Archival copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em8915
EM 8915 • October 2006
ALTERNATIVE CROPS FOR THE COLUMBIA BASIN Archival copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em8915 • i
Contents
Preface ...... iii Acknowledgments, bilbiography, and references ...... iv Grasses and cereal grains ...... 1 Broad-leafed herbs and forbs ...... 7 Shrubs and trees ...... 19 Opportunities for xeriscape plant nurseries in the Columbia Basin ...... 23 Introduced species considered noxious weeds that may show possibilities for oilseed, adhesives, or other properties .....25 Native grasses, herbs, and shrubs for land restoration after fi re, erosion, or mechanical disturbance ...... 25 Index of common names ...... 26 Index of scientifi c names ...... 27
Authors Stephen Machado, assistant professor, Columbia Basin Experiment Station, Oregon State University Brian Tuck, professor and Extension agent (crops), Wasco County, Oregon State University Sandy Macnab, professor and Extension agent (agriculture), Sherman County, Oregon State University Jordan Maley, Extension faculty, agriculture, Gilliam County, Oregon State University Jerry Igo,Wasco County
© 2006 Oregon State University This publication was produced and distributed in furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May 8 and June 30, 1914. Extension work is a cooperative program of Oregon State University, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and Oregon counties. Oregon State University Extension Service offers educational programs, activities, and materials—without discrimination based on age, color, disability, gender identity or expression, marital status, national origin, race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, or veteran’s status. Oregon State University Extension Service is an Equal Opportunity Employer. Published October 2006. Archival copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em8915 • ii
Acknowledgments, bibliography, and references
Oregon State University publications University of California Available from OSU Extension and Station Communi- Specialty and Minor Crops Handbook, 40 contributing cations, 422 Kerr Administration, Corvallis, OR 97331 authors. or online (http://extension.oregonstate.edu): Alternate Crops for Dryland in Idaho, K. Kephart and Chickpea Production Guide, EM 8791-E, M. Corp, D. Auld. et al. (revised 2004). Intermountain Planting Guide, AG510, Contact Extension Publications (435-797-2251) Edible Mustard, EM 8796-E, D. Wysocki and M. Corp (2002). Personal conversation Feasibility of Industrial Hemp Production in the Tim Butler, Oregon Department of Agriculture, Weed United States Pacifi c Northwest, SB 681, Division D. Ehrensing (1998). Bruce Newhouse, Native Plant Society of Oregon Grain Sorghum, EM 8794-E. G. Arman-Agyeman, Sam Wilkins, Oregon Department of Transportation et al. (2002). Dr. Richard Old, University of Idaho Narrow-leaf Lupin, EM 8834-E, K. Kettel, et al. (2003). Bruce Barnes, Native Plant Society of Oregon Saffl ower, EM 8792-E, G. Arman-Agyeman, et al. Berta Youtie, The Nature Conservancy (2002). Dr. Kenton Chambers, Dr. Scott Sundberg, Dr. Aaron Sudangrass, EM 8793-E, G. Arman-Agyeman, et al. Liston, Oregon State University (2002). Milestone Nurseries, Lyle, Washington Dry Creek Seed Co., Mosier, Oregon Available from the Columbia Basin Experiment Station Amazing Grains, John Sheldon, Boseman, Montana (phone 541-278-4416): GROWISER, Andy Huber, LaGrande, Oregon Alternative Rotation Crops: Lentils. S. Machado, B. Tuck, and C. Humphrey. Columbia Basin Wallace Hansen, Native Plants, Salem, Oregon Agricultural Research Center Special Report 1068 We are grateful for the continuing help of county (2006). Extension agents throughout the Columbia Basin. Alternative Rotation Crops: Peas. S. Machado, Photo credits B. Tuck, and C. Humphrey. Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center Special Report 1061 Patrick Alexander: Gourd (USDA. NRCS. 2006. The (2005). PLANTS Database. http://plants.usda.gov) Jennifer Anderson: Jerusalem artichoke (USDA. Potential Alternative Crops for Eastern Oregon. NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Database. Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center http://plants.usda.gov) Special Report 1054, S. Machado (2004). Thomas G. Barnes: Ginseng (USDA. NRCS. 2006. Purdue University new crop fact sheets The PLANTS Database. http://plants.usda.gov. Indian Ricegrass, Magness, et al. Originally published in Barnes, T.G. and S.W. Francis. 2004. Wildfl owers and Ferns of Kentucky. Needlegrasses, Magness, et al. University Press of Kentucky.) Garbanzo, F.J. Muhlbauer, et al. Scott Bauer, USDA Agricultural Research Service: Washington Field bean, soybean Washington Minor Crops, A. Schreiber and L. Ritchie. Archival copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em8915 • iii
Neil Bell, Oregon State University Extension Service: Robert H. Mohlenbrock: Peppermint, spearmint, Cactus, evening-primrose, golden currant, sumac Indian hemp (USDA. NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Ryan Bessette, Wasco County SWCD: Rye, salsify Database. http://plants.usda.gov. Originally Pat Breen, Oregon State University Department of published in USDA. NRCS. 1995. Northeast Horticulture: Bitter cherry, chokecherry, Oregon Wetland Flora: Field Offi ce Guide to Plant white oak Species. Northeast National Technical Center, Carol Brooks: Sunfl ower Chester, PA and in Midwest Wetland Flora: Field Brother Alfred Brousseau: Wormwood, daikon (USDA. Offi ce Illustrated Guide to Plant Species. Midwest NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Database. http://plants. National Technical Center. Courtesy of USDA usda.gov. Courtesy of St. Mary’s College of NRCS Wetland Science Institute) California) Gary Monroe: Grasspea (USDA. NRCS. 2006. The Butser Ancient Farm: Spelt wheat PLANTS Database. http://plants.usda.gov) Michael Charters: Aster, bitterbrush, olive (http://elib. Northharvest Bean Growers Association: Mung bean cs.berkeley.edu) Richard Old: Columbia brome, Indian reed G.A. Cooper: Native buckwheat, vernonia (USDA. Oregon State University Extension and Experiment NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Database. http://plants. Station Communications: chili pepper, grape, usda.gov) juniper, meadowfoam, pumpkin Daryl Ehrensing, Oregon State University Department J.S. Peterson: Horsebrush, Idaho fescue, incense-cedar. of Crop and Soil Science: Hemp, kamut www.swcoloradowildfl owers.com (USDA. NRCS. Mary Ellen Harte: Willow 2006. The PLANTS Database. http://plants.usda. Patrick Hayes, Oregon State University Department of gov) Crop and Soil Science: Barley Win Phippen: Black-eyed pea, Sunn hemp Russ Ingham, Oregon State University Department of Dave Powell, USDA Forest Service: Douglas hawthorn Botany and Plant Pathology: Sudangrass Richard Roseberg: Spurge James Johnson: Timothy (USDA. NRCS. 2006. Al Schneider: Gumweed, sagebrush (USDA. NRCS. The PLANTS Database. http://plants.usda.gov. 2006. The PLANTS Database. http://plants.usda. Originally published in USDA NRCS. 1992. gov) Western Wetland Flora: Field Offi ce Guide to Plant Clint Shock, Oregon State University Malheur Species. West Region, Sacramento, CA. Courtesy Experiment Station: Bladderpod, desert-parsley, of USDA NRCS Wetland Science Institute) fl ax, onion, rabbitbrush, Basin wildrye, blue Christof Kling, State Plant Breeding Institute, elderberry University of Hohenheim: Einkorn, emmer Robert Soreng: Junegrass (USDA. NRCS. 2006. Paul Latham: Lima bean The PLANTS Database. http://plants.usda.gov. Stephen Machado, Oregon State University Columbia Courtesy of Smithsonian Institution, Department of Basin Experiment Station: Buckwheat, chickpea, Systematic Biology-Botany) fi eld pea, lentil, mustard Forest and Kim Starr, USGS: Cuphea Sandy MacNab, Oregon State University Extension Brian Tuck, Oregon State University Extension Service: Carrot, crambe, durum wheat, garlic, Service: Canola, needlegrass, Indian ricegrass triticale, saffl ower W.L. Wagner: Squirreltail (USDA. NRCS. 2006. Susan McDougal: Cottonwood (USDA. NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Database. http://plants.usda.gov. The PLANTS Database. http://plants.usda.gov) Courtesy of Smithsonian Institution, Department of Stephen McLaughlin: Hersperaloe Systematic Biology-Botany) Teresa Welch, Oregon State University Extension Service: Dill, red-osier dogwood, fava bean, fennel, fl owers (gaillardia), herbs, horseradish, lavender, penstemon, yarrow, asparagus, lupine, watermelon WTU Herbarium: Bluebunch wheatgrass, blue wildrye, oat, ryegrass Archival copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em8915 • iv
Preface
or several years, the profi tability of farming in name (page 26) and scientifi c name (page 27) also is the Columbia Basin has been diminishing, as included. Fconsistently low grain prices have not kept pace Although this list is not exhaustive, it should pro- with increases in farming costs. The costs of labor, vide a considerable pool of possibilities for Columbia fuel, machinery, fertilizer, pesticides, transportation, Basin farmers. Oregon State University Extension accounting, and brokerage fees have combined to cause Service publications and research data are available on many small grain producers to look for new sources of many of these subjects. Contact your county offi ce of income and ways to reduce input costs. the OSU Extension Service for more information. This publication explores possibilities for new crops Keep in mind that while it might be tempting to in the Columbia Basin. Crops discussed include, but are abandon present use of land and plunge totally into not limited to, oilseeds, food, forage, seeds and stems promising new crops, this can be a risky choice. for revegetation, and crops that enrich the soil and/or Unexpected problems might surface, especially if all reduce the threat of disease to primary crops. aspects of the new crop are not thoroughly researched. In researching these possibilities, we have consid- For example, there might not be a processing plant for ered both native species and crops grown in other parts a new oilseed crop, or a species might be a controlled of the world where soils and rainfall are similar to substance or noxious weed. Remembering that every- those in the Columbia Basin. (See “Acknowledgments, thing is connected to everything else, always consider bibliography, and references,” page ii.) all aspects of a new venture. These aspects include This report classifi es potential crops into three potential markets, storage, transportation, process- groups: grasses and cereal grains, broad-leafed herbs ing, pesticides, and the potential for introduced crops and forbs, and shrubs and trees. Each category is to become weeds. With that in mind, there are some indexed by common name. A general index by common promising possibilities on the horizon. Archival copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em8915 • 1
Grasses and cereal grains
Barley ...... 1 Hesperaloe ...... 2 Ricegrass, Indian...... 3 Timothy ...... 5 Brome, Columbia ...... 1 Junegrass...... 2 Rye ...... 4 Triticale ...... 5 Durum wheat ...... 1 Kamut...... 3 Ryegrass ...... 4 Wheatgrass, bluebunch ....5 Einkorn...... 1 Needlegrass ...... 3 Spelt wheat...... 4 Wildrye, basin ...... 6 Emmer...... 2 Oat ...... 3 Squirreltail ...... 4 Wildrye, blue ...... 6 Fescue, Idaho ...... 2 Reed, Indian ...... 3 Sudangrass ...... 4
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum) Barley is an impor- Durum wheat is the plant tant cereal grain in the from which semolina is United States. It is used derived. The fl avor and for livestock fodder, the cooking qualities of durum brewing industry, and for wheat are superior, and some bread-making. In the durum semolina is pre- Columbia Basin, it is best ferred in the production suited to follow winter of pasta products such as wheat. Acreage currently spaghetti, macaroni, and is limited due to limited couscous (the staple food of North Africa). Durum wheat markets. is a high-value commodity and is suited to the Columbia Basin’s climate. Brome, Columbia (Bromus vulgaris) Einkorn (Triticum monococcum) Columbia brome is a native grass whose seed is Einkorn is an older wheat used for revegetation after lower in quality than fi re or other disturbance. It modern wheats. In harsh prevents erosion and helps environments and poor to exclude noxious weeds. soil, however, its protein Federal agencies are the content and yield can equal principal purchasers. At or exceed that of barley present, the seed is hand and durum wheat grown harvested from wild under similar conditions. stands. With suffi cient purchase commitments, this spe- If climate change should cies could be profi table in many areas of the Columbia affect the Columbia Basin Basin. severely, einkorn might be an alternative crop. Archival copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em8915 • 2
Emmer (Triticum diococcum) Hesperaloe (Hesperaloe funifera) Emmer was grown Hesperaloe is native to throughout the U.S. in the Mexico, where its fi ber early 1900s. It is another is used for cordage prod- grain that can tolerate less- ucts. It also has potential than-favorable growing for production of paper conditions. It is used for with exceptional tensile cattle feed, replacing either and tear strength. These oats or barley in feedlot qualities are important for rations. Some bread is specialty products such made from emmer. as currency paper, Bible pages, tea bags, and fi lters. Blending with other fi bers could increase the strength of products such as tissues and paper towels. Hesperaloe is not grown commercially in the United States, but test plots in southern Oregon have shown promise. Much of Fescue, Idaho (Festuca idahoensis) the Columbia Basin is similar in soil and moisture condi- tions to production areas in Mexico. Idaho fescue is a native bunchgrass that once cov- Junegrass (Koeleria macrantha) ered thousands of acres on both sides of the Columbia Junegrass is a native river. Intense grazing by bunchgrass that once was cattle and sheep in the widespread throughout the early days of Euro-Ameri- west. It is considered an can settlement reduced its indicator of little- disturbed occurrence to a small fraction of the original acreage. land. It is one of the most desirable native grasses Idaho fescue is in great demand for restoration of land for revegetating lands degraded by fi re, overgrazing, or disturbance. The U.S. after fi re, overgrazing, or Forest Service and U.S. Bureau of Land Management other disturbance. It also are the principal market, but state and county parks and is attractive in landscapes. highway departments also purchase this species. Junegrass will grow almost Most seed is hand harvested from native stands, but, anywhere in the Columbia with market commitments, commercial production could Basin, but does better be feasible. In the Columbia Basin, Idaho fescue grows where rainfall exceeds 20 inches. Harvesting of the seeds best on north-facing slopes. Where grazing does not is somewhat challenging and generally is done by hand, occur, it can produce dense stands and profi table yields. so this species is a niche-market product. Archival copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em8915 • 3
Kamut (Triticum turgidum) Reed, Indian (Phragmites communis) Kamut is a specialty wheat Indian reed is a very tall that is marketed through native grass that grows health food outlets. Kamut in riparian areas and, to products include whole- a lesser degree, in swales grain fl our, breads, hot and hollows. Historically, and cold cereals, pasta, it was used for its strong, and chips, in addition to fi brous leaves and its long, dehydrated green plant straight, hollow stems. It product. Kamut products is a noxious invader along have a mild nutty fl avor. the eastern seaboard, but Individuals who are aller- in the Columbia Basin it gic to common wheat can simply fi lls its own niche. tolerate kamut. Much like Indian hemp, a small market for this historic fi ber might be found. Needlegrass (Achnatherum sp.) Needlegrass is a genus of Ricegrass, Indian (Oryzopsis hymenoides) bunchgrasses that includes Indian ricegrass is a several species native to bunchgrass that is native the intermountain west. from the Dakotas south It produces a gluten-free to Texas and west to the seed, which can be used Pacifi c Ocean. It is adapted to make gluten-free bread to dry, sandy soils and is suitable for individuals quite drought-resistant. who suffer from gluten It grows in clumps up intolerance. Needlegrass to 2 feet tall. Livestock might be a good niche prefer this plant over crop, along with Indian ricegrass, which has similar other species, and it has properties. It also is suitable for forage, although its been severely overgrazed sharp tips make it less desirable for this purpose. Needle- throughout its range. This is an important species for grasses grow well throughout the Columbia Basin. reseeding rangelands, and a market for seed already exists. More information is available at Oat (Avena sativa) http://oregonstate.edu/%7Emachados/Agronomy/ Oats are so common that altcrop.htm they seldom are thought In the past, Native Americans ground the seeds of of as an alternative crop. ricegrass into meal and bread fl our. The use of ricegrass Oats have been grown for fl our in gluten-free bread is attracting an increasing mar- a long time for livestock ket. Amazing Grains Grower Cooperative, in Montana, feed and for human con- has been successful with this product. Gluten-free grains sumption. The vegetative target millions of consumers who suffer from gluten residue is used as bedding intolerance and cannot eat wheat, barley, rye, and many and other miscellaneous other cereal grains. straw uses. Oats have been grown in the Columbia Recent tests in Sherman and Umatilla counties indicate Basin since early days of that local soils are suited to this native grass. Euro-American settlement. Oats were considered more important when draft animals were required for farm power. It is unlikely that signifi cant additional acreage will be required in the foreseeable future. Archival copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em8915 • 4
Rye (Secale cereale) Squirreltail (Elymus elymoides) Rye was once used widely Squirreltail is a native as a cover crop and for bunchgrass that is forage and hay. It is indicative of a relatively considered a contaminant undisturbed habitat. in wheat, however, and Sometimes called bottle- reduces wheat value. It is brush, and formerly named important to prevent this Sitanion hystrix, this grass aggressive species from is unpopular with cattle- invading where it is not men because of its short wanted. It might have a grazing period; once the place, however, in non- long awns begin to dry wheat-growing areas. it becomes unpalatable. Hybridization of wheat Nevertheless, it is well accepted as a revegetation and rye (triticale) has produced vigorous yields. Further species for disturbed lands. It is quite attractive in research is recommended. gardens when the grass begins to ripen. It is easy to grow almost anywhere in the Columbia Basin. Harvesting is Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) done by hand, so it is a labor-intensive crop. Agencies such as state parks and highway departments provide a Ryegrass is available as fairly steady market. both an annual or a peren- nial. Both are used for Sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense) forage and pasture. When mixed with legumes, Sudangrass has been perennial ryegrass can grown as a cover crop be grazed within 8 to in parts of Oregon since 10 weeks of seeding. the 1940s. It is a sum- There also is some demand mer annual used as pas- for perennial ryegrass for ture, silage, or hay. In turf. Perennial ryegrass the Columbia Basin, it is prefers higher annual rain- planted as a cover crop fall than usually found in the Columbia Basin, but with in late summer following supplemental irrigation, it can do well. Annual ryegrass short-season potatoes. As has higher moisture requirements and is less adaptable to a cover crop, it is allowed hot or cold periods. to grow 6 or 7 feet tall and then disked into the soil. It sometimes is grown in rotation with canola. It is very tolerant to herbicides and Spelt wheat (Triticum spelta) can be planted in fi elds with high herbicide residuals. Its ability to reduce wind erosion gives it additional value. Spelt wheat is a winter wheat alternative to oats and barley in animal feeds. It can replace soft red winter wheat in fl our pro- duction. Its characteristics make it desirable for pasta and high-fi ber cereals. There is some cultivation of spelt wheat in the U.S., and it is suited to Colum- bia Basin conditions. Archival copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em8915 • 5
Timothy (Phleum pratense) Wheatgrass, bluebunch (Pseudoroegneria spicata) Timothy is an annual grass Bluebunch wheatgrass is that works well as a com- possibly the most signifi - panion crop with alfalfa. cant native bunchgrass in It generally requires two the intermountain west. cuttings per season to be Vast areas, including much profi table. Timothy is of the Palouse country, grown alone or as part of were covered with this a forage mix. It thrives bunchgrass prior to graz- where annual rainfall is ing and cultivation. As a 20 inches or more, or it soil stabilizer, especially can be grown with supple- in the loess, or windblown mental irrigation. soils, that occur through- out the Columbia Basin, bluebunch wheatgrass is without equal. Cattle and Triticale (x Triticosecale Widdmark) sheep have overgrazed it until few high-quality stands remain. Once cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) moves into Triticale is the stabilized the resulting vacuum, the chances of bluebunch wheat- hybrid of wheat (Triticum) grass naturally recurring are minimal. Bureau of Land and rye (Secale). It can Management attempts at salvaging denuded lands by be grown in areas where introducing crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum), wheat performs poorly, an exotic, have been disappointing at best. including some parts of the Columbia Basin. Gener- Recently, BLM has tried reintroducing bluebunch wheat- ally, triticale is consid- grass with encouraging results, but the number of acres ered of inferior quality to presents a formidable challenge. Nevertheless, these bread-making wheat and efforts have created a market for bluebunch wheatgrass to durum wheat for pasta, seed for revegetation after wildland fi res and other land but it is considered superior to rye. In Mexico, triticale disturbances, and there could be a sustained market for is used for whole-grain breads and tortillas. In the U.S. this species. there is a small market for pancake mixes and crackers, but the primary use is as livestock feed. Triticale also is used in ethanol production because it is processed more effi ciently than barley and some other ethanol-producing species. Trials in the Columbia Basin have shown excel- lent yield results for both dry and irrigated triticale. This species also has produced excellent forage, particularly when grown with peas as a mixture. More information is available at http://oregonstate.edu/%7Emachados/ Agronomy/altcrop.htm Archival copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em8915 • 6
Wildrye, Basin (Leymus cinereus) Wildrye, blue (Elymus glaucus) Basin wildrye is the most Blue wildrye is a native remarkable native bunch- bunchgrass that thrives grass in eastern Oregon in the Columbia Basin. It and Washington. Its sheer does especially well where size is striking. In most annual rainfall is greater years, it grows 5 or 6 feet than 20 inches, but occurs high, and in good years it on north slopes even in may reach 9 feet tall and desert areas. It is another 3 feet across. Many low- native perennial preferred land meadows in the inter- by livestock. As with mountain west had thick some other bunchgrasses, stands of this grass when agencies are using this Euro-Americans arrived. Its fi bers were used by Paiutes species to revegetate land and other tribes for many purposes. Because this species degraded by fi re or graz- decreases under heavy grazing, the arrival of large num- ing. Presently, the market bers of domestic livestock in the 1860s began the decline is small, but with com- of Basin wildrye communities. Now it is considered one mercial production it could of the rarest plant species in the intermountain west. expand. This species grows best in deep soils that are sub- irrigated or receive runoff from upslope. It continues to thrive in gullies, swales, and bottoms. It tolerates the saline to alkaline soil conditions that occur in the Columbia Basin. Basin wildrye stands provide exceptional cover for wildlife. Deer, birds, and small mammals use the stands for nesting, hiding, and foraging. The U.S. Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Forest Service, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service are beginning to pay more attention to this species. Some native seed companies harvest its seeds for revegetation purposes. Commercial production should be investigated further. Archival copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em8915 • 7
Broad-leafed herbs and forbs
Asparagus ...... 7 Daikon ...... 10 Herbs for cooking...... 13 Peppermint...... 16 Aster...... 7 Desert-parsley ...... 10 Horseradish ...... 13 Pumpkin...... 16 Bean, common or fi eld .....7 Dill ...... 10 Jerusalem artichoke ...... 13 Rapeseed (canola) ...... 9 Bean, fava...... 7 Evening-primrose...... 10 Lentil ...... 13 Saffl ower ...... 16 Bean, lima ...... 8 Fennel ...... 11 Lupine ...... 13 Salsify (oyster plant) ...... 17 Bean, mung ...... 8 Flax ...... 11 Meadowfoam...... 14 Soybean ...... 17 Bladderpod...... 8 Flowers (various) ...... 11 Mustard...... 14 Spearmint...... 17 Buckwheat ...... 8 Garlic ...... 11 Onions ...... 14 Spurge ...... 17 Buckwheat, native...... 8 Ginseng...... 11 Pea, black-eyed ...... 14 Sunfl ower ...... 17 Cactus ...... 8 Gourd ...... 12 Pea, chickpea ...... 15 Sunn hemp...... 18 Canola (rapeseed) ...... 9 Grape ...... 12 Pea, fi eld ...... 15 Vernonia ...... 18 Carrot ...... 9 Gumweed ...... 12 Pea, grasspea ...... 15 Watermelon ...... 18 Crambe ...... 9 Hemp ...... 12 Penstemon ...... 16 Wormwood ...... 18 Cuphea...... 10 Hemp, Indian...... 12 Pepper (chili) ...... 16 Yarrow ...... 18
Asparagus (Asparagus offi cinalis) Bean, common or fi eld (Phaseolus vulgaris) Asparagus is a peren- White, pinto, pink, red, nial crop whose rhizomes and kidney beans are typi- produce edible stems cal examples. Green beans each spring. With good harvested early for can- care and suitable growing ning, fresh use, or freezing conditions, a plant will are more commonly grown produce for up to 20 years. in the Willamette Valley, Asparagus is tended and where rainfall is greater. harvested by hand, so pro- Beans in the Columbia duction is labor intensive. Basin are harvested later It requires some irrigation, and are windrowed to dry although it is harvested the beans. While yields sometimes are good, harvesting before the onset of hot is diffi cult, and some loss due to shattering is inevitable. weather. Weeds are a problem too, and one should think care- fully before putting in acreage of beans. Nonetheless, Aster (Machaeranthera canescens) Washington produces about $20 million in bean crops annually, so for some it is a good crop. Asters are good possibili- ties for sale to native plant Bean, fava (Vicia faba) gardeners. This spe- cies begins blooming in Fava bean is a native of September and continues Europe. It can be used to December. It is native both for animal feed and to the intermountain west for human consumption. and is very showy. It is Production is limited, due easily grown from seed to inconsistent yields and with minimal care. A small poor market opportunities. acreage in seed production A more humid climate could be profi table. than the Columbia Basin’s is required for good production. Archival copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em8915 • 8
Bean, lima (Phaseolus lunatus) Buckwheat (Fagopyron sp.) Lima beans are bush beans Buckwheat is a short- that lend themselves to season crop that can be similar production meth- planted following wheat or ods as peas. Mechanical potatoes. A 75-day grow- harvesting is diffi cult due ing season is typical. The to weed contamination, market is limited in the and irrigation is neces- United States, where some sary. If these requirements buckwheat is ground into are met, this species is a fl our and added to baking dependable cash crop. mixes. Some is exported to Japan, where it is made into soba noodles. More information is available at http://oregonstate.edu/ Bean, mung (Vigna radiata) %7Emachados/Agronomy/ Mung beans normally are altcrop.htm grown for bean sprouts as a niche-market product. Buckwheat, native (Eriogonum sp.) Other sprouting species are alfalfa, daikon, and clover. Native buckwheat Producers might earn includes several species income from an otherwise that grow throughout the idle corner of land with Columbia Basin. It is a these seed crops. very showy wildfl ower in April and May. It is popular with native plant gardeners, and there is some demand for seeds and starts for dryland or Bladderpod (Lesquerella fendleri or L. douglasii) xeric gardens. Bladderpod is a peren- nial plant of the mustard family. It produces a seed Cactus (Opuntia fragilis) oil high in hydroxy fatty Also called prickly-pear, acids. The oil is used cactus is a native plant for specialty lubricants, that grows from Arizona heavy-duty detergents, to Montana and west to inks, and coatings. The the Cascade Mountains. plant is well adapted to With rising costs of water semiarid locations, growing from Arizona to Washing- for irrigating lawns and ton in the intermountain west. It can be grown as an gardens, homeowners are overwintering annual and harvested before irrigation is turning to low- maintenance species such as prickly-pear. required in the spring. Although it is not grown com- A bunchgrass and cactus accent is attractive. This spe- mercially, small-plot studies conducted in southwestern cies is easy to grow from broken-off lobes, and there is a Oregon have shown potential for this crop. small, steady market. Archival copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em8915 • 9
Canola or rapeseed (Brassica napus) Carrot (Daucus carota) Canola is a member of Carrots for fresh consump- the mustard family. It tion, processing, and seed has shown promise as presently are an important a rotational crop in the crop in the Columbia Columbia Basin. Besides Basin. Fresh-market its value as an oilseed, carrots are popular, but it provides erosion con- processed carrots, found trol and reduces disease in many prepared foods, are the largest market. Carrot problems in cereals and waste from processing is used in dog food. Half the car- legumes. Commercial cul- rot seed production in the U.S. occurs in the Columbia tivars with improved fatty Basin. acid composition produce edible oil. Aside from use in salad dressings, margarine, Crambe (Crambe abyssinica) and cooking oil, some restaurants use large amounts for Crambe is a native of deep-frying chicken, French fries, and donuts. Ethiopia. It produces an oil In recent years, used canola oil has been recycled into that is used in manufactur- biodiesel by pioneers in a cottage industry. This fuel ing synthetic oils and non- burns well in unmodifi ed diesel engines. Dedicated petroleum-based plastics. canola production for biodiesel is under consideration, It has been grown in North and it could be cost competitive if produced in large Dakota, and it prob- quantities. ably could do well in the Columbia Basin, although This species also can be used for industrial oil and for tests in Moscow, Idaho, producing synthetic lubricants, varnishes, and plastics. revealed some problems After oil extraction, the mealy residue can be used as with growth and harvest. a high-protein (35–40 percent) feed supplement for livestock. Winter rapeseed can produce 5 to 9 tons of Perhaps the biggest problem is the lack of an oilseed dry forage per acre, with 9 to 12 percent protein. Grain crushing facility in this region. If a crushing facility yields have averaged between 2,000 and 3,000 lb per were available, this and other oilseed crops would have acre on fallow ground in the Columbia Basin. When signifi cant potential. used as compost on fallow lands, it can suppress soil- borne pathogens of cereals, potatoes, and legumes. Whole rapeseed is exported to some Asian markets, including Japan. Small domestic markets exist for industrial rapeseed. Soils and rainfall conditions in the Columbia Basin allow cultivation of this species. In light of its many uses, canola/rapeseed could be one of the most signifi cant non-cereal crops for the Basin. The best cultivars for this area are those that are fall sown and fl ower in springtime before irrigation is necessary. Archival copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em8915 • 10
Cuphea (Cuphea sp.) Desert-parsley (Lomatium sp.) With more than 260 spe- Desert-parsley occurs as cies growing from South a native, with as many as America to the United 25 species in the Colum- States, cuphea is being bia Basin. An early-spring tested in Iowa and wildfl ower, many species Minnesota. It might do are used for garden- as well, or better, in the ing and land restoration Columbia Basin. This spe- projects. Lomatium minus cies produces an oily seed and L. cous often bloom containing a high level of by the end of January in lauric acid, an ingredient Wasco, Sherman, and Morrow counties. Other species used in detergents. It also bloom continuously until midsummer. In addition to could be used in products ranging from toothpaste to their attractiveness, their history as food crops is sig- body lotion. Detergent maker Procter and Gamble has nifi cant. Many species have an enlarged root, which funded some of the research and is looking for a domes- Native Americans dried and used as food. Fern-leaved tic source of this oil. The company estimates it could use desert-parsley has medicinal properties that are exploited at least a million acres of production. With potentially by herbalists. Production of desert-parsley would be of high demand for cuphea, research is proceeding rapidly, two-fold value; it would prevent destruction of native and this crop should be considered a promising one for populations and provide a profi table niche crop. the Columbia Basin.
Dill (Anethum graveolens) Daikon (Raphanus sativus) Dill is used as a fresh herb, Also called Chinese radish, dried herb, seed for oil, or daikon typically is a late- seed for a condiment. Dill summer or early-fall crop. is an annual crop that is It is planted in July and planted in the spring and harvested several months matures in about 65 days. later. Thus, some irrigation It can be produced for the is necessary. It is used as a fresh market or steam- garden vegetable, but also distilled for oil using the can be grown for sprouts. same facilities as those used for mint. Sprouts are grown year- round in greenhouses, so Evening-primrose (Oenothera caespitosa) a steady demand for seed Evening-primrose is exists. Alfalfa, daikon, and grown for its oil, which clover sprouts make up the is used in cosmetics and largest volume of the sprout market. pharmaceuticals. It is not approved for use in the United States but has a ready market overseas. It is presently grown on a few hundred acres in east-central Washington. Oenothera caespitosa is a widespread native throughout the intermountain west. So far, great care has been made to assure planting of correct varieties for good oil production. Archival copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em8915 • 11
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) Flowers (various) Fennel is a tall, hardy, A market has developed aromatic perennial of for what are loosely called the parsley family that is “wildfl owers,” including native to the Mediterra- Coreopsis sp., Gaillardia nean area. It looks much sp., Centaurea cyanus, like dill, but has a very and others. Seeds of these different fl avor. It is grown roadside plants are grown, for its seed and essential packaged, and distributed oils. The seed is used in as alternatives to horticul- cooking, and the oil is tural varieties for gardens. While purists and conserva- used in condiments, soaps, tionists spurn these species, preferring appropriate native creams, perfumes, and plants, a signifi cant market does exist. Responsible liqueurs. Some fennel is grown in the Central Valley of production requires that seeds be completely weed-free. California. With climate and soil requirements similar to This can be a labor-intensive process, but there is an dill, it could be grown in the Columbia Basin. established niche market for these crops.
Flax (Linum usitatissimum, L. Perrine, and L. Lewisii) Garlic (Allium sativum) Flax has been grown in Garlic is a high-value crop Oregon since pioneer with a limited market. times. This plant, which Usually, small acreages are produces linseed oil and planted because this crop fi ber for linen cloth, has is weeded and harvested long been popular as a by hand. Garlic is propa- multiuse crop. With the gated by bulbils or cloves advent of petroleum-based that are planted in the fi bers (rayon, nylon, etc.) spring or in the fall for and the use of cotton for overwintering. Irrigation fabrics, fl ax acreage has declined. Developing coun- usually is required, but tries still use linen and linseed oil, but profi tability for a properly managed acre Columbia Basin farmers would be low. There might, of good soil can produce however, be a niche market for Oregon-grown fl ax for $5,000 or more in gross income. Farming methods are use in clothing, draperies, furniture, and some canvases. similar to those for onions. The crop might have value in rotations, as it may reduce problems with weeds, diseases, and insect pests. Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) Linseed oil has a moderate but steady demand for use in Ginseng is a perennial paints, furniture polishes, wood fi nishes, etc. Continued herb of the aralia fam- studies of uses for this oil are warranted. ily. Its root is primarily Linola is fl ax bred for its edible oil (low in linolenic used in Asia for medicinal acid, high in linoleic acid), similar in composition to the purposes. Ginseng takes oils of sunfl ower, saffl ower, and corn. The meal remain- 4 years to mature. The ing after oil extraction is used in animal feed to provide Columbia Basin’s native protein and energy. Linola seeds are golden yellow. wild ginseng is not har- vestable because it is listed L. Lewisii is an Oregon native. as a rare species. Availabil- ity of commercial cultivars More information is available at http://oregonstate. is limited. Check with your edu/%7Emachados/Agronomy/altcrop.htm state department of agriculture for more information. Archival copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em8915 • 12
Gourd (Luffa acutangula and L. cylindrica) Hemp (Cannabis sativa) Gourds are fruit- producing Hemp has been cultivated vines and members of the as a source of strong fi ber, cucumber family. Gourds seed oil, and psychoactive are consumed as a veg- drugs for many centuries. etable when the fruit is Historically, hemp was young and the rind is soft. used mainly for cordage, As the fruit ages, the rind but it has largely been becomes hard and the fruit replaced by relatively inedible. Gourds also are inexpensive cotton and produced for decorative synthetic fi bers. As the purposes. Growing them is U.S. supply of wood similar to growing melons fi ber diminishes, there is and cucumbers; irrigation is required. At present, limited increased interest in hemp as a fi ber for paper, textiles, acreage is planted to gourds. and composite wood products. Hemp has been classifi ed as a controlled substance in the Grape (Vitis vinifera and other species) United States since 1937, as some cultivars are used to produce the drug marijuana. In other countries, cultivars Grapes have become a low in psychoactive properties are grown for fi ber and major Columbia Basin oil. Further development of this crop in the U.S. will not crop, and local wines be possible until legislative restrictions are removed. have received worldwide The Columbia Basin is not a prime location for hemp approval. It takes 3 years production because it lacks adequate moisture. Some for a vineyard to reach irrigated areas might do well, but dryland production is limited production, and not promising. the crop is labor- intensive. Irrigation is highly recommended. Hemp, Indian (Apocynum cannabinum) Indian hemp is a native Gumweed (Grindelia sp.) plant of the dogbane fam- ily that grows at lower Gumweed is a plant of elevations in the Columbia the composite family Basin. While it tends to that commonly grows on need more moisture than roadsides and dried beds the related Apocynum of vernal pools east of The androsaemifolium, it could Dalles. It thrives in hot, be grown in niche areas dry, summer conditions. throughout the Columbia The Columbia Basin’s Basin. Native American native G. squarrosa and tribes used Indian hemp G. columbiana are wide- twine for nets, baskets, spread. G. camporum, fi shing line, and many which occurs in Califor- other articles, and the best stands of plants were care- nia’s Central Valley, has been used for some commercial fully guarded secrets. The fi bers compare favorably to applications; resins have been patented for use in adhe- hemp or fl ax, and a niche market for this historic Great sives, rubber coatings, textiles, and polymers. Grindelia Basin fi ber might be found. resins are a potential alternative source of fatty acids, rosins, and turpentines. Wood resin, formerly obtained from old-growth pine stumps, is no longer available, and gumweed resins could be a promising alternative. Archival copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em8915 • 13
Herbs for cooking Lentil (Lens culinaris) Anise, basil, burnet, cara- Lentils are grown as a way, catnip, chamomile, food crop throughout the chervil, chicory, chives, Middle East, North Africa, coriander, cress, marjoram, and India. There has been oregano, parsley, rose- some production in the mary, saffron, tarragon, Columbia Basin, and and thyme are but a few 90 percent of the annual of the many garden herbs. crop is exported. Lentils These are labor-intensive lend themselves to the arid crops with a limited, but climate of much of the steady, market. Columbia Basin. Mechani- cal harvest is diffi cult because plants are short, but research is underway to Horseradish (Cochlearia armoracia) select for taller lentils. If the world market expands, this Horseradish is a garden could be a promising crop. More information is available vegetable used as a condi- at http://oregonstate.edu/%7Emachados/Agronomy/ ment. For 3,000 years, it altcrop.htm has been used for medici- nal and culinary purposes. Lupine (Lupinus albus, L. angustifolius, L. luteus, More than 6 million gal- L. mutabilis, L. cosentini, and other species) lons of prepared horserad- Lupine species are ish are produced in the legumes cultivated world- U.S. each year. It has been wide as either grains or cultivated in the United forage crops. They range States for more than from northern Europe and 150 years and is grown commercially in the Midwest Russia to Australia and the and on the Oregon– California border. Andes. They can be grown Horseradish will grow in a wide range of habitats. It as overwintering or spring thrives in the Tulelake area, which is similar to the crops. In the Columbia Columbia Basin in growing conditions. It is a short-lived Basin, they likely would perennial that matures in the autumn. Visit the Horse- be spring sown. radish Council website (http://www.horseradish.org) to Lupine’s seed protein learn about marketing opportunities. content is high, making it potentially useful as an animal feed. It also can be used for human food. Many lupine Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) species produce alkaloids that are poisonous, so it is Jerusalem artichoke is a important to choose alkaloid-free species. sunfl ower that is grown Lupines were introduced as a cover crop in the southern for its root, which is eaten cotton belt in the 1930s. By 1970, the cost of commer- like a potato. There is a cial nitrogen fertilizer was low enough that the more small market for human labor-intensive lupine green manure crop was out of consumption, and this fashion. Research has continued to produce improved species also can be used cultivars, and trials in the Columbia Basin are promis- for livestock feed. Because ing. See OSU publication EM 8834-E, Dryland Crop- sunfl owers are native in ping Systems: Narrow-leaf Lupin. Also see the section the Columbia Basin, this on native plants in this publication (page 25).This could crop likely would perform be one of the more encouraging alternate crops for the well. Presently, a few acres are planted to this species. Columbia Basin. Archival copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em8915 • 14
Meadowfoam (Limnanthes sp., L. alba, Onion (Allium cepa) L. fl occose, and other species) Onions can be planted Meadowfoam is native either in the fall for to southwest Oregon (the overwintering and spring Medford area) and has harvest, or in the spring for been researched by OSU fall harvest. Well-known and USDA for its rare oil onions such as Walla Walla properties. Some commer- Sweets are harvested in the cial production exists, and spring and have a storage meadowfoam has found life of about 2 months, uses in cosmetics, spe- while autumn-harvested cialty lubricants, and poly- yellow onions will keep mers. The native species for 6 to 8 months. grows well in shallow soils Onions are a valuable crop in the Columbia Basin, but with less than 20 inches of most areas require irrigation. Onions are also grown as annual rainfall and temperatures comparable to those in a seed crop on some acreage. The market and number of many areas of the Columbia Basin. OSU has two publi- growers has stabilized, and little opportunity for expan- cations on meadowfoam: Growing Meadowfoam in the sion is foreseen. Willamette Valley (EM 8567-E) and Pollination and Seed Set in Meadowfoam (EM 8666-E). Pea, black-eyed (Vigna sinensis)
Mustard (Brassica juncea) Black-eyed peas are a warm-season crop that Mustard can be grown for presently has some acre- leaves or seeds in a short age in the Columbia growing season. Mustard Basin. Black-eyed peas greens are used in salads, that are harvested green cooked fresh, canned, and and prepared fresh differ frozen. Mustard seeds are from those harvested later crushed to produce edible as dried beans (or peas). oil. The oil can be used for These peas commonly are biodiesel production. The sold at farmer’s markets seed meal can be used as and used for southern-style a soil fumigant. Livestock cooking. There is room for tend to reject this species because of its strong fl avor. market development. The Mustard seed and ground mustard are used in meats, crop grows well with minimal irrigation throughout the sausages, and relishes. Mustard can be used as a rota- Columbia Basin. tional crop with cereal grains to reduce diseases and to increase the following year’s grain yield. Archival copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em8915 • 15
Pea, chickpea (Cicer arietinum) Pea, fi eld (Pisum sativum) Chickpea is a cool-season Field peas are the most annual. Chickpeas have widely grown cool-season been used for centuries, pulse. Peas are marketed fi rst in the Middle East fresh-shelled, as edible and later throughout the pods, dried, canned, or world. India is the major frozen. Grain yields range producer and consumer of from 750 to 2,000 lb/acre chickpeas. Indian con- in eastern Oregon. The sumers prefer the small- plants themselves are used seeded chickpea called desi. Elsewhere in the world, the for silage and as green large-seeded variety, called either kabuli or garbanzo, is manure to restore depleted preferred. soils. Peas are also grown for dry forage. Forage yields range between 4,600 to 5,600 lb per acre at CBARC, Chickpeas are eaten fresh as green vegetables, parched, Moro. The area between Pendleton and Milton- fried, roasted, or used as a condiment. They can be Freewater has produced large amounts of peas for more ground into fl our that is used in soup or baked into than 50 years. Improved cultivars and farming practices bread. Garbanzos currently have a market in salad bars, continue to ensure availability, and it is unlikely that etc., but there is an increasing domestic market for the additional acreage is needed at this time. More informa- desi varieties in ethnic communities. tion is available at http://oregonstate.edu/%7Emachados/ Chickpeas also can be used as animal food. Glue can be Agronomy/altcrop.htm made from the plant’s vegetative parts, and its leaves yield a blue dye or can be used as sizing for silk, wool, Pea, grasspea (Lathyrus sativus) and cotton cloth. Grasspea is a creeping Chickpeas are in the legume family, and different vine of the pea family. It varieties grow in the tropics, subtropics, and temperate was introduced to the U.S. regions. They are produced commercially in California, from India, the Middle Washington, and Idaho. They likely would grow well in East, and southern Europe. a number of Columbia Basin localities, and some test Several native species of plots have shown promise. With the potential for export the genus Lathyrus occur to large overseas markets, this crop could be profi table in in the Columbia Basin. the Columbia Basin. Additional information is available This plant is usually grown for grain, but can be used for in Chickpea Production Guide (EM 8791-E) and on the fodder. It is high in protein, but a neurotoxic amino acid CBARC website (http://oregonstate.edu/%7Emachados/ has prevented it from developing into an important food Agronomy/chickpea.htm). crop. New cultivars contain reduced toxin levels, giving it potential for semiarid areas in the Columbia Basin. It can serve as a green manure to improve soils and as a groundcover alternative to summer fallow. Archival copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em8915 • 16
Penstemon (Penstemon sp.) Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo, C. moschata, C. mixta, and C. maxima) Penstemon is a native fl owering plant that is Pumpkin occurs as four very popular in landscap- species of squash-related ing. Some species plants. Pumpkins require a (P. richardsonii) bloom long, warm growing sea- from May to November. son and irrigation. There is Others (P. deustus) can some demand for pro- handle the harshest of cessed pumpkin for pies habitats and fl ourish. Some and growing demand for are so showy that viewers pumpkin farms as a family stand in awe (P. barrettiae Halloween destination. and P. speciosa). These Although labor-intensive, species are popular with public agencies for revegetation projects. A very small acreage can yield value in both Rapeseed (Brassica napus) seeds and starts. These crops are labor-intensive and take some commitment, but returns are good. See Canola.
Pepper, chili (Capsicum annuum) Saffl ower (Carthamus tinctorius) Chili pepper is a high- Saf fl ower is a member value, warm-season crop of the aster (sunfl ower) that needs a long frost-free family. It is native to Asia, period to mature. Produc- Africa, and the Middle tion is very labor-intensive East. Historically, it was since the plants often are used for fi ber, dyes, and started in greenhouses, food. In the United States, transplanted, and harvested it is now grown princi- by hand. pally for its oil. Saffl ower oil is commonly used as Tabasco peppers (C. frute- a cooking oil, salad oil, scens) and habanero pep- margarine, or shortening. pers (C. chinense) have similar production methods. Access to a processing facility is necessary. The meal Peppermint (Mentha piperita) that remains after oil extraction has value as a high-pro- tein supplement for livestock. Saffl ower oil, like canola, Peppermint grows well soybean, corn, and sunfl ower oil, can yield biodiesel for in parts of the Colum- operation of motor vehicles. It also is used for producing bia Basin. Oregon is the synthetic lubricants, varnishes, and plastics. nation’s leading mint producer. The area sur- This annual broad-leafed plant grows well in both rounding Madras, Oregon, dryland and irrigated areas. Commercial production is produces some of the concentrated in California, North Dakota, and Montana, fi nest mint oil available, although Saskatchewan and Alberta also have signifi - although plant diseases at cant production. Columbia Basin soils and climate are times cause crop losses. suited to saffl ower production. It is a spring-planted crop OSU has a number of pep- that is vulnerable to competition from weeds in its early permint publications. stages, so good weed management practices are impor- tant. Some varieties of saffl ower are resistant to disease, Mint oil is produced in tiny sacs on mint leaves. The although some are susceptible to bacterial blight. More entire plant is harvested in late summer, dried in the information is available at http://oregonstate.edu/ fi eld, and then steam distilled to separate the oil. %7Emachados/Agronomy/altcrop.html Archival copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em8915 • 17
Salsify or oyster plant (Tragopogon porrifolius, Spurge (Euphorbia lagascae and several and T. dubius) other species) Salsify is a member of the Spurge is an herbaceous sunfl ower family, a hardy annual native to Spain, biennial growing more although several species than 4 feet tall. It has long, are native to the Pacifi c grasslike leaves, yellow or Northwest. The seeds purple fl ower heads, and are a potential source of large, cylindrical roots. epoxy acid, which is used This plant has natural- for adhesives, plasticiz- ized as a weed throughout ers, industrial coatings, North America. Salsify varnishes, and paints. Tests is grown primarily for its have shown that E. lagas- edible root, which tastes cae can be grown success- like oysters. It is peeled fully in the Columbia Basin. Further study should be and cooked like carrots or done on other Euphorbia species. parsnips, added to soups or stews, parboiled and baked in casseroles with herbs and butter, pureed, battered Sunfl ower (Helianthus annuus) and fried, or eaten cooked and cold in salads. It does Sun fl ower occurs in most not have a large market, but a small acreage could be of the temperate world and profi table. is an important source of edible oil. Uses include Soybean (Glycine max) cooking oil, margarine, Soybean is a warm- season salad oil, lubrication, soap- legume that is used in making, and biodiesel pro- manufacturing edible oils, duction for motor vehicles. biodiesel, and industrial It also is used with linseed products such as paint, and other drying oils in varnishes, resins, and plas- paints and varnishes. Kernels are eaten raw or roasted. tics. Soybean meal is an Sunfl ower press-cake is used as a high-protein supple- important livestock feed. ment for livestock. Sunfl owers also are a source of silage While soybeans are gener- and fodder, and hulls provide fi ller in livestock feeds and ally considered a southern bedding. Sunfl ower also is used as a green manure crop crop, some tests in east- and in seed mixes for both wild and caged birds. ern Oregon and Washington have had limited success. Soybeans could be considered as a rotation crop where The sunfl ower is the state fl ower of Kansas, and it grows irrigation is available. as a native throughout the Great Plains and west to the Cascade Mountains. The native is less suited for seed production than are commercial cultivars. Spearmint (Mentha spicata) Sunfl ower is drought tolerant if its extensively branched Spearmint has similar har- taproot can reach moisture approximately as deep as the vesting methods and uses plant is tall, a requirement for a good seed crop. Lack as peppermint. Mint fl a- of suitable farming equipment and oilseed processing vorings are found widely facilities have hampered the commercial potential of in toothpaste and other this plant in the Columbia Basin. Silage production has products. It is unlikely that been more successful, and feeding trials have shown much additional acreage of that sunfl ower is an acceptable forage crop for cattle. mint will be required. More information is available at http://oregonstate. edu/%7Emachados/Agronomy/altcrop.htm Archival copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em8915 • 18
Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) Wormwood (Artemisia dracunculus) Sunn hemp produces a bast Wormwood, or tarragon, fi ber that could be used in is an aromatic perennial pulp and paper applica- herb native to Russia that tions. The fi ber presently has become naturalized is used in twine, rug yarn, along the Columbia River. cigarette and tissue papers, It is widely cultivated fi shnets, sacking, canvas, for its leaves, which are and cordage. This species a source of aromatic oil is widely grown in the used as fl avoring in pickles tropics as green manure, and vinegar. The oil also and dried stalks are fed to is used in perfumes, soaps, and cosmetics. Cultivation livestock. The seeds are should be successful in the Columbia Basin. purported to be poisonous, but they are fed to horses in Russia and to pigs in Zimbabwe. Cultivation experience Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) throughout the world seems to indicate that this crop could grow in the Columbia Basin. Yarrow is native to the temperate zone worldwide. Vernonia (Vernonia galamensis) It has a history of use as a scent for skin care prod- Vernonia, or ironweed, is ucts, nasal inhalers, etc. a native of eastern Africa. Yarrow grows abundantly It is an annual composite throughout the Colum- family plant, somewhat bia Basin. It can thrive like the native sunfl ower. on shallow to deep soils It is grown for the oil in its with rainfall from 10 to seeds, which can be used 90 inches. Fall plantings for epoxies, adhesives, overwinter as 6-inch basal leaves and can tolerate tem- paints, and varnishes. It peratures as low as 0°F. Yarrow revels in summer heat could be used in polyvinyl and can be harvested for oil extraction during the early chloride (PVC plastic) bloom period. If left in the fi eld, the seeds are ready for production without the harvest by September or October. need for petroleum-based products. Its native habitat Yarrow also has value as an herbal medicine, having is similar in rainfall and temperature to the Columbia astringent and antibiotic properties. It frequently is Basin, and this species warrants further research. As with mixed with grasses for low-water landscaping and is an other oilseed crops, processing facilities are lacking. important ingredient in “ecolawn” mixes. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) To date, the market for yarrow has been very limited and Watermelon is a member needs further development. of the cucumber fam- ily that thrives in warm weather and requires irrigation. Planting is timed so that fruits ripen from July through October. Watermelons are har- vested carefully by hand. A dependable labor supply is important because fruits must be harvested daily throughout summer. Archival copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em8915 • 19
Shrubs and trees
Bitterbrush ...... 19 Currant, golden ...... 20 Horsebrush ...... 20 Rabbitbrush...... 22 Cedar, incense- ...... 19 Dogwood, creek or Juniper ...... 21 Sagebrush ...... 22 Cherry, bitter ...... 19 red-osier ...... 20 Lavender ...... 21 Sumac ...... 22 Chokecherry ...... 19 Elderberry, blue ...... 20 Oak, Oregon white ...... 21 Willow ...... 22 Cottonwood...... 20 Hawthorn, Douglas...... 20 Olive...... 21
Bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata) Cherry, bitter (Prunus emarginata) Bitterbrush is a rose family Bitter cherry is a tree or shrub that is native to the shrub related to choke- intermountain west. It is cherry, and it lends itself important as forage for to the same uses. Neither deer, antelope, and moun- bears fruit for human tain sheep. Wildfi re and consumption, but wildlife overgrazing have reduced like the fruit. As a native to populations of this species, the Columbia Basin, this and active revegetation is crop can be grown without an ongoing goal. Bitter- diffi culty. brush is propagated by seeds, and success rates are low, but additional research should improve results. Colum- Chokecherry (Prunus virginianus) bia Basin soils and climate are optimum for successful cultivation of this plant. Chokecherry is a native shrub or tree that grows in Cedar, incense- (Calocedrus decurrens) riparian areas and gullies throughout the Colum- Incense-cedar is a cypress bia Basin. It is useful family tree that grows in for streamside shade to many canyons and fl ats maintain cool water tem- throughout the Columbia peratures. As watershed Basin. It is a native that councils become more active in the Basin, demand is has been propagated for increasing for trees and shrubs for streamside revegeta- use around ranch houses tion. Chokecherry starts are easily grown to a suitable for shade and greenery. size for replanting. It also grows west of the Cascades, but not as well as on the eastside. There is a small, steady market, and the price of a 6- to 12-inch start has ranged from $1.50 to $6.00. Even a small plot can yield revenue. Archival copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em8915 • 20
Cottonwood (Populus sp.) Dogwood, creek or red-osier (Cornus sericea or C. stolonifera) Cottonwood, including aspen at higher elevations, Red-osier dogwood is a are native trees indicative widespread native shrub of of the presence of water riparian areas. The Oregon close to the soil surface. Department of Transporta- A spring that might not tion has planted millions otherwise be noticed in of these shrubs at highway the rolling hills of eastern interchanges throughout Oregon usually is marked the state. There also is a by at least one cottonwood market for use as stream- tree. side revegetation. Cottonwoods are used for riparian improvement. They shade and cool streams and retain organic matter in Elderberry, blue (Sambucus cerulea) times of high runoff, making them a worthwhile addition Blue elderberry is a native to the mix of riparian vegetation. shrub that provides wild- Historically, cottonwoods (especially the introduced life food and streamside Lombardy poplar) have been used as windbreaks for shade. It grows throughout farming. Traveling up the Columbia River, rows of Lom- the Columbia Basin and bardy poplars serve as a buffer against gorge winds for is commonly used for crops such as grapes, peaches, apples, and pears. Other revegetation after land dis- species from the cottonwood genus, many of which are turbance. A small, steady native to the Columbia Basin, have been utilized. Some market exists. hybrid poplars are grown under irrigation as a source of pulp for paper. Others show promise as living fi lters for Hawthorn, Douglas (Crataegus douglasii) contaminated sites. Aspens grow at higher elevations Douglas hawthorn is a and are under great stress due to land-use issues. Cotton- native shrub or tree that is woods are easy to propagate, and there is a small, steady part of the mix of a healthy market. riparian system. Its berries serve wildlife needs, and Currant, golden (Ribes aureum) its thorny tangles provide Golden currant is a native protective cover. Stream- member of the gooseberry side restoration work family that grows through- includes this species, and out Oregon. It is valu- a small, steady market able as a food source for exists. wildlife and for streamside shade and cover. Its fruit Horsebrush (Tetradymia canescens) was used by many Euro- Horsebrush is a native American settlers and shrub that resembles still has some use. It also rabbitbrush, although it produces beautiful yellow blooms in spring instead fl owers each spring, and of late summer. An area a market exists for golden planted with both species is currant as an ornamental shrub. The price for 18- to in bloom for months. This 36-inch starts has ranged from $2.25 to $11.25. species has only recently been recognized for its value in landscaping. Archival copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em8915 • 21
Juniper (Juniperus sp.) Oak, Oregon white (Quercus garryana) Juniper has been consid- Oregon white oak is a ered a weedy tree that recommended species for encroaches on grasslands rehabilitation of disturbed in the intermountain areas on the east slopes of West. Aside from some the Cascades. It is prime use as fi rewood and fence habitat for deer, elk, wild posts, it has seldom been turkeys, and gray squirrels. exploited. Woodwork- Like other species, oak ing (e.g., for furniture) starts from the Willamette Valley do poorly east of the provides a small market. mountains, so nursery stock needs to come from a local Steam distillation of source. State parks and highway departments are the juniper’s powerful oils is a possibility. primary markets, but private landowners are increasingly interested in oak for land restoration. The price for 18- to Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) 24-inch oak has ranged from $2.25 to $11.95. Growing starts from acorns is labor-intensive but provides a good Lavender is a bushy peren- return. nial shrub with purplish fl owers. Its fl owers often Olive (Olea europaea) are dried, as they retain their aroma for a long Olive grows in Mediter- time. Lavender has been ranean-type climates used as a perfume in Eng- similar to Oregon’s. It is land for centuries. There drought resistant and can is a small market for dried tolerate temperatures to fl owers. There is also a 15ºF. Olives are long lived growing market for lav- and are grown for pickles ender oil for use in soap, and high-priced oil. In the hand cream, and other cos- U.S., almost all olive pro- metic products. Lavender is propagated by cuttings, and duction is in California’s the plant likes dry soils and full sun. It grows wild in dry Central Valley. creek beds from Arizona north to the Columbia Basin. Olives can be grown on land too poor to support other crops, but they require vernalization (chilling) to fl ower. Archival copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em8915 • 22
Rabbitbrush (Ericameria sp., formerly Chrysothamnus) Sumac (Rhus glabra) Rabbitbrush is considered Sumac is a native shrub a roadside weed in some throughout the Columbia places, but increasingly Basin. It is very showy in is being used as a land- the fall, when its leaves scape plant. The examples are fi ery red. It is used at at the Columbia Gorge highway interchanges and Discovery Center are strik- in landscaping. A small, ing. Note the comments steady market exists for under horsebrush for starts ready for transplant- companion planting. Rab- ing. Sumac may produce bitbrush is a native shrub occurring from the Dakotas to allelochemicals that can be the Cascade Mountains. Recognition as an ornamental used in the formulation of for xeric landscapes has created a market. natural herbicides.
Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata and other species) Willow (Salix sp.) Sagebrush is a synonym Willow is the primary for the Old West, and the streamside rehabilitation aroma of the prairies after plant in Oregon. It pro- a summer thunderstorm is vides quick growth, shade, etched into the memories cooling, and cover. A of many people. This is a dozen native species occur widespread native shrub in the Columbia Basin. that is seeing increasing As watershed councils acceptance as a landscape become more active, the plant. There also is a small demand for starts should market for use as an air increase. freshener, for which it is very effective. Although sagebrush sometimes has been considered a weedy species, it now is recognized as a valuable part of the plant communities that bear its name. Archival copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em8915 • 23
Opportunities for xeriscape plant nurseries in the Columbia Basin
s city water bills skyrocket and water shortages ■ Great Basin giant wildrye (Elymus cinereus), a very become more frequent, more attention is being tall bunchgrass that does well in gullies and low Apaid to residential landscape alternatives. spots. Dry landscaping (xeriscapes) have become increas- ■ Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis) occurs as a native ingly popular in cities such as Bend, Redmond, bunchgrass on north slopes throughout the Columbia Sisters, Prineville, Madras, The Dalles, Arlington, and Basin where cattle have not grazed it to extinction. Pendleton. Attractive in a garden setting. The environmental price we pay to keep lawns, parks, and golf courses green is very high. Landscape Forbs water use draws down aquifers and reduces stream ■ Asters, such as Macheranthera canescens, bloom fl ows. Fertilizers and pesticides are expensive and can for long periods, sometimes from September to damage adjacent areas. December. What can a Columbia Basin landowner do to further ■ Buckwheats, such as Eriogonum strictum, the use of xeriscapes as an alternative? He or she can E. compositum, E. elatum, E. douglasii, and offer appropriate seed and plants at a moderate cost. E. thymoides, thrive with little or no irrigation. This involves some cost and risk, but at least a few ■ Desert-parsleys, such as Lomatium dissectum, native plant nurseries are thriving. L. cous, L. minus, L. grayi, and L. nudicaule, are fi ne Some recommendations for xeriscape plant offer- early-spring native ornamentals. ings include the following: ■ Penstemons, such as P. barrettiae, P. richardsonii, Shrubs P. deustus, and P. speciosa do well in xeriscapes. ■ Bitterbrush (Purshia tridentate), a shrub of the rose P. richardsonii, or cutleaf penstemon, blooms from family that has clusters of small, yellow fl owers in May through November in favorable conditions. April and May. Some people confuse this species ■ Prickly pear cactus makes a good accent. with sagebrush. Groundcovers ■ Blue elderberry (Sambucus cerulean), a showy shrub that blooms in May and produces berries in Carpet bugleweed (Ajuga reptans) September. Creeping phlox (Phlox subulata) Creeping thyme (Thymus praecox) ■ Horsebrush (Tetradymia canescens), similar to Hen and chicks (Echeveria species) rabbitbrush, including bright yellow fl owers, but Iceplant (Delosperma cooperi) blooming in late May and June. These two species Kinnikinnick (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) can be used together for continuous fl owering from Mock strawberry (Duchesnea indica) May to October. Periwinkle (Vinca minor) ■ Rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus), a gray- Snow-in-summer (Cerastium tomentosum) leaved plant with bright yellow fl owers from August Squaw carpet (Ceanothus prostratus) through October, when little else is blooming. Stonecrop (Sedum species) ■ Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), the classic feature Wild strawberry (Fragaria species) of the shrub-steppe zone. It blooms in October. Perennials ■ Western sumac (Rhus glabra), blooming in July, Basket-of-gold (Aurinia saxatilis) with vivid red leaves in autumn. Blue fl ax (Linum perenne) Grasses Chives (Allium schoenoprasum) ■ Bluebunch wheatgrass and blue wildrye, good Coral bells (Heuchera species) accents for partial shade. Coreopsis (Coreopsis species) Cranesbill (Geranium species) ■ Bottlebrush squirreltail (Sitanion hystrix), a showy Daylillies (Hemorocallis hybrids) native bunchgrass suitable for accents. Evening primrose (Oenothera species) Archival copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em8915 • 24
Fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium) Trees Heartleaf bergenia (Bergenia cordifolia) Ash (Fraxinus species) Hosta lilies (Hosta species) Bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum) Iris (Iris species) Birch (Betula species) Lamb’s ear (Stachys byzantina) Chokecherry (Prunus virginianus) Lupine (Lupinus species) Cottonwoods (Populus species) Penstemon (Penstemon species) Crabapple (Malus species) Red-hot poker (Kniphofi a uvaria) Dogwood (Cornus nuttallii) Sea thrift (Armeria maritime) Flowering dogwood (Cornus fl orida) Sedges (Carex species) Honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos) Sun rose (Helianthemum nummularium) Horsechestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) Mountain ash (Sorbus species) Shrubs Norway maple (Acer platanoides) Burning bush (Euonymus alatus) Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster species) Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) Daphne (Daphne species) Red alder (Alnus rubra) Lilac (Syringa species) Redbud (Cercis species) Mock-orange (Philadelphus lewisii) Walnut (Juglans species) Oceanspray (Holodiscus discolor) Western larch (Larix occidentalis) Oregon boxwood (Paxistima myrsinites) Willow (Salix species) Oregon grape (Berberis aquifolium) Privet (Ligustrum species) Suggested reading Red-fl owering or golden currant (Ribes species) Collecting, Processing, and Germinating Seeds of Red-osier dogwood (Cornus stolonifera) Wildland Plants, J. Young and C. Young (Timber Rhododendron (Rhododendron macrophyllum) Press). Rocky Mountain maple (Acer glabrum) Fire-resistant Plants for Home Landscapes: Selecting Rose (Rosa species) Plants that May Reduce Your Risk from Wildfi re, Salal (Gaultheria shallon) PNW 590, A. Waldo and S. Fitzgerald (Oregon State Serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia) University Extension Service).* Snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus) Spirea (Spiraea douglasii) Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacifi c Northwest, Sumac (Rhus glabra) A. Kruckeberg (University of Washington Press). Vine maple (Acer circinatum) Water-effi cient Landscape Plants, EC 1546, N. Bell Yucca (Yucca species) (Oregon State University Extension Service).*
*Copies of OSU Extension publications are available from OSU Extension and Experiment Station Communications. For prices and ordering information, visit our online catalog (extension.oregonstate.edu/ catalog/) or contact us by fax (541-737-0817), e-mail ([email protected]), or phone (541-737-2513). Archival copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em8915 • 25
Introduced species considered noxious weeds that may show possibilities for oilseed, adhesives, or other properties
Amaranth or pigweed (Amaranthus species) Prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola) Babysbreath (Gypsophila paniculatus) Queen Anne’s lace (Daucus carota) Buckwheat family (Polygonum, Rumex, Eriogonum Rush skeletonweed (Chondrilla juncea) and other species) Sage (Salvia species) Castorbean (Ricinus communis) Salsify (Tragopogon dubius) Chicory (Cichorium intybus) Soapwort (Saponaria offi cinalis) Common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) Sowthistles (Sonchus species) Goldenrods (Solidago species) Spurge family (Euphorbia species) Groundsels (Senecio species) St. Johnswort (Hypericum perforatum) Gumweed (Grindelia squarrosa) Sunfl ower (Helianthus annuus) Hemp dogbane (Apocynum cannabinum) Sweetclover (Melilotus species) Kochia (Kochia scoparia) Tarweeds (Madia species) Lambsquarter (Chenopodium berlandieri, and other Thistles including knapweeds (Cirsium, Centaurea, and Goosefoot species) other species) Lupines (Lupinus species) Wild licorice (Glycyrrhiza lepidota) Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) Wild mustards (Brassica, Cardaria, Descurainia, Milkvetches (Astragalus species) Isatis, Lepidium, Raphanus, Sisymbrium, and other Milkweeds (Asclepias species) species) Morning-glory and bindweed (Convolvulus species) Wormwoods and sages (Artemisia species) Peavines (Lathyrus species) Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
Native grasses, herbs, and shrubs for land restoration after fi re, erosion, or mechanical disturbance
n recent years, Oregon has experienced disastrous Native grasses for revegetation after fi re fi re seasons. In a typical season, 200,000 acres burn Basin wildrye (Leymus cinereus) Iin eastern Oregon, and many more in the Cascades, Blue wildrye (Elymus glaucus) Siskiyous, and the Coast Range. In some cases, natural Bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata) revegetation is allowed to occur. In other cases, state, Columbia brome (Bromus vulgaris) federal, and private landowners choose to revegetate Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis) with native species to hasten recovery. Revegetation Junegrass (Koeleria macrantha) efforts could require up to several tons of native grass Squirreltail (Elymus elymoides) seed. Such quantities of seed do not presently exist, This list is not exhaustive; other species may also be but they could be grown profi tably on Columbia Basin suitable. In addition to these grass species, other plants, farmland. To make such seed production feasible, there such as buckwheat, penstemon, desert-parsley, and needs to be cooperation among involved agencies, aster, could be used to seed burned areas. funding, and farmers willing to explore production of these crops. Shrubs as a seed source for revegetation Bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata) Blue elderberry (Sambucus cerulea) Horsebrush (Tetradymia canescens) Rabbitbrush (Ericameria nauseosa) Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata or A. rigida) Western sumac (Rhus glabra) Archival copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em8915 • 26
Index of common names
Asparagus ...... 7 Flax ...... 11 Penstemon ...... 16 Aster ...... 7 Flowers (various) ...... 11 Pepper (chili) ...... 16 Barley ...... 1 Garlic ...... 11 Peppermint ...... 16 Bean, common or fi eld ...... 7 Ginseng ...... 11 Pumpkin ...... 16 Bean, fava ...... 7 Gourd ...... 12 Rabbitbrush ...... 22 Bean, lima ...... 8 Grape ...... 12 Rapeseed (canola) ...... 9 Bean, mung ...... 8 Gumweed ...... 12 Reed, Indian ...... 3 Bitterbrush ...... 19 Hawthorn, Douglas ...... 20 Ricegrass, Indian ...... 3 Bladderpod ...... 8 Hemp ...... 12 Rye ...... 4 Brome, Columbia ...... 1 Hemp, Indian ...... 12 Ryegrass ...... 4 Buckwheat ...... 8 Herbs, cooking ...... 13 Saffl ower ...... 16 Buckwheat, native ...... 8 Hesperaloe ...... 2 Sagebrush ...... 22 Cactus ...... 8 Horsebrush ...... 20 Salsify ...... 17 Canola (rapeseed) ...... 9 Horseradish ...... 13 Soybean ...... 17 Carrot ...... 9 Jerusalem artichoke ...... 13 Spearmint ...... 17 Cedar, incense- ...... 19 Junegrass ...... 2 Spelt wheat ...... 4 Cherry, bitter ...... 19 Juniper ...... 21 Spurge ...... 17 Chokecherry ...... 19 Kamut ...... 3 Squirreltail ...... 4 Cottonwood ...... 20 Lavender ...... 21 Sudangrass ...... 4 Crambe ...... 9 Lentil ...... 13 Sumac ...... 22 Cuphea ...... 10 Lupine ...... 13 Sunfl ower ...... 17 Currant, golden ...... 20 Meadowfoam ...... 14 Sunn hemp ...... 18 Daikon ...... 10 Mustard ...... 14 Timothy ...... 5 Desert-parsely ...... 10 Needlegrass ...... 3 Triticale ...... 5 Dill ...... 10 Oak, Oregon white ...... 21 Vernonia ...... 18 Dogwood, creek or red-osier ...... 20 Oat ...... 3 Watermelon ...... 18 Durum wheat ...... 1 Olive ...... 21 Wheatgrass, bluebunch ...... 5 Einkorn ...... 1 Onion...... 14 Wildrye, Basin ...... 6 Elderberry, blue ...... 20 Pea, black-eyed ...... 14 Wildrye, blue ...... 6 Emmer ...... 2 Pea, chickpea ...... 15 Willow ...... 12 Evening-primrose ...... 10 Pea, fi eld ...... 15 Wormwood ...... 18 Fennel ...... 11 Pea, grasspea ...... 15 Yarrow ...... 18 Fescue, Idaho ...... 2 Archival copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em8915 • 27
Index of scientifi c names
Achillea millefolium ...... 18 Eriogonum sp...... 8 Panax quinquefolius ...... 11 Achnatherum sp...... 3 Euphorbia sp...... 17 Penstemon sp...... 16 Allium cepa ...... 14 Fagopyron sp...... 8 Phaseolus lunatus ...... 8 Allium sativum ...... 11 Festuca idahoensis ...... 2 Phaseolus vulgaris ...... 7 Anethum graveolens ...... 10 Foeniculum vulgare ...... 11 Phleum pratense ...... 5 Apocynum cannabinum ...... 12 Gaillardia aristata ...... 11 Phragmites communis ...... 3 Artemisia sp...... 18, 22 Grindelia sp...... 12 Pisum sativum ...... 15 Asparagus offi cinalis ...... 7 Glycine max ...... 17 Populus sp...... 20 Avena sativa ...... 3 Helianthus annuus ...... 17 Prunus emarginata ...... 19 Brassica juncea ...... 14 Helianthus tuberosus ...... 13 Prunus virginianus ...... 19 Brassica napus ...... 9 Hesperaloe funifera ...... 2 Pseudoroegernia spicata ...... 5 Bromus vulgaris ...... 1 Hordeum vulgare...... 1 Purshia tridentata ...... 19 Calocedrus decurrens ...... 19 Juniperus sp...... 21 Quercus garryana ...... 21 Cannabis sativa ...... 12 Koeleria macrantha ...... 2 Raphanus sativus ...... 10 Capsicum annuum ...... 16 Lathyrus sativus ...... 15 Rhus glabra ...... 22 Carthamus tinctorius ...... 16 Lavandula angustifolia ...... 21 Ribes aureum ...... 20 Centaurea cyanus ...... 11 Lens culinaris ...... 13 Salix sp...... 22 Chrysothamnus sp...... 22 Lesquerrella sp...... 8 Sambucus cerulea ...... 20 Cicer arietinum ...... 15 Leymus cinereus ...... 6 Secale cereale ...... 4 Cucurbita sp...... 16 Limnanthes sp...... 14 Sorghum sudanense ...... 4 Citrullus lanatus...... 18 Linum sp...... 11 Tetradymia canescens ...... 20 Cochlearia armoracia ...... 13 Lolium perenne ...... 4 Tragopogon sp...... 17 Coreopsis sp...... 11 Lomatium sp...... 10 Triticum diococcum ...... 2 Cornus sericea or Luffa sp...... 12 Triticum monococcum ...... 1 C. stolonifera...... 20 Lupinus sp...... 13 Triticosecale Widdmark ...... 5 Crambe abyssinica ...... 9 Machaeranthera canescens ...... 7 Triticum spelta ...... 4 Crataegus douglasii ...... 20 Mentha piperita ...... 16 Triticum turgidum ...... 1, 3 Crotalaria juncea ...... 18 Mentha spicata ...... 17 Vernonia galamensis ...... 18 Cuphea sp...... 10 Oenothera caespitosa ...... 10 Vicia faba ...... 7 Daucus carota ...... 9 Olea europaea ...... 21 Vigna radiata ...... 8 Elymus elymoides ...... 4 Opuntia fragilis ...... 8 Vigna sinensis ...... 14 Elymus glaucus ...... 6 Oryzopsis hymenoides ...... 3 Vitis vinifera ...... 12 Ericameria sp...... 22