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Geografia Regionov Europy.Indd Univerzita Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici Fakulta prírodných vied Alfonz Gajdoš, Tibor Madleňák Geografia regiónov Európy Južná Európa Vydavateľstvo Beliana Banská Bystrica 2020 Názov:*HRJUDILDUHJLyQRY(XUyS\-XåQi(XUySD Autori:GRF51'U$OIRQ]*DMGRã51'U7LERU0DGOHĖiN3K' Recenzenti: 0JU$QWRQ)RJDã3K' GRF51'U'DQLHO*XUĖiN3K' GRF51'UâWHIDQ.DUROþtN3K' GRF51'U$OIRQ]*DMGRã3KG51'U7LERU0DGOHĖiN3K' ,6%1 (GLþQiNRPLVLDDGHNDQND)DNXOW\SUtURGQêFKYLHG8QLYHU]LW\0DWHMD%HODY%DQVNHM%\VWULFL VFKYiOLOL*HRJUDILXUHJLyQRY(XUyS\±-XåQi(XUySDDNRY\VRNRãNROVN~XþHEQLFX 9ãHWN\SUiYDY\KUDGHQpäLDGQDþDVĢWHMWRSXEOLNiFLHQHVPLHE\ĢUHSURGXNRYDQiDDOHERGLVWULEXRYDQi YDNHMNRĐYHN IRUPH DDNêPLNRĐYHN SURVWULHGNDPL þL XFKRYiYDQi YGDWDEi]H DOHER V\VWpPH Y\KĐDGiYDQLDEH]SUHGFKiG]DM~FHKRV~KODVXY\GDYDWHĐDDDXWRURY OBSAH ÒYRG 1 Poloha a vymedzenie územia 2 Prírodné špecifiká južnej Európy *HRORJLFNêYêYRMWHNWRQLNDQHUDVWQpVXURYLQ\YHUWLNiOQDDKRUL]RQWiOQD þOHQLWRVĢ 3RGQHELHDYRGVWYR 3{G\UDVWOLQVWYRåLYRþtãVWYR 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Territories±SUHGWêP]QiP\FKDNRÄ]iYLVOp~]HPLD³ UHVSÄNRUXQQpNROyQLH³6SRMHQpKRNUiĐRYVWYD SDUODPHQWQiGLDUFKLD$QGRUUD7DOLDQVNR6DQ 0DUtQRWHRNUDWLFNiPRQDUFKLD9DWLNiQ0DOWD*UpFNRD&\SHUVNiUHSXEOLND6~þDVĢUHJLyQX V~DMRVWURY\YVHYHUQHMþDVWL$WODQWLFNpKRRFHiQX SRUWXJDOVNp$]RU\V0DGHLURXDRNROLWêPL RVWURYPLãSDQLHOVNH.DQiUVNHRVWURY\ DNRDM ãSDQLHOVNHDIULFNp H[NOiY\&HXWDD0HOLOOD &\SHUVNi UHSXEOLND MH ]DUDGHQi ]G{YRGX VSRORþQêFK KLVWRULFNR ± SROLWLFNêFK D VRFLRHNRQRPLFNêFK Y]ĢDKRY VHXUySVN\PL NUDMLQDPL 6YêQLPNRX PLQLãWiWRY $QGRUUD 9DWLNiQ 6DQ 0DUtQR V~ WR YêUD]QH SUtPRUVNp PDULWtQQH ãWiW\ ,FK KUDQLFH PDM~ GOK~ SREUHåQ~þLDUX Názov Iberský polostrov je vhodnejší, lebo je starší a bežnejšie používaný v odbornej literatúre portugalskej a španielskej proveniencie („península ibérica“). Pomenovanie Pyrenejský polostrov je v týchto krajinách takmer neznáme, vyjadruje len stredoeurópsky pohľad na túto časť Európy ležiacu za Pyrenejami. Samotné pohorie nevystihuje podstatné fyzicko – geografické podmienky celého územia, a ani hlavné socioekonomicko – geografické charakteristiky (Lautensach 1969, Král 1999). Antickí Gréci nazývali tento región Ibéria, neskôr Hesperia (čiže západ) podľa najstaršie známych obyvateľov Iberov. Niektoré historické pramene uvádzajú, že Iberovia už v 12. storočí pred n. l. založili prístav Tartessos v ústi rieky Guadalquivir, a že Baskovia sú priami potomkovia Iberov. Pomenovanie Iber sa spája aj s menom rieky Ebro (z baskického „ibay-erri“, čiže riečna krajina). Názov España (Španielsko) vznikol z latinského pomenovania rímskej provincie Hispania. Tento názov bol však prevzatý od semitských Feničanov, ktorí územie nazývali Išfanním („pobrežie králikov“). Pomenovanie Portugalska má základ v názve rímskeho prístavu Portus Cale v ústí rieky Douro (v dnešnom Porte jeho ľavobrežná časť Vila Nova de Gaia). Talianska odborná literatúra väčšinou tiež nepoužíva názov Apeninský polostrov, ale „penisola Italiana“ (Taliansky polostrov). V geografickom ponímaní je za Apeninský polostrov považované len územie ležiace južne od Pádskej nížiny (Almagià, Barbieri 1971). Pomenovanie Apeniny je odvodené z keltského „pen“ (vrchol, hora). Názov Itália prevzali Rimania v 5. storočí pred n. l. od indoeurópskeho kmeňa Oskov sídliacim v terajšej Kampánii. Názvom „Viteliu“ označovali svoje územie, kde sa pásli stáda hovädzieho dobytka. Z tohto pochádza aj latinské „vitellus“, neskôr talianske „vitelo“ (teľa). Pomenovanie Balkánsky polostrov bolo prvýkrát použité začiatkom 19. storočia. Predtým bol označovaný ako Helénsky, Byzantský alebo Ilýrsky. „Balkan“ je staré turecké pomenovanie horskej sústavy, ktorú Bulhari nazývajú Stará Planina. Všeobecne slovo „balkan“ znamená zalesnené pohorie. Bulharská odborná literatúra sa termínu Balkán vyhýba, ale pre severné predhorie Starej planiny používa názov Predbalkanăt (Predbalkán) alebo aj Predplaninite (Podhorie). Fyzickogeografická hranica Balkánskeho polostrova prechádza medzi panónskou zníženinou a dinárskou horskou sústavou, medzi Karpatmi a Starou planinou v okolí srbského mesta Niš (dolina rieky Timok) a medzi bulharskou Podunajskou rovinou a Predbalkánom. 9UiPFL JHRJUDILFNHM UHJLRQDOL]iFLH SUH 3\UHQHMVNê ,EHUVNê SRORVWURY D%DOHiU\ SRXåtYDPH SRPHQRYDQLH LEHUVNê SULHVWRU SUH $SHQLQVNê SRORVWURY VRVWURYPL DSHQLQVNê SULHVWRU3RPHQRYDQLHDOSVNR±SiGVN\SULHVWRUMHY\þOHQHQpSUHKRUVNp~]HPLHWDOLDQVN\FK ÈOSDM3iGVNXQtåLQXQi]RYKHOpQVN\SULHVWRUSUH*UpFNRVRVWURYPLDSRPHQRYDQLHYêFKRGQp 6WUHGRPRULHSUHRVWURY&\SUXV V českej geografickej literatúre nájdeme aj pomenovanie „európske Stredozemie alebo Stredomorie“ (Netopil, Bičík, Brinke
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