 (Operational scenario; Service provider profile; Equipment; Experience) 7 The Broadcast Side 221 7.1 General 221 (Scope and structure of the chapter) 7.2 Radio Frequency Propagation Aspects 221 (The impaired RF channel; Propagation models; Propagation model for DAB; Building penetration losses) 7.3 Introduction to DAB Networks 231 (FM vs. DAB Networks; SFNs with DAB; Advantages of SFNs) 7.4 Particularities of Single frequency networks (SFN) 235 (COFDM principles; Time and frequency synchronisation; Coverage of SFNs; Gap fillers; TII features) 7.5 DAB Transmitters 241 (Signal processing of a COFDM modulator; D/A conversion; RF upconversion; Amplification and filtering) Contents ix 7.6 Coverage Planning 246 (Field strength, interference and delay considerations; Detailed planning; Examples of SFNs in Band III and L-band) 7.7 Coverage Evaluation and Monitoring of SFNs 255 (Parameters; BER measurements; Timing adjustment and monitoring of SFNs) 7.8 Frequency Management 260 (General aspects; Allocation of frequencies) 8 The Receiving Side 265 8.1 General 265 (Normative receiver requirements; Receiver architecture overview) 8.2 RF Front-end 268 (Requirements; Analogue front end architecture; Future developments) 8.3 Digital Baseband Processing 276 (Digital front-end; OFDM demodulation; DPQSK demodulation; Deinterleaving; Viterbi decoding; Synchronisation) 8.4 Audio Decoder 281 (Decoder architecture; Normative requirements) 8.5 Interfaces 283 (Data interfaces; Control interfaces) 8.6 Integrated Circuits for DAB 284 (Jessi DAB chip sets; D-Fire chip-set) 8.7 Receiver Overview 293 (Car radios; Home tuners; PC based receivers; Portable receivers; Reference receivers) 8.8 Operating a DAB Receiver – the Human–Machine Interface 294 (Requirements; Programme type PTy; Announcements; Frequency and service following; DAB receivers for new types of services) Appendices 299 Appendix 1: DAB Parameters for Modes I, II, III and IV 299 (Physical system parameters and relations) Appendix 2: Digital
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