L'écriture De L'enfance Dans Le Texte Autobiographique Marocain
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L’ÉCRITURE DE L’ENFANCE DANS LE TEXTE AUTOBIOGRAPHIQUE MAROCAIN. ÉLÉMENTS D’ANALYSE A TRAVERS L’ÉTUDE DE CINQ RÉCITS. LE CAS DE CHRAIBI, KHATIBI, CHOUKRI, MERNISSI ET RACHID O. By MUSTAPHA SAMI A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2013 1 © 2013 Sami Mustapha 2 To my family 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I gratefully acknowledge my obligation to all the people who supported me during my work on this study. Especially I would first like to extend my sincere thanks to Dr. Alioune Sow, my Dissertation Director, for his strong support, continuous and invaluable input, and his patience and advice throughout the dissertation writing. My sincere gratitude and admiration to the other professors, members of my dissertation committee: Dr. William Calin, Dr. Brigitte Weltman and Dr. Fiona McLaughlin for their helpful comments and ongoing support. I would also like to thank all my professors at the University of Florida. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... 4 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................. 7 ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE ................................................................................ 10 1.1 Les récits autobiographiques marocains ........................................................... 19 1.2 Considérations méthodologiques ...................................................................... 21 1.3 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 26 2 LE TEXTE MAROCAIN : DU FAIT AUTOBIOGRAPHIQUE A L’ECRITURE DE L’ENFANCE ............................................................................................................ 29 2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 29 2.2 Le fait autobiographique et le texte littéraire marocain...................................... 31 2.3 Texte et contexte .............................................................................................. 40 2.4 De la définition du récit d’enfance ..................................................................... 45 2.5 Une enfance marocaine: topique d’écriture ...................................................... 49 2.6 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 57 3 ÉCRITURE ET ENFANCE : UNE POÉTIQUE DU DÉLIRE .................................... 61 3.1 De la Ligne Mince à la poétique du délire ......................................................... 61 3.2 Le Passé simple de Driss Chraïbi ..................................................................... 71 3.3 Délire d’un enfant révolté .................................................................................. 72 3.3 La Mémoire tatouée d’Abdelkebir Khatibi ......................................................... 88 3.4 Délire d’un enfant décolonisé ............................................................................ 89 3.5 Mohamed Choukri al-Khubz al-hâfî, Le Pain nu ............................................. 106 3.6 Délire d’un enfant voyou ................................................................................. 106 3.7 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 119 4 RECIT D’ENFANCE AU FEMININ: RÊVES DE FEMMES : UNE ENFANCE AU HAREM DE FATIMA MERNISSI .......................................................................... 124 4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 124 4.2 Présentation du récit : Rêves de femmes : une enfance au harem. ............... 130 4.3 La femme marocaine et l’acte d’écrire: ........................................................... 131 4.4 Enfance et harems .......................................................................................... 137 4.4.1 Le harem urbain .................................................................................... 140 4.4.2 Le harem rural ....................................................................................... 143 5 4.4.3 Le harem français .................................................................................. 147 4.4.4 Le harem invisible ................................................................................. 148 4.5 Au-delà des frontières ..................................................................................... 149 4.6 L’enfance d’une nouvelle Shéhérazade .......................................................... 157 4.7 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 161 5 L’ENFANT ÉBLOUI DE RACHID O. : DE L’ENFANCE AUX CONFIDENCES. NOUVELLE ECRITURE OU NOUVELLES CONFESSIONS? .............................. 165 5.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 165 5.2 L’Enfant ébloui: Un éveil des sens .................................................................. 173 5.3 Les nouvelles confessions d’un enfant ébloui ................................................. 176 5.4 Enfance et masculinité .................................................................................... 188 5.4.1 L’école coranique .................................................................................. 194 5.4.2 Le hammam .......................................................................................... 195 5.4.3 La circoncision ....................................................................................... 197 5.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 201 6 CONCLUSION GÉNÉRALE ................................................................................. 204 6.1 La fréquence ................................................................................................... 210 6.2 La coincidence ................................................................................................ 211 6.3 La permanence ............................................................................................... 212 LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 216 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................... 223 6 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LPN Al-Khubz al-Hafi (Le Pain nu) de Mohamed Choukri. LPS Le Passé simple de Driss Chraibi. LMT La Mémoire tatouée d’Abdelkebir Khatibi. RDF Rêves de femmes: une enfance au harem de Fatima Mernissi. LEE L’Enfant ébloui de Rachid O. Afin de faciliter la lecture et d’éviter la lourdeur de la reprise des titres des récits de notre corpus nous les avons désignés par les initiales des mots qui les composent. 7 Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy L’ECRITURE DE L’ENFANCE DANS LE TEXTE AUTOBIOGRAPHIQUE MAROCAIN. ELEMENTS D’ANALYSE A TRAVERS L’ETUDE DE CINQ RECITS LE CAS DE CHRAIBI, KHATIBI, CHOUKRI, MERNISSI ET RACHID O. By Mustapha Sami May 2013 Chair: Alioune Sow Major: Romance Languages My dissertation offers an analysis of childhood writing in Moroccan literature. It explores narratives entirely or partially dedicated to childhood written by both male and female writers and published during the second half of the twentieth century. This includes early works such as The Simple Past (1954) by Driss Chraibi and The Tattooed Memory (1970), by Khatibi as well as the Arabic version of Mohamed Choukri’s For Bread Alone (1982), in addition to some relatively recent works like The Dazzled Child (1995) by Rachid O. and Fatima Mernissi's Dreams of Trespass (1996). The chosen texts represent a substantial corpus of some narratives in which the remembering of childhood experiences plays a central role. Furthermore, the study examines how childhood has been inscribed in autobiographical writings in colonial and postcolonial Moroccan Literature. Probing the "self-writing" by focusing on representations of childhood offers opportunities for critical and/or creative reflection on the impact of such a reconstruction on collective Identity. The assumption is that all these works contain, one way or another, fragmented structures related to the formation of the child under different periods and all of them explore a different sense of individual 8 and collective memory, in which the present is experienced as what Chraibi calls "a thin line" or what Mernissi calls “a frontier” between tradition and modernity, possible and impossible, moderation and excess, authorized and forbidden. My goal is to explore these texts from different perspectives so as to show how the recurrent presence of children as main characters aims to document the patriarchal nature of the traditional society while questioning the values associated with traditional life in a changing world. While the study establishes a typology of the child, it also shows how those childhood