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Grammatical Gender in Hindukush Languages
Grammatical gender in Hindukush languages An areal-typological study Julia Lautin Department of Linguistics Independent Project for the Degree of Bachelor 15 HEC General linguistics Bachelor's programme in Linguistics Spring term 2016 Supervisor: Henrik Liljegren Examinator: Bernhard Wälchli Expert reviewer: Emil Perder Project affiliation: “Language contact and relatedness in the Hindukush Region,” a research project supported by the Swedish Research Council (421-2014-631) Grammatical gender in Hindukush languages An areal-typological study Julia Lautin Abstract In the mountainous area of the Greater Hindukush in northern Pakistan, north-western Afghanistan and Kashmir, some fifty languages from six different genera are spoken. The languages are at the same time innovative and archaic, and are of great interest for areal-typological research. This study investigates grammatical gender in a 12-language sample in the area from an areal-typological perspective. The results show some intriguing features, including unexpected loss of gender, languages that have developed a gender system based on the semantic category of animacy, and languages where this animacy distinction is present parallel to the inherited gender system based on a masculine/feminine distinction found in many Indo-Aryan languages. Keywords Grammatical gender, areal-typology, Hindukush, animacy, nominal categories Grammatiskt genus i Hindukush-språk En areal-typologisk studie Julia Lautin Sammanfattning I den här studien undersöks grammatiskt genus i ett antal språk som talas i ett bergsområde beläget i norra Pakistan, nordvästra Afghanistan och Kashmir. I området, här kallat Greater Hindukush, talas omkring 50 olika språk från sex olika språkfamiljer. Det stora antalet språk tillsammans med den otillgängliga terrängen har gjort att språken är arkaiska i vissa hänseenden och innovativa i andra, vilket gör det till ett intressant område för arealtypologisk forskning. -
2001 Presented Below Is an Alphabetical Abstract of Languages A
Hindi Version Home | Login | Tender | Sitemap | Contact Us Search this Quick ABOUT US Site Links Hindi Version Home | Login | Tender | Sitemap | Contact Us Search this Quick ABOUT US Site Links Census 2001 STATEMENT 1 ABSTRACT OF SPEAKERS' STRENGTH OF LANGUAGES AND MOTHER TONGUES - 2001 Presented below is an alphabetical abstract of languages and the mother tongues with speakers' strength of 10,000 and above at the all India level, grouped under each language. There are a total of 122 languages and 234 mother tongues. The 22 languages PART A - Languages specified in the Eighth Schedule (Scheduled Languages) Name of language and Number of persons who returned the Name of language and Number of persons who returned the mother tongue(s) language (and the mother tongues mother tongue(s) language (and the mother tongues grouped under each grouped under each) as their mother grouped under each grouped under each) as their mother language tongue language tongue 1 2 1 2 1 ASSAMESE 13,168,484 13 Dhundhari 1,871,130 1 Assamese 12,778,735 14 Garhwali 2,267,314 Others 389,749 15 Gojri 762,332 16 Harauti 2,462,867 2 BENGALI 83,369,769 17 Haryanvi 7,997,192 1 Bengali 82,462,437 18 Hindi 257,919,635 2 Chakma 176,458 19 Jaunsari 114,733 3 Haijong/Hajong 63,188 20 Kangri 1,122,843 4 Rajbangsi 82,570 21 Khairari 11,937 Others 585,116 22 Khari Boli 47,730 23 Khortha/ Khotta 4,725,927 3 BODO 1,350,478 24 Kulvi 170,770 1 Bodo/Boro 1,330,775 25 Kumauni 2,003,783 Others 19,703 26 Kurmali Thar 425,920 27 Labani 22,162 4 DOGRI 2,282,589 28 Lamani/ Lambadi 2,707,562 -
ISO 639-3 New Code Request
ISO 639-3 Registration Authority Request for New Language Code Element in ISO 639-3 This form is to be used in conjunction with a “Request for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code” form Date: 2020-8-6 Name of Primary Requester: SHAKEEL AHMED SOHIL E-mail address: Shakeelrahi85 at gmail dot com Names, affiliations and email addresses of additional supporters of this request: mohd muzzamil sohil Devi Ahliya University Indore, mmsohill at gmail dot com mohd iqbal naik Jammu and Kashmir Khah Writers Association, mohdiqbalnaik493 at gmail dot com mohd idrees naik jaamia milia islamia new dehli ,mohdidreesnaik6 at gmail dot com mohd rafiq naik, Jammu and Kashmir Khah Writers Association, [email protected] Associated Change request number : 2020-029 (completed by Registration Authority) Tentative assignment of new identifier : hkh (completed by Registration Authority) PLEASE NOTE: This completed form will become part of the public record of this change request and the history of the ISO 639-3 code set. Use Shift-Enter to insert a new line in a form field (where allowed). 1. NAMES and IDENTIFICATION a) Preferred name of language for code element denotation: KHAH LANGUAGE b) Autonym (self-name) for this language: KHAH c) Common alternate names and spellings of language, and any established abbreviations: POGLI,POGALI,KHASHA,KHASHALI,PARISTANI,KHAH,POGULI,PANCHALI d) Reason for preferred name: THE MAIN REASON FOR THE PREFERRED NAME IS THAT IT IS THE LANGUAGE OF KHASHA TRIBE WHO ACCORDING TO RAJTRANGINI GOT SETTLED IN BETWEEN JEHLAM AND CHINAB AND RULED THE REGION THAT IS WHY THIS IS ONE OF THE MAJOR LANGUAGE OF THIS REGION. -
Map by Steve Huffman; Data from World Language Mapping System
Svalbard Greenland Jan Mayen Norwegian Norwegian Icelandic Iceland Finland Norway Swedish Sweden Swedish Faroese FaroeseFaroese Faroese Faroese Norwegian Russia Swedish Swedish Swedish Estonia Scottish Gaelic Russian Scottish Gaelic Scottish Gaelic Latvia Latvian Scots Denmark Scottish Gaelic Danish Scottish Gaelic Scottish Gaelic Danish Danish Lithuania Lithuanian Standard German Swedish Irish Gaelic Northern Frisian English Danish Isle of Man Northern FrisianNorthern Frisian Irish Gaelic English United Kingdom Kashubian Irish Gaelic English Belarusan Irish Gaelic Belarus Welsh English Western FrisianGronings Ireland DrentsEastern Frisian Dutch Sallands Irish Gaelic VeluwsTwents Poland Polish Irish Gaelic Welsh Achterhoeks Irish Gaelic Zeeuws Dutch Upper Sorbian Russian Zeeuws Netherlands Vlaams Upper Sorbian Vlaams Dutch Germany Standard German Vlaams Limburgish Limburgish PicardBelgium Standard German Standard German WalloonFrench Standard German Picard Picard Polish FrenchLuxembourgeois Russian French Czech Republic Czech Ukrainian Polish French Luxembourgeois Polish Polish Luxembourgeois Polish Ukrainian French Rusyn Ukraine Swiss German Czech Slovakia Slovak Ukrainian Slovak Rusyn Breton Croatian Romanian Carpathian Romani Kazakhstan Balkan Romani Ukrainian Croatian Moldova Standard German Hungary Switzerland Standard German Romanian Austria Greek Swiss GermanWalser CroatianStandard German Mongolia RomanschWalser Standard German Bulgarian Russian France French Slovene Bulgarian Russian French LombardRomansch Ladin Slovene Standard -
Grammatical Gender and Linguistic Complexity
Grammatical gender and linguistic complexity Volume I: General issues and specific studies Edited by Francesca Di Garbo Bruno Olsson Bernhard Wälchli language Studies in Diversity Linguistics 26 science press Studies in Diversity Linguistics Editor: Martin Haspelmath In this series: 1. Handschuh, Corinna. A typology of marked-S languages. 2. Rießler, Michael. Adjective attribution. 3. Klamer, Marian (ed.). The Alor-Pantar languages: History and typology. 4. Berghäll, Liisa. A grammar of Mauwake (Papua New Guinea). 5. Wilbur, Joshua. A grammar of Pite Saami. 6. Dahl, Östen. Grammaticalization in the North: Noun phrase morphosyntax in Scandinavian vernaculars. 7. Schackow, Diana. A grammar of Yakkha. 8. Liljegren, Henrik. A grammar of Palula. 9. Shimelman, Aviva. A grammar of Yauyos Quechua. 10. Rudin, Catherine & Bryan James Gordon (eds.). Advances in the study of Siouan languages and linguistics. 11. Kluge, Angela. A grammar of Papuan Malay. 12. Kieviet, Paulus. A grammar of Rapa Nui. 13. Michaud, Alexis. Tone in Yongning Na: Lexical tones and morphotonology. 14. Enfield, N. J. (ed.). Dependencies in language: On the causal ontology of linguistic systems. 15. Gutman, Ariel. Attributive constructions in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic. 16. Bisang, Walter & Andrej Malchukov (eds.). Unity and diversity in grammaticalization scenarios. 17. Stenzel, Kristine & Bruna Franchetto (eds.). On this and other worlds: Voices from Amazonia. 18. Paggio, Patrizia and Albert Gatt (eds.). The languages of Malta. 19. Seržant, Ilja A. & Alena Witzlack-Makarevich (eds.). Diachrony of differential argument marking. 20. Hölzl, Andreas. A typology of questions in Northeast Asia and beyond: An ecological perspective. 21. Riesberg, Sonja, Asako Shiohara & Atsuko Utsumi (eds.). Perspectives on information structure in Austronesian languages. -
Map by Steve Huffman Data from World Language Mapping System 16
Tajiki Tajiki Tajiki Shughni Southern Pashto Shughni Tajiki Wakhi Wakhi Wakhi Mandarin Chinese Sanglechi-Ishkashimi Sanglechi-Ishkashimi Wakhi Domaaki Sanglechi-Ishkashimi Khowar Khowar Khowar Kati Yidgha Eastern Farsi Munji Kalasha Kati KatiKati Phalura Kalami Indus Kohistani Shina Kati Prasuni Kamviri Dameli Kalami Languages of the Gawar-Bati To rw al i Chilisso Waigali Gawar-Bati Ushojo Kohistani Shina Balti Parachi Ashkun Tregami Gowro Northwest Pashayi Southwest Pashayi Grangali Bateri Ladakhi Northeast Pashayi Southeast Pashayi Shina Purik Shina Brokskat Aimaq Parya Northern Hindko Kashmiri Northern Pashto Purik Hazaragi Ladakhi Indian Subcontinent Changthang Ormuri Gujari Kashmiri Pahari-Potwari Gujari Bhadrawahi Zangskari Southern Hindko Kashmiri Ladakhi Pangwali Churahi Dogri Pattani Gahri Ormuri Chambeali Tinani Bhattiyali Gaddi Kanashi Tinani Southern Pashto Ladakhi Central Pashto Khams Tibetan Kullu Pahari KinnauriBhoti Kinnauri Sunam Majhi Western Panjabi Mandeali Jangshung Tukpa Bilaspuri Chitkuli Kinnauri Mahasu Pahari Eastern Panjabi Panang Jaunsari Western Balochi Southern Pashto Garhwali Khetrani Hazaragi Humla Rawat Central Tibetan Waneci Rawat Brahui Seraiki DarmiyaByangsi ChaudangsiDarmiya Western Balochi Kumaoni Chaudangsi Mugom Dehwari Bagri Nepali Dolpo Haryanvi Jumli Urdu Buksa Lowa Raute Eastern Balochi Tichurong Seke Sholaga Kaike Raji Rana Tharu Sonha Nar Phu ChantyalThakali Seraiki Raji Western Parbate Kham Manangba Tibetan Kathoriya Tharu Tibetan Eastern Parbate Kham Nubri Marwari Ts um Gamale Kham Eastern -
(In)Stability in Hindu Kush Indo-Aryan Languages Henrik Liljegren Stockholm University
Chapter 10 Gender typology and gender (in)stability in Hindu Kush Indo-Aryan languages Henrik Liljegren Stockholm University This paper investigates the phenomenon of gender as it appears in 25 Indo-Aryan languages (sometimes referred to as “Dardic”) spoken in the Hindu Kush-Karako- rum region – the mountainous areas of northeastern Afghanistan, northern Pak- istan and the disputed territory of Kashmir. Looking at each language in terms of the number of genders present, to what extent these are sex-based or non-sex- based, how gender relates to declensional differences, and what systems of assign- ment are applied, we arrive at a micro-typology of gender in Hindu Kush Indo- Aryan, including a characterization of these systems in terms of their general com- plexity. Considering the relatively close genealogical ties, the languages display a number of unexpected and significant differences. While the inherited sex-based gender system is clearly preserved in most of the languages, and perhaps even strengthened in some, it is curiously missing altogether in others (such as in Kalasha and Khowar) or seems to be subject to considerable erosion (e.g. in Dameli). That the languages of the latter kind are all found at the northwestern outskirts ofthe Indo-Aryan world suggests non-trivial interaction with neighbouring languages without gender or with markedly different assignment systems. In terms of com- plexity, the southwestern-most corner of the region stands out; here we find a few languages (primarily belonging to the Pashai group) that combine inherited sex- based gender differentiation with animacy-related distinctions resulting in highly complex agreement patterns. -
Forest Foods
CONTENTS Introduction ENVIS Newsletter July – September, 2015 Food Insecurity Food Security from Forests FOREST FOODS: International Mountain Day - 2015 Forest Food Festival An Adaptive Strategy for Food Insecurity due The Glimpses of Forest Food Festival Wild Edibles of Forests of J&K to Climate Change Good Practices FROM THE DIRECTOR’S DESK J&K ENVIS Centre Forests have a large and indispensable Department of Ecology, Environment & Remote Sensing role to play in improving food security in the backdrop of climate change. Wild Jammu & Kashmir edible plants known to traditional communities are important resources in INTRODUCTION the development of livelihood strategies It is a matter of concern how the current global food system will meet the for forest dwellers/marginal communities. growing demands of a population expected to reach 9 billion people by While wild foods are not known to all, 2050. In the present context of climate change, ongoing loss of species and locally they are of great value for Genetic diversity, soil degradation, increasing urbanization, social conflict nutritional benefits and food security. and extreme poverty, there is an urgent need for collective action to More generally they can be exploited in address food and nutrition security at the global and regional level. Energy‐ the form of nutritionally valuable rich staple crops assure caloric adequacy and policy makers have thus supplements as ingredients, vegetables, made them a focus in the quest for global food security. However, they soups, herbal teas and sharbats. Forest generally contain low amounts of limiting nutrients, including micronutrients tribes are frequently collect non wood per unit of energy, and by themselves are not sufficient to address the forest products from the forests and problem of “hidden hunger” or micronutrient deficiency. -
Cultural & Migration Tables, Part II-C, Volume-XX, Himachal Pradesh
CENSUS OF INDIA 1961 VOLUME XX HI,MACHAL PRADESH PART II-C CULTURAL & MIGRATION TABLES RAM CHANDRA PAL SINGH of tbe Indian Administrative Service Superintendent of Census Operations~ HitIl~ch~l Pfadesh oENS U S 0 F IN D I A 1 9 6 I-P U B L lOA T ION 8 Central Government Publications 1961 Oensu$ Report, Volume XX-Himachal Pradesh, will be in tM following Parts- I-A General Repor,t I-B Report on Vital Statistics and Fertility Survey. 1-0 Subsidiary Tables II-A General Population Tables and Primary Census Abstracts II-B Economic Tables II·O Cultural !lnd JIigration Ta.ble~ (The present part) III HOlWehold Economic Tables IV ReiIOI, and Tab'e 1 on Housing and Establishments Y·}' SpDi11 Tables on S hduled Ca~tes and Scheduled Tribes (including reprint~) Y·B(I) . EchuoJraphio note~ on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Y-B(U) A' tudy of G,1.ddi ·-A Scheduled Tribe-and affiliated castes by Prof, JYilliam H. Newell n Villu,;o t:\U\q Monographs (36 villages) VII·A . SilI'vey of Selected Handicrafts YII-B . Fairs and Festivals YIII·A Admini~tmtive &.port on Enumeration (For official use only) VIII-B Administrative Report on Tabulation (For official use only) IX Atla) of Himacha.l Prade1h HIMAOHAL PRADESH GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS District Handbook-Chamba District Handbook-Mandi District Handbook-Bilaspur District Handbook-Mahasu District Handbook-Sirmur District Handbook-:-Kinnaur PAGES Preface v I~TRODUCTION C SERIES-CULTURAL TABLES VII T.\BLE C-I Composition of Sample Households by Relationship to Head of Family Classified by Size of Land Cultivated . -
February 18, 2021.Qxd
TRULY TIMES 3 LOCAL JAMMU, THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 18, 2021 Congress holds protest Dharna at Vivekanand Chowk against imposing property tax in J&K "GDC Kalakote organized maiden BJP has surpassed all records of imposing arbitrary taxes, making One Day Seminarin Arabic" TT CORRESPONDENT KALAKOTE, FEB. 17: A proud moment for Govt. Degree College Kalakote as life of people miserable and uncomfortable: PCC leaders the maiden one day seminar on the theme "Arabic Novel TT CORRESPONDENT against its anti people poli- in the kingdom of Saudi JAMMU, FEB. 17: The cies adding that people were Arabia", was organised by J&K Congress on Tuesday yet to come out of shock on Department of Arabic. The staged a protest against the account of levying toll taxes event was attended by some Centre's decision to impose that another sword in the Prominent Professors of property tax in the UT and shape of property tax is being Arabic language from speakers, which included, students to grab each oppor- demanded its immediate roll- put on their head. He said BGSBU, Rajouri, Dr. Mohd. Mr.Imtiaz Ahmed, tunity available to them and back and dismantling of toll people will be forced to come Affan, Dr.MohdAzam and Miss.Tahira Bashir, Miss. excel in the field of their plazas to end "tax terrorism". on roads in protest against Dr.ManzerAlamalong with Vazeera Jan, Miss interest with hard work and The protest was organized by levying of property tax, if the the six Scholars from the RabiaAmeen, Sameer Ahmed dedication. He further added Corporators Ritu Choudhary proposed move was not Institution who presented and Miss. -
GOO-80-02119 392P
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 228 863 FL 013 634 AUTHOR Hatfield, Deborah H.; And Others TITLE A Survey of Materials for the Study of theUncommonly Taught Languages: Supplement, 1976-1981. INSTITUTION Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C. SPONS AGENCY Department of Education, Washington, D.C.Div. of International Education. PUB DATE Jul 82 CONTRACT GOO-79-03415; GOO-80-02119 NOTE 392p.; For related documents, see ED 130 537-538, ED 132 833-835, ED 132 860, and ED 166 949-950. PUB TYPE Reference Materials Bibliographies (131) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC16 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Annotated Bibliographies; Dictionaries; *InStructional Materials; Postsecondary Edtmation; *Second Language Instruction; Textbooks; *Uncommonly Taught Languages ABSTRACT This annotated bibliography is a supplement tothe previous survey published in 1976. It coverslanguages and language groups in the following divisions:(1) Western Europe/Pidgins and Creoles (European-based); (2) Eastern Europeand the Soviet Union; (3) the Middle East and North Africa; (4) SouthAsia;(5) Eastern Asia; (6) Sub-Saharan Africa; (7) SoutheastAsia and the Pacific; and (8) North, Central, and South Anerica. The primaryemphasis of the bibliography is on materials for the use of theadult learner whose native language is English. Under each languageheading, the items are arranged as follows:teaching materials, readers, grammars, and dictionaries. The annotations are descriptive.Whenever possible, each entry contains standardbibliographical information, including notations about reprints and accompanyingtapes/records -
On Possible Dardic and Burushaski Influence on Some Northwestern Tibetan Dialects
Anton Kogan Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow; [email protected] On possible Dardic and Burushaski influence on some Northwestern Tibetan dialects The Northwestern fringe of the Tibetan-speaking area, now forming a part of the Jammu and Kashmir state of India and of Pakistani-controlled Northern Areas, was in the past an area of intensive ethnic and language contact. This contact resulted in the linguistic assimilation of the local pre-Tibetan population by the Tibetans. More than a century ago it was hypothe- sized that this pre-Tibetan population may have spoken a certain Dardic language. The arti- cle attempts to check this hypothesis through the etymological analysis of the vocabulary of Northwestern Tibetan dialects. The results of this analysis suggest the existence of a signifi- cant Indo-Iranian, probably Dardic, lexical stratum, as well as of numerous lexemes bor- rowed from some early form of Burushaski. The author seeks to define the dialectal distribu- tion of Indo-Iranian and Burushaski loanwords in the area under study. Keywords: language contact; linguistic substratum; Tibetan dialects; Ladakhi language; Balti language; Purik language; Dardic languages; Burushaski language. Introduction It is well known that the now vast and extensive Tibetan-speaking area came into being at a comparatively recent date, i.e. in the 7th–9th centuries. Its formation was the result of the ex- pansion of the Tibetan Empire and of the subsequent spread of the Tibetan language into originally non-Tibetan territories. This fact suggests that the existence of pre-Tibetan substrata in different groups of Tibetan dialects may be hypothesized.