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Digital Audio Broadcasting Digital Audio Broadcasting DigitalAudioBroadcasting:PrinciplesandApplicationsofDAB,DAB+andDMB,ThirdEdition Edited by W. Hoeg and T. Lauterbach © 2009JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-51037-7 Digital Audio Broadcasting Principles and Applications of DAB, DAB+ and DMB THIRD EDITION Editors WOLFGANG HOEG Audio Consultant, Berlin, Germany and THOMAS LAUTERBACH Georg-Simon-Ohm, University of Applied Sciences, Nu¨rnberg, Germany A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Publication This edition first published 2009 Ó 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Registered office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com. The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. The authors and publishers would like to acknowledge the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) for granting permission to reproduce figures and tables from the four ETSI Standards referred to in the book ETSI EN 300401 V1.4.1 Ó ETSI 2006 ETSI EN 300797 V1.2.1 Ó ETSI 2005 ETSI TS 101 860 V1.1.1 Ó ETSI 2001 ETSI TR 101 497 V1.1.1 Ó ETSI 2002 Ó ETSI, Further use, modification, redistribution is strictly prohibited. The standards are available from [email protected] and http://www.etsi.org/eds/eds.html Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Digital audio broadcasting : principles and applications of DAB, DABþ and DMB / edited by Wolfgang Hoeg, Thomas Lauterbach. — 3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-51037-7 (cloth) 1. Digital audio broadcasting. I. Hoeg, Wolfgang. II. Lauterbach, Thomas. TK6562.D54D54 2009 621.384—dc22 2009001879 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-0-470-51037-7 (Hbk) Set in 10/12pt Times by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd., Pondicherry, India Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire. Contents List of Contributors xiii Preface xix Foreword xxiii Abbreviations xxv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 General 1 1.2 Radio in the Digital Age 2 1.3 Benefits of the Eureka 147 DAB Systems Family 2 1.3.1 The Original DAB System 2 1.3.2 Benefits of the Upgraded System DAB+ 5 1.4 History of the Origins of DAB 5 1.4.1 Steps of Development 5 1.4.2 Organisations and Platforms 10 1.4.3 Milestones of Introduction 12 1.5 International Standardisation 13 1.5.1 Basic Requirements and System Standards 13 1.5.2 Audio Coding 13 1.5.3 Data and Multimedia Services 14 1.5.4 Network and Transmission Standards 14 1.5.5 Receiver Requirements 15 1.5.6 Guidelines for Implementation and Operation 15 1.6 Relations to Other Digital Broadcasting Systems 15 1.6.1 Satellite-based Digital Radio Systems 15 1.6.2 Terrestrial Digital Broadcasting Systems 19 1.6.3 Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) 23 1.6.4 Internet Radio (Web-casting) 25 vi Contents 2 System Concept 29 2.1 The Physical Channel 29 2.2 The DAB Transmission System 32 2.2.1 Multicarrier Modulation 32 2.2.2 The Frame Structure of DAB 35 2.2.3 Channel Coding 36 2.2.4 Interleaving and PSK Mapping 42 2.2.5 Time Interleaving and Overall Delay 42 2.2.6 DQPSK Modulation and Frequency Interleaving 44 2.2.7 Performance Considerations 44 2.3 The DAB Multiplex 47 2.3.1 Mode-Independent Description of the Multiplex 47 2.3.2 The Main Service Channel 48 2.3.3 Transport Mechanisms 48 2.3.4 Fast Information Channel (FIC) 55 2.3.5 Transmission Frames 56 2.3.6 The Logical Structure of the DAB Multiplex 56 2.3.7 Multiplex Reconfiguration 57 2.4 Conditional Access 58 2.4.1 General Principles 58 2.4.2 System Architecture of HECA (Fraunhofer-IIS) 62 2.4.3 Conditional Access Framework for DAB 63 2.5 Service Information 66 2.5.1 Introduction 66 2.5.2 Coding of Labels 66 2.5.3 Basic Service Information 68 2.5.4 Service-related Information 70 2.5.5 Programme-related Features 74 2.5.6 Announcements 77 2.5.7 Other Ensemble Services 82 2.5.8 Tuning Aids 83 3 Audio Services and Applications 93 3.1 General 93 3.2 Audio Coding and Decoding 94 3.2.1 Perceptual Coding 94 3.2.2 MPEG-1/2 Audio Layer II 96 3.2.3 MPEG-2/4 HE AAC 101 3.2.4 Spectral Band Replication (SBR) 107 3.2.5 Parametric Stereo Coding (PS) 109 3.2.6 Audio Decoding 112 3.3 Characteristics of DAB Audio Coding 113 3.3.1 Audio Modes 114 3.3.2 Sampling Rate 114 3.3.3 Frame Structure 115 3.3.4 Bit Rates 115 Contents vii 3.4 DAB+ Coding Schemes 116 3.4.1 Is Audio Layer II Still Up-to-date for DAB? 116 3.4.2 DAB+ Audio Coding 117 3.5 Programme-associated Data 120 3.5.1 Dynamic Range Control (DRC) 121 3.5.2 Music/Speech Control (M/S) 122 3.5.3 Transport Mechanism of DRC and M/S Data 122 3.5.4 The Receiving End 123 3.6 Multichannel Audio with DAB 124 3.6.1 Characteristics of the MPEG-2 Multichannel Audio Coding System 124 3.6.2 3/2-Multichannel Presentation Performance 126 3.6.3 Compatibility Aspects 128 3.6.4 MPEG Surround for HE AAC 130 3.7 Other Advanced Audio Applications 134 3.7.1 Multilingual Extension 134 3.7.2 Half Sampling Rate Coding 135 3.7.3 Audio Broadcasting for the Hearing Impaired 136 3.8 Quality of Service 139 3.8.1 Analogue vs Digital Transmission 140 3.8.2 Audio Quality vs Bit Rate 141 3.8.3 Subjective Quality Assessment 142 3.8.4 Subjective Tests for AAC Codec Family 145 3.8.5 Error Protection and Concealment 150 3.8.6 Objective Quality Assessment 158 3.9 Audio Levels 160 3.9.1 Audio Signal Level Alignment 160 3.9.2 Programme Loudness 164 4 Data Services and Applications 167 4.1 General 167 4.2 Data Application Signalling and Access 167 4.3 The Multimedia Object Transfer Protocol 170 4.3.1 General Principles 170 4.3.2 Structure of MOT 170 4.3.3 Transmission of MOT and Overhead Considerations 171 4.3.4 MOT Header Parameters 174 4.3.5 Advanced Features of the MOT Directory Mode 175 4.4 Standardised MOT User Applications 175 4.4.1 MOT Slideshow 175 4.4.2 MOT Broadcast Web Site 176 4.4.3 Electronic Programme Guide (EPG) 177 4.5 Text Based Services 177 4.5.1 Dynamic Label 177 4.5.2 Journaline 179 viii Contents 4.6 Traffic Information Services and Navigation Aids 187 4.6.1 Traffic Message Channel (TMC) 187 4.6.2 TPEG 188 4.6.3 Differential GPS 188 4.7 Other Data Transmission Mechanisms 189 4.7.1 Transparent Data Channel 189 4.7.2 IP-Tunnelling 190 5 Provision of Services 193 5.1 The DAB Service Landscape 193 5.1.1 Structure of DAB Service Organisation 193 5.1.2 DAB Main Services 195 5.1.3 Data Services 198 5.2 Use of Existing Infrastructures 200 5.2.1 Broadcasting Operation Systems 200 5.2.2 Editorial Systems 201 5.3 Need for New Infrastructure 202 5.3.1 Management of Text and Service Data 202 5.3.2 Multimedia Editorial Tools 205 5.3.3 Data Inserter 207 5.4 Relationship between DAB Data Services and RDS 210 5.4.1 DAB SId versus RDS PI Code 210 5.4.2 Programme Type Codes 211 5.4.3 Announcements in DAB versus TA in RDS 211 5.4.4 Dynamic Label in DAB versus Radiotext in RDS 211 5.4.5 Cross-referencing DAB Services from RDS 216 5.5 Electronic Programme Guide (EPG) for DAB 220 5.5.1 General 220 5.5.2 Development of the DAB EPG 221 5.5.3 Data formatting 221 5.5.4 Transportation and Compression of the EPG 224 5.5.5 EPG Data Management 227 5.5.6 Launch of EPG services 228 5.6 Possible New Audio Services 228 5.6.1 Dynamic Reconfiguration for Temporary Service Splitting 228 5.6.2 Secondary Service Components for Main and Sub-Services 228 5.6.3 Announcement Channels for a ‘‘Near Radio on Demand’’ 229 5.6.4 Announcement Switching for Personal Preferences 229 5.6.5 Mailbox Radio 229 6 Collection and Distribution Networks 231 6.1 General 231 6.1.1 Basic Requirements 231 6.1.2 Ensemble Multiplexer 233 6.1.3 Conceptual Broadcast Network Outline 235 6.1.4 Implementation Issues 235 Contents ix 6.2 The Collection Network 237 6.2.1 The Service Transport Interface (STI) 237 6.2.2 Network Architecture 242 6.2.3 Network Operation 244 6.2.4 STI Implementation Levels 248 6.2.5 Integration of Non-STI Service Providers 250 6.2.6 Advanced Features and Further Development 251 6.3 The Distribution Network 251 6.3.1 The Ensemble Transport Interface (ETI) 251 6.3.2 Network Architecture 253 6.3.3 Network Operation 254 6.4 Example of Implementation 256 6.4.1 Operational Scenario 256 6.4.2 The Service Provider Profile 257 6.4.3 Equipment in Use
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