Karakter Gajah Mada: Simbol Kejayaan Majapahit
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Concise Ancient History of Indonesia.Pdf
CONCISE ANCIENT HISTORY OF INDONESIA CONCISE ANCIENT HISTORY O F INDONESIA BY SATYAWATI SULEIMAN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL FOUNDATION JAKARTA Copyright by The Archaeological Foundation ]or The National Archaeological Institute 1974 Sponsored by The Ford Foundation Printed by Djambatan — Jakarta Percetakan Endang CONTENTS Preface • • VI I. The Prehistory of Indonesia 1 Early man ; The Foodgathering Stage or Palaeolithic ; The Developed Stage of Foodgathering or Epi-Palaeo- lithic ; The Foodproducing Stage or Neolithic ; The Stage of Craftsmanship or The Early Metal Stage. II. The first contacts with Hinduism and Buddhism 10 III. The first inscriptions 14 IV. Sumatra — The rise of Srivijaya 16 V. Sanjayas and Shailendras 19 VI. Shailendras in Sumatra • •.. 23 VII. Java from 860 A.D. to the 12th century • • 27 VIII. Singhasari • • 30 IX. Majapahit 33 X. The Nusantara : The other islands 38 West Java ; Bali ; Sumatra ; Kalimantan. Bibliography 52 V PREFACE This book is intended to serve as a framework for the ancient history of Indonesia in a concise form. Published for the first time more than a decade ago as a booklet in a modest cyclostyled shape by the Cultural Department of the Indonesian Embassy in India, it has been revised several times in Jakarta in the same form to keep up to date with new discoveries and current theories. Since it seemed to have filled a need felt by foreigners as well as Indonesians to obtain an elementary knowledge of Indonesia's past, it has been thought wise to publish it now in a printed form with the aim to reach a larger public than before. -
Kearifan Budaya Sunda Dalam Peralihan Kepemimpinan Kerajaan Sunda Di Kawali Setelah Perang Bubat
KEARIFAN BUDAYA SUNDA DALAM PERALIHAN KEPEMIMPINAN KERAJAAN SUNDA DI KAWALI SETELAH PERANG BUBAT Oleh: Rusya’i Padmawijaya 1 Siti Khodijah 2 ABSTRAK Pemerintahannya, Bunisora Suradipati cenderung sebagai raja yang berkarakteristik religius. Kepiawaian Bunisora Suradipati dalam mengolah kerajaan sangat bagus dan sangat bijaksana. Beliau memegang penuh kestabilan aturan dan norma-norma kenegaraan. Konsep kepemimpinan di Sunda pada waktu pemerintahan Bunisora Suradipati tidak bisa lepas dari dua hal. Pertama, kitab Watang Ageung (satu kitab yang selalu digunakan oleh orang Sunda yang mengadopsi atau meyakini ageman atau kepercayaan Sunda Wiwitan. Yang kedua yaitu dari Siksakandang Karesian. Salah satunya konsep kepemimpinannya ialah dengan menggunakan konsep Tri Tangtu (tiga kunci atau tiga titik pemerintahan). Ketiga kunci tersebut yaitu Resi, Ratu, dan Rama. Tipe kepemimpinan Bunisora Suradipati adalah tipe kepemimpinan demokratis. Pada tahun 1371 Masehi, Bunisora Suradipati menyerahkan tahtanya kepada Niskala Wastu Kancana. Hal itu terjadi karena keluhuran budi Bunisora Suradipati, khususnya kejujurannya, sehingga Bunisora Suradipati menganggap bahwa tahta tersebut merupakan sebuah titipan, sebagai amanat sambil menunggu pewaris tahta yang sebenarnya dewasa, yaitu Niskala Wastu Kancana. Budaya Sunda berdampak besar terhadap kepemimpinan dan tatanan pemerintahan, serta berdampak juga terhadap kehidupan masyarakatnya. Salah satu dampak besar yang terjadi di Kerajaan Sunda setelah terjadinya tragedi Perang Bubat, yaitu “Dilarangnya keluarga -
In the Footsteps of Hayam Wuruk
IIAS_NL#39 09-12-2005 17:00 Pagina 17 > Research Rocks washed by the sea as Hayam Wuruk probably saw them at the cape of Tanjung Papuma. courtesy of author In the footsteps of Hayam Wuruk In the Old Javanese text Nagarakertagama or Desawarnana (1365), the Buddhist poet Prapanca describes King Hayam Wuruk’s journey through East Java in 1359. We followed the royal tracks in a 900-kilometer jeep expedition in June 2005 and discovered that many of the places can still be identified. Amrit Gomperts Renes, the caravan passed through a for- descending the steep ravine is impossi- cape of Tanjung Papuma, nowadays a human hands on the southern shore of est referred to as Jati Gumelar or ‘spread ble. Thus, in 1359, the wooden or bam- small tourist resort. The rocks jutting up Ranu Segaran, in front of a terraced gar- out teak trees’ (DW 23.1). The Dutch boo bridge may have been in a moul- close to the beach remain as Hayam den; this site may well indicate the loca- he expedition departed from the topographic maps show details of vege- dering state but it could not have been Wuruk may have seen them (see photo- tion of the bwat ranten. Tcourt of Majapahit, during the day tation that locate the forest near the vil- entirely in tatters. Such bridges chal- graph). of the full moon on 8 September 1359. lage of Tasnan which my Javanese trav- lenge our archaeological imagination. At the end of the journey, the royal car- The royal caravan drove in ox-carts, with el companions recognized as jati ‘teak’. -
1 BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Kerajaan Koto Besar
BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Kerajaan Koto Besar diperkirakan telah ada sejak akhir abad ke-17 Masehi.1 Koto Besar tumbuh dan berkembang bersama daerah-daerah lain yang berada di bekas wilayah Kerajaan Melayu Dharmasraya (Swarnabumhi).2 Daerah-daerah ini merupakan kerajaan kecil yang bercorak Islam dan berafiliasi dengan Kerajaan Pagaruyung, seperti Pulau Punjung yang dikenal sebagai camin taruih (perpanjangan tangan) Pagaruyung untuk daerah Hiliran Batanghari, serta penguasa lokal di ranah cati nan tigo, yaitu Siguntur, Sitiung dan Padang Laweh.3 Koto Besar menjadi satu-satunya kerajaan di wilayah ini yang tidak berpusat di pinggiran Sungai Batanghari.4 Lokasi berdirinya kerajaan-kerajaan tersebut merupakan daerah rantau dalam konsep alam Minangkabau.5 Pepatah adat Minangkabau mengatakan, 1 Merujuk pada tulisan yang tercantum pada stempel peninggalan Kerajaan Koto Besar yang berangkakan tahun 1697 Masehi. 2 Kerajaan Melayu Dharmasraya (Swarnabumhi) adalah sebuah kerajaan yang bercorak Hindu Buddha dan merupakan kelanjutan dari Kerajaan Melayu Jambi yang bermigrasi dari muara Sungai Batanghari. Kerajaan Melayu Dharmasraya hanya bertahan sekitar dua abad (1183 – 1347), setelah dipindahkan oleh Raja Adityawarman ke pedalaman Minangkabau di Saruaso. Bambang Budi Utomo dan Budhi Istiawan, Menguak Tabir Dharmasraya, (Batusangkar : BPPP Sumatera Barat, 2011), hlm. 8-12. 3 Efrianto dan Ajisman, Sejarah Kerajaan-Kerajaan di Dharmasraya, (Padang: BPSNT Press, 2010), hlm. 84. 4 Menurut Tambo Kerajaan Koto Besar dijelaskan bahwa Kerajaan Koto Besar berpusat di tepi Sungai Baye. Hal ini juga dikuatkan oleh catatan Kontroler Belanda Palmer van den Broek tanggal 15 Juni 1905. Lihat, Tambo Kerajaan Koto Besar, “Sejarah Anak Nagari Koto Besar yang Datang dari Pagaruyung Minangkabau”. Lihat juga, “Nota over Kota Basar en Onderhoorige Landschappen Met Uitzondering van Soengei Koenit en Talao”, dalam Tijdschrift voor Indische, “Taal, Land en Volkenkunde”, (Batavia: Kerjasama Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen dan Batavia Albrecht & Co., 1907), hlm. -
The Mandala Culture of Anarchy: the Pre-Colonial Southeast Asian International Society
The Mandala Culture of Anarchy: The Pre-Colonial Southeast Asian International Society Pandu Utama Manggala Australian National University, Australia Abstract Throughout the years, study on pre-colonial Southeast Asian international relations has not garnered major attention because it had long been seen as an integral part of the China- centred tribute system. There is a need to provide greater understanding of the uniqueness of the international system as different regions have different ontologies to comprehend its dynamics and structures. This paper contributes to the pre-colonial Southeast Asian literature by examining the interplay that had existed between pre-colonial Southeast Asian empires and the hierarchical East Asian international society, in particular during the 13th- 16th Century. The paper argues that Southeast Asian international relations in pre-colonial time were characterized by complex political structures with the influence of Mandala values. In that structural context, the Majapahit Empire, one of the biggest empires at that time had its own constitutional structures of an international society, albeit still sought close relations with China. Keywords: Pre-Colonial History, Southeast Asia, Mandala, Tributary System Introduction Southeast Asian countries were far from peaceful and stable under the tribute Throughout the years, study on pre- system. Fierce competition for survival and colonial Southeast Asian international domination had characterized the balance relations has not garnered major attention of power politics throughout the pre- because it had long been seen as an integral colonial era (Shu 2012b, p. 46). part of the China-centred tribute system. For that reason, there is a need to Moreover, Southeast Asia has often been provide greater understanding of the regarded as a political backwater uniqueness of the international system as compared to East Asia because Southeast different regions have different ontologies Asia as a region is seen as relatively to comprehend its dynamics and structures. -
George Yeo, Minister
National Archives of Release No.: 23/NOV 03B-l/94/11/09 SPEECH BY BG (NS) GEORGE YEO, MINISTER (INFORMATION AND THE ARTS) AND (HEALTH), AT THE OPENING OF THE LEGACY OF MAJAPAHIT AT THE NATIONAL MUSEUM ON WEDNESDAY, 9 NOVEMBER 1994 AT 6.00 PM To many Singaporeans, Majapahit is an ancient empire we read of only in the pages of a history textbook. The Kingdom of Majapahit ruled by Hindu Kings was the largest empire ever established in Southeast Asia from the 13th century to the 16th century. It was founded in East Java in 1294, exactly 700 years at the end of Kublai Khan's invasion. In the 14th century, Majapahit became a great centre of power in the entire Malay Archipelago. Its sway spread over much Administratively the empire was loosely bound by tribute paid in products and services to the centre by small states in the region including old Singapore, then known as Temasek. In the 15th century it was gradually torn apart by civil war. The trading ports of Java's north coast, where Islam was becoming popular, came into conflict with the traditional centre of power in the rice-growing interior. Majapahit authority in the Malacca Straits was increasingly contested by an emergent Malacca. By the time the Portuguese conquered Malacca in 1511, only a shell was left of Majapahit. Through archaeology and historical writings, we know that Majapahit had a major influence on the politics and culture of old Singapore. Both the 14th Century poem, Nagarakertagama and the 17th century Pararaton (Book of Kings) mentioned Temasek as part of the Majapahit empire. -
Accounting and Accountability Strategies of Gajah Mada's
IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) e-ISSN: 2321-5933, p-ISSN: 2321-5925.Volume 5, Issue 6. Ver. I (Nov.-Dec. 2014), PP 19-24 www.iosrjournals.org Accounting and Accountability Strategies of Gajah Mada’s Government: Analysis of Power – Knowledge Calysta Dessi Rosyinadia1 , EG Sukoharsono2 , A Djamhuri3 1 Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Economic and Business, University of Brawijaya. Malang-Indonesia 2 Faculty of Economic and Business, University of Brawijaya. Malang-Indonesia 3 Faculty of Economic and Business, University of Brawijaya. Malang-Indonesia Abstract: This study is aimed to more deeply analyze the history of accounting in Indonesia, particularly in the Majapahit empire in the reign of Gajah Mada as the mahapatih (Prime Minister). The role of Gajah Mada in the establishment of the unity of archipelago has a significant contribution to the development of the accounting ideas in Indonesia. In addition to the expansion of the territory expressed in the Palapa oath, Gajah Mada committed to his own mission to improve the economy of Majapahit Empire. Gajah Mada’s accounting strategy is one of successful strategy that formed Indonesian archipelago. In the age of Gajah Mada, Majapahit was one of the biggest ports with biggest warehouse in Asia frequently transited by foreigners from various countries. Moreover, Gajah Mada used his power to formulate legislation governing Majapahit taxes and penalties. In the Gajah Mada reign, Majapahit Empire is levied kinds of taxes, namely: (a) trade tax, (b) tax for foreigner, (c) exit-premit tax,(d) land tax, and (e) arts tax. Keywords: Gajah Mada, Accounting History of Indonesia, Foucault Power-Knowledge Framework I. -
Bab 2 Landasan Teori
BAB 2 LANDASAN TEORI 2.1. Tinjauan Umum 2.1.1. Letak Geografis Sumatra Barat Secara geografis, Provinsi Sumatera Barat terletak pada garis 00 54’ Lintang Utara sampai dengan 30 30’ Lintang Selatan serta 980 36’ – 1010 53’ Bujur Timur dengan luas wilayah 42.29730 Km2 atau 4.229.730 Ha. Luas perairan laut Provinsi Sumatera Barat kurang lebih 186.500 Km2 dengan jumlah pulau besar dan kecil sekitar 345 pulau. 2.1.2. Kedatangan Majapahit Di Minangkabau Pada tahun 1339 Adityawarman dikirim sebagai uparaja atau raja bawahan Majapahit, sekaligus melakukan beberapa penaklukan yang dimulai dengan menguasai Palembang. Kidung Pamacangah dan Babad Arya Tabanan menyebut nama Arya Damar sebagai bupati Palembang yang berjasa membantu Gajah Mada menaklukkan Bali pada tahun 1343. Menurut Prof. C.C. Berg, tokoh ini dianggapnya identik dengan Adityawarman. Setelah membantu Majapahit dalam melakukan beberapa penaklukan, pada tahun 1347 masehi atau 1267 saka, Adityawarman memproklamirkan dirinya sebagai Maharajadiraja dengan gelar Srimat Sri Udayadityawarman Pratapaparakrama Rajendra Mauli Warmadewa dan menamakan kerajaannya dengan namaMalayapura. Kerajaan ini merupakan kelanjutan dari Kerajaan Melayu sebelumnya, dan memindahkan ibukotanya dari Dharmasraya ke daerah pedalaman (Pagaruyung atau Suruaso). Dengan melihat gelar yang disandang Adityawarman, terlihat dia menggabungan beberapa nama yang pernah dikenal sebelumnya, Mauli merujuk garis keturunannya kepada bangsa Mauli penguasa Dharmasraya, dan gelar Sri Udayadityavarman pernah disandang salah seorang raja Sriwijaya serta menambahkah Rajendra nama penakluk penguasa Sriwijaya, raja Chola dari 3 4 Koromandel. Hal ini tentu sengaja dilakukan untuk mempersatukan seluruh keluarga penguasa di Swarnnabhumi. 2.1.3. Kerajaan Pagaruyung Masa Kebudayaan Islam Sultan Alif Khalifatullah naik tahta sekitar tahun 1560. Beliau merupakan raja (sultan) pertama di Kerajaan Pagaruyung yang memeluk agama Islam. -
Kawasan Heritage Jalan Gajah Mada Sebagai Upaya Pelestarian Kawasan Kota Tua Denpasar Bali
Jurnal Industri Pariwisata e-ISSN : 2620-9322 Vol 1, No. 1, 2018 KAWASAN HERITAGE JALAN GAJAH MADA SEBAGAI UPAYA PELESTARIAN KAWASAN KOTA TUA DENPASAR BALI 1 2 Derinta Entas , A.A. Istri Putera Widiastiti 1Jurusan Usaha Perjalanan Wisata, Sekolah Tinggi Pariwisata Sahid, Jakarta 2Program Studi DIV MPH, Sekolah Tinggi Pariwisata Bali Internasional, Denpasar Email korespondensi: [email protected] ABSTRAK Kawasan wisata Jalan Gajah Mada Denpasar sebagai kawasan heritage di kota Denpasar memiliki sejarah panjang. Kawasan yang merupakan pusat niaga dan bisnis terbesar, dihuni oleh mayoritas kaum etnis Tionghoa. Kawasan heritage Jalan Gajah Mada merupakan kawasan kota tua Denpasar. Perkembangan kota Denpasar lebih mengarah kepada konsep kota urban. Penataan dan pengembangan kawasan tersebut memberikan wajah baru bagi kota Denpasar khususnya di kawasan Jalan Gajah Mada. Ada kekhawatiran bahwa bangunan-bangunan lama yang mendominasi di sepanjang kawasan Jalan Gajah Mada tersebut akan hilang tergerus pertumbuhan kawasan tersebut. Upaya-upaya dilakukan untuk mempertahankan heritage area ini. Tujuannya untuk menjaga peradaban kota tua dari perkembangan sporadis pembangunan kota besar khususnya kota Denpasar. Bangunan-bangunan yang dikatagorikan heritage building di kawasan heritage Jalan Gajah Mada memiliki nilai estetik dari eksterior maupun interiornya yang perlu untuk dijaga kelestariannya. Kata Kunci: heritage area, kota tua, kota urban ABSTRACT Tourism area Gajah Mada street Denpasar as the heritage area has a long stories. This area as the biggest center of business and trade at Denpasar city, inhabited by the majority of the chinese ethnic. Heritage area of Gajah Mada street is one of the old city at Denpasar Bali. Development cities of Denpasar directed to the concept of urban city. -
The Local Wisdom in Marine Resource Conservation for Strategies of Poverty Reduction in Indonesia
TUMSAT-OACIS Repository - Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology (東京海洋大学) The local wisdom in marine resource conservation for strategies of poverty reduction in Indonesia 学位名 博士(海洋科学) 学位授与機関 東京海洋大学 学位授与年度 2018 学位授与番号 12614博乙第35号 権利 全文公表年月日: 2019-06-25 URL http://id.nii.ac.jp/1342/00001758/ Doctoral Dissertation THE LOCAL WISDOM IN MARINE RESOURCE CONSERVATION FOR STRATEGIES OF POVERTY REDUCTION IN INDONESIA March 2019 LUCKY ZAMZAMI i To the Villagers of South Tiku ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ..................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ........................................................................................................... v List of Figures .......................................................................................................... vi List of Photos ........................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgment ..................................................................................................... viii Preface ..................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 1 1. Background ........................................................................................................ 1 2. Ethnographical Setting ...................................................................................... -
Gayatri Dalam Sejarah Singhasari Dan Majapahit1
16 SEJARAH DAN BUDAYA, Tahun Ketujuh, Nomor 2, Desember 2013 GAYATRI DALAM SEJARAH SINGHASARI DAN MAJAPAHIT1 Deny Yudo Wahyudi1 Jurusan Sejarah FIS Universitas Negeri Malang Abstrak: Gayatri is an important woman figure in history of Majapahit. As a main family member, she had central role, although her role is invisible. Her status as Rajapatni gave her a big power, so she ascended her husband’s throne after her son in law, who has no son, died. Her Pendharmaan becomes an important source to be studied because of its vague of supporting data. Key Words: Gayatri, history, Singhasari, Majapahit Pergulatan menarik ditunjukkan Prof. Drake Singhasari sebagai pendahulu raja-raja (mantan Diplomat Canada) ketika akan Majapahit. Sumber lain selama ini hanya memilih tema tulisan sejarah sebagai kebiasa- Pararaton dan Nagarakartagama. Informasi an beliau ketika bertugas di luar negeri. yang diberikan oleh Mula-Malurung banyak Pilihan terhadap sosok Gayatri sebagai bahan yang memperkuat atau bahkan memperjelas tulisan patut diacungi ibu jari karena beliau kisah dalam Pararaton, karena tidak semua tidak tergoda untuk mengangkat nama-nama hal kisah dalam Pararton tergambarkan besar dalam sejarah Majapahit, semisal Prabu dengan jelas dan justru beberapa menimbul- Wijaya, Hayam Wuruk, Patih Gajah Mada kan pertanyaan. ataupun kalau tokoh wanita, Tribhuana dan Silsilah raja-raja Singhasari me- Suhita yang lebih banyak perannya dalam nunjukkan bahwa semua cabang dalam sejarah kerajaan. Selanjutnya saya akan keluarga ini pernah memerintah3 dalam tahta sedikit berdiskusi dengan tulisan Prof. Drake Singhasari. Hal yang menarik bahwa politik melalui tulisan sederhana, karena jika me- perkawinan selain sebagai upaya konsolidasi lakuklan kontra tulisan memerlukan waktu dan meredam suksesi juga dapat berakibat panjang untuk mempersiapkan suatu proses berlawanan, yaitu penuntutan hak atas tahta. -
Nancy J. Smith-Hefner
NANCY J. SMITH-HEFNER Associate Professor, Associate Chair Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Tel.: (617)353-2198/95; Fax: (617)353-353-6408 PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYMENT 2001-Present. Associate Professor (tenured), Department of Anthropology, Boston University. 1994-2001. Associate Professor of Linguistics and Anthropology (tenured), Graduate Program in Applied Linguistics; Adjunct Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, Boston. 1999. Visiting Research Associate, Center for Women’s Studies, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. 1987-1994. Assistant Professor of Linguistics and Anthropology, Graduate Program in Bilingual/English as a Second Language Studies, Department of English, University of Massachusetts, Boston. 1984-1987. Visiting Assistant Professor, Graduate Program in BIL/ESL Studies, Department of English, University of Massachusetts, Boston. l984. Visiting Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts. 1984, Summer. Program Director, Indonesian Language Program, Southeast Asian Summer Studies Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. EDUCATION 1983, Spring. Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Dissertation Title: Language and Social Identity: Speaking Javanese in Tengger. 1978, Summer. U.S. Office of Education Program in Advanced Indonesian, IKIP Malang, East Java, Indonesia. 1977, Summer. Indonesian Summer Studies Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Intensive Indonesian and Javanese Language Study. 1976. Master of Arts, Department of Linguistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 1974. Bachelor of Arts in Comparative Literatures, Residential College, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 1972-73. L’Universite de Provence, Aix-en-Provence, France. Comparative Literatures (French and Italian). ADMINISTRATIVE DIRECTORSHIPS 2010-present. Associate Chair, Department of Anthropology, Boston University. 2003-2009. Director of Undergraduate Studies, Department of Anthropology, Boston University.